1. which firsts did China merchants create in the history of China
China merchants has created many firsts in China. This is first manifested in institutional innovation. As the first modern national industrial and commercial enterprise in China, China Merchants did not follow the old system in enterprise organization and management, but made many explorations according to the practical requirements of the industries it was engaged in and under the limited historical conditions. In the development history before liberation, it experienced different management systems such as official supervision, commercial office, state-run and so on. Especially in the initial capital raising, China Merchants took the lead in launching a new type of industrial and commercial enterprise organization form in China, namely the joint-stock enterprise organization form, which made China Merchants become the first new-type joint-stock enterprise in modern China to learn from western joint-stock enterprises. The shipping industry that China Merchants is engaged in needs huge capital, and it is impossible to handle it unless it gathers the power of many businessmen. Therefore, China Merchants was pioneering to issue shares to the private sector and raise funds by offering shares. It is the first time in the history of China that shares are divided into equal shares and can be bought, sold and transferred. Driven by China Merchants, the establishment of joint-stock enterprises has rapidly become a common practice in China. In 1872, there was only one joint-stock enterprise, China Merchants. By 1887, there were 36 enterprises that publicly published stock prices in Shenbao. Just
As people say, "China Merchants started it, one person advocated it, and everyone made peace with it. In a few years, the atmosphere was wide open and companies gathered. Although there are also points of success and failure, it has changed from a narrow rule. " The emergence of these joint-stock enterprises marks the beginning of a new era in China's economic history.
China Merchants Group's pioneering role in China's modern economy is also manifested in the fact that it directly established, participated in investment or sent personnel to manage with its accumulated funds, talents and management experience, which led to the rise of a number of emerging ethnic industrial and commercial enterprises. These include: Kaiping Mining Bureau, the first large-scale coal mining enterprise in modern China, Hanzhiping Factory and Mining Company, the first bank, China Commercial Bank, and the first machine textile enterprise, Shanghai Machine Weaving Layout, etc. The establishment of these enterprises respectively opened up new economic fields such as mining, smelting, finance, textile and so on in modern China, and pushed China's economy into the era of modern economy. 2. The most successful commercial project in the history of China is
. If I say brothel, you will definitely not adopt me! Look, maybe it's below. It's the runway of fast fashion brand in China. It's a redefinition of urban lifestyle and standards, and it's the most successful commercial retailer in China in the past two years.
Question: Can it be copied? In the United States and Europe, department stores and shopping mall are shrinking in front of cheap retail giants such as specialty stores and Wal-Mart, but in China it is completely different. If you have doubts about this, you might as well take a look at Joy City in Xidan, Beijing.
The self-proclaimed "International Youth City" has a total business area of 115, square meters, which is equivalent to half of the Bird's Nest Stadium and almost 4% of the total business area of Xidan business district. Many fast fashion brands that are popular all over the world are gathered here: uniqlo from Japan, next from Britain and zara and h& from Spain; m。
here, carnival scenes like the Christmas shopping season in America are staged almost every day. About Joy City, you can describe it in many ways: the redefinition of urban lifestyle and standards, the trend resort of fast fashion consumption, and the most successful commercial retail company in China in the past two years.
since it opened on December 28th, 27, all its shops have been rented out in five and a half months. It attracted 234 brands, among which 46 brands entered the Beijing market for the first time, and the other 58 brands chose it as the first stop to enter the Xidan business circle.
in the past two years, the daily sales of this behemoth reached 1.5 million yuan at the peak, and the daily passenger flow reached 2,. People really want to know how all this happened.
In 27, the vacancy rate of commercial real estate shops in Beijing was as high as 3%. The first problem faced by Joy City developer COFCO Real Estate Group, which acquired the project through acquisition, was that the key factor for the success or failure of the retail industry-site selection could not be changed, and the geographical location and traffic environment had been limited. Although Xidan is known as the business circle with the largest flow of people in Beijing, the flow of people is mostly concentrated on the east side of the road, separated by a street, and the west side where Joy City is located once became a commercial corner. Mobile hypermarkets and Beijing Fucai Xidan hypermarkets have all been defeated here.
another unknown secret is that, although Xidan business district is famous, its customers' spending power is limited. During the initial investigation, Speth Commercial Management Group, the chief investment promotion and operation management consultant of Joy City, found that 7% of consumers in this region spent money in 11-31 yuan, while only 4% spent money in 1 yuan or above.
The consumer group is relatively young, and its purchasing power is limited, mainly for purposive consumption, which can even be known from the number of parking spaces in Zhongyou Department Store, which has been deeply cultivated here for many years-only 5. The secret of Joy City's rise may be very simple: China consumers' new preference for the lifestyle of killing time in shopping malls, and the retail opportunities created by the acceleration of the fast fashion consumption boom.
In addition, it should be noted that the per capita purchasing power of China still has a very large room for growth, which gives any new entrant a chance to improve the flow of people-not disperse it-and increase the spending amount of individual consumers. The McKinsey Global Institute estimates that without new measures to boost consumption, China's consumption will increase to 39% of gdp, which is far lower than that of many economies in the world.
However, as a commercial format, Joy City is not a new invention. Its direct template is Vientiane City built by China Resources Group in Shenzhen in the past five years (the previous work of Ning Gaoning, the current chairman of COFCO). This model first appeared in 1956, and southdale, the first large shopping center established in Minneapolis, USA, changed the shopping and retail model in the United States forever.
By 24, there were more than 47, such copywriters in the United States. In essence, you can think of a shopping center like Joy City as a Disney-style theme park, just like moving Xidan or Wangfujing indoors, where you can shop, entertain, have a haircut, eat, drink coffee, play street shooting, or just wander around.
It also has the characteristics of square culture, but it is covered with a big roof. In such a closed environment, it uses a series of hints to keep consumers moving: the transparent railings make the line of sight unobstructed, the vertical feeling created by artificial trees urges you to take the escalator to another floor, and the bright lights make you feel that you have been staying at three o'clock in the afternoon, thus forgetting the passage of time.
even, it controls the internal climate: it seems to be sunny and warm all year round. Such elaborate construction reflects the fundamental difference between the operating philosophy of such shopping centers and supermarkets: the latter pursues efficiency, so it is hoped that consumers will spend as little time shopping as possible; Shopping centers want consumers to stay here as long as possible-who knows? Maybe the next second, consumers will impulsively open their wallets and decide to buy.
In fact, many retailers forget to do one thing: they should carefully measure the "walking distance" of consumers again. Traditional department stores always divide floor functions from low to high according to jewelry/cosmetics, women's wear, men's wear and household/children's products, and auxiliary services such as catering are generally located in the basement or the highest floor.
This layout implies that consumers have a strong purpose when they walk into the mall, and the driving effect between floors is very low. But what Joy City is trying to do is to let consumers do whatever they want here, or what they don't want to do.
From the 2nd floor to the 5th floor, there are Starbucks, Burger King, Ajisen Lamian Noodles, Taiwan Province Snacks, etc. If you take the indoor escalator with the longest span in Asia and reach the 6th floor directly, the elevator entrance is KFC. On every floor, Joy City provides consumers with places to rest at any time. This layout design of "stop and go" is the result of careful consideration of consumers' walking distance: taking "people" as the core of shopping center planning and organization, and conducting the overall business organization through the research on consumers' shopping psychology and behavior habits.
At the beginning of Xidan Joy City's opening, Xuesong Bao, then the general manager and now the vice president of COFCO Real Estate Group, would go to the underground garage to check the parking records. When he found that the customer's parking time had changed from the initial 4 minutes to more than three hours later. 3. How did China Merchants in Qing Dynasty record in history
The earliest China steamship company was China Merchants in Qing Dynasty.
is the earliest civil shipping enterprise, which was founded by Li Hongzhang, a bureaucrat of Westernization School in the late Qing Dynasty (1872). The formation capital is officially borrowed, amounting to 2, strings of money.
in 1873, the company was named "China Merchants Bureau", with Tang Tingshu as the general manager, the general administration in Shanghai and 19 branches in Yantai, Tianjin, Yingkou, Hankou, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Kobe and Luzon. The ship "Eden" is the first ship sailing on the coast with the national flag.
the management policy of this bureau is that business is supported by officials. Water transportation is the foundation, and cargo collection is the basis of shipping.
by 1914, the total assets amounted to 17 million taels. In 1932, it belonged to the Ministry of Communications and was renamed as "State-owned China Merchants Bureau".
in 1937, it owned 86, tons of ships, accounting for 1/6 of the public and private ships at that time. Due to the war, China Merchants Bureau has moved to Hong Kong, Chongqing and other places.
Historically, the establishment of China Merchants Bureau broke through the monopoly of foreign capitalists on China's shipping industry and played a certain role in the invasion of foreign capitalism and the development of national capitalism. In 1949, China Merchants owned nearly 4 ships, nearly 4, tons.
In 1951, it was renamed China People's Steamship Company and moved to Beijing. The original head office in Shanghai was changed to a district company and was renamed Shanghai Maritime Bureau in May 1953. On January 15th, 195, the former China Merchants Hong Kong Branch revolted and became the representative office of the Ministry of Communications of the People's Republic of China in Hong Kong. The name of China Merchants was changed to China Merchants Group Co., Ltd., which was a first-class enterprise directly under the Ministry of Communications, and engaged in diversified operations mainly in shipping. 4. which firsts did China merchants create in the history of China
China merchants has created many firsts in China.
this is first manifested in institutional innovation. As the first modern national industrial and commercial enterprise in China, China Merchants did not follow the old system in enterprise organization and management, but made many explorations according to the practical requirements of the industries it was engaged in and under the limited historical conditions. In the development history before liberation, it experienced different management systems such as official supervision, commercial office, state-run and so on.
Especially in the initial capital raising, China Merchants took the lead in launching a new organizational form of industrial and commercial enterprises in China, that is, the organizational form of joint-stock enterprises, making China Merchants the first new joint-stock enterprise in modern China to learn from western joint-stock enterprises. The shipping industry that China Merchants is engaged in needs huge capital, and it is impossible to handle it unless it gathers the power of many businessmen.
Therefore, China Merchants was pioneering to issue shares to the private sector and raise funds by offering shares. It is the first time in the history of China that shares are divided into equal shares and can be bought, sold and transferred.
Driven by China Merchants, the establishment of joint-stock enterprises has rapidly become a common practice in China. In 1872, there was only one joint-stock enterprise, China Merchants. By 1887, there were 36 enterprises that publicly published stock prices in Shenbao.
Just as the people said, "China Merchants started it, one person advocated it, and everyone made peace with it. In a few years, the atmosphere was wide open and companies gathered. Although there are also points of success and failure, it has changed from a narrow rule. "
⑥ The emergence of these joint-stock enterprises marks the beginning of a new era in China's economic history. China Merchants' pioneering role in China's modern economy is also manifested in the fact that it directly established, participated in investment or sent personnel to manage with the funds, talents and management experience accumulated in advance, which led to the rise of a number of emerging national industrial and commercial enterprises.
These include: Kaiping Mining Bureau, the first large-scale coal mining enterprise in modern China, Hanzhiping Factory and Mining Company, the first bank, China Commercial Bank, and Shanghai Machine Weaving Layout, etc. The establishment of these enterprises respectively opened up new economic fields such as mining, smelting, finance, textile and so on in modern China, and pushed China's economy into the era of modern economy. 5. The development history of China Merchants
The first government-run and commercial enterprise founded in China in the late Qing Dynasty.
in the 197s, under the impact of foreign shipping forces, China's old shipping industry, which transported grain and north-south materials, was seriously damaged. In January, 1873, under the auspices of Li Hongzhang, Shanghai established an official-supervised and commercial ship investment promotion bureau, which borrowed official funds to make 2, strings of money and invited investors to collect shares.
Xu Run, comprador of foreign firm and industrial and commercial activist, Tang Tingshu, comprador of foreign firm and westernization entrepreneur, successively participated in China Merchants Bureau, and made some contributions in stock collection and management. China Merchants Group is headquartered in Shanghai, with branches in major ports in China, Nagasaki, Yokohama, Kobe and Singapore.
due to the obstruction of foreign forces, at that time, only the North-South Ocean route and the Yangtze River route were operated, and foreign routes could not be navigable. In 1877, China Merchants bought all the old ships and other equipment of American flag Chang steamship company for 2.2 million taels, with 25 ships and a transportation capacity of 27, tons, which was quite profitable.
in 1883, * * * issued a share capital of 2 million taels. In 1897, China Merchants changed its surplus into capital and increased its capital to 4 million taels.
in 199, it was changed into a commercial office and a board of directors was established. In 1911, there were 29 ships with a transportation capacity of 49, tons.
after the revolution of 1911, the board of directors of the bureau was reorganized several times, but its operation did not improve, only during the first world war, it made more profits. In 1924, it was changed to a joint-stock company.
in 193, * * * * * nationalized it. After being transferred to the Ministry of Communications in 1932, the transportation was reduced to more than 5, tons; Real estate investment continues to increase, accounting for about 8% of total assets.
After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, China Merchants took over 332 enemy and puppet ships, bought 16 foreign ships and invested in other shipping companies. In August 1948, * * * * * reorganized China Merchants into a company limited by shares, and sold China Merchants shares with half of its share capital.
after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the property of China Merchants in mainland China was taken over by the People's Republic of China, and all the employees and 13 ships of China Merchants who moved to Hong Kong declared an uprising in Hong Kong on January 13, 195, and continued to operate and develop. To introduce the history of China Merchants, we also need to mention Taiwan Province.