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Articles of Association of Renmin University of China
Articles of Association of China Renmin University The predecessor of China Renmin University was Shanbei Public School established by 1937, and later was North China United University and North China University. 1949 12 16 the 11th government meeting of the central people's government in the State Council adopted a decision on the establishment of China Renmin university on the proposal of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee. 19501kloc-0/0 On October 3rd, China Renmin University, which was merged and formed on the basis of north university of china, held the opening ceremony, becoming the first new ordinary university established in New China. 1954, identified as a comprehensive university focusing on social sciences and the first batch of national key universities; 1960, which was identified as a comprehensive national key university by the central government; 200 1 year was identified as a high-level research university under the national "985 Project".

China Renmin University takes "people-oriented, people-oriented" as its school philosophy, "seeking truth from facts" as its motto, "people's satisfaction, world-class university" as its construction goal, "taking liberal arts as its subject feature" and "being a national model and a pillar of society" as its talent training goal. Article 1 These Articles of Association are formulated in accordance with the Education Law of the People's Republic of China, the Higher Education Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Interim Measures for the Formulation of the Articles of Association of Colleges and Universities in order to ensure the school running according to law and independent management.

Article 2 The name of the school is China Renmin University (English name is China Renmin University, RUC for short).

The legal domicile of the school is No.59 Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing. The school has Zhongguancun Campus, Tongzhou Campus, Old Campus and Suzhou Campus. With the consent of the organizer, the school can set up and adjust the campus and school site according to the needs.

Article 3 Schools are established by the state and are non-profit organizations approved by the Ministry of Education and the State Council to train talents for the state and society.

Article 4 Schools take talent training, scientific research, social service and cultural inheritance and innovation as their basic functions, implement general higher education, appropriately carry out continuing education, and actively expand Sino-foreign cooperation in running schools.

Article 5 A school has the status of an independent legal person, bears legal responsibilities independently, and enjoys the following autonomy in running a school according to law:

(a) according to the needs of society, the conditions of running a school and the scale of running a school approved by the state, formulate enrollment plans and independently adjust the enrollment ratio of departments;

(two) to set up and adjust disciplines and majors independently according to law, and to award bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees in accordance with the provisions of the national academic degree system;

(three) according to the needs of personnel training, independently formulate personnel training plans, and carry out the construction of courses, teaching materials and teaching facilities;

(four) according to their own conditions, independently carry out scientific research, technological development and social services;

(five) independently carry out exchanges and cooperation with universities and research institutions at home and abroad according to law;

(six) according to the actual needs and the principle of streamlining and high efficiency, independently determine the establishment and staffing of internal institutions such as teaching, scientific research and administration; In accordance with the relevant provisions of the state, evaluate the positions of teachers and other professional and technical personnel, and adjust the distribution of allowances and wages;

(seven) to independently manage and use the property provided by the state, financial assistance and donated property according to law;

(eight) other autonomy in running schools obtained according to law.

Article 6 The school implements the principal responsibility system under the leadership of China Renmin University Committee.

Article 7 Schools adhere to the leadership of the Party committee, the responsibility of the principal, the professorial system, democratic management, running the school according to law, teacher-student orientation, respect for academic freedom, openness of party affairs, openness of school affairs and information, and accept supervision according to law. Article 8 A student refers to an educated person who has been admitted to a school according to law, obtained the qualification for admission and has a student status.

Article 9 Students shall enjoy the following rights:

(a) fair access to school education, participate in various activities arranged by the school education and teaching plan, and use the public education resources provided by the school equally;

(two) to participate in quality development, social services, work-study programs, organize and participate in student associations, cultural and sports activities in schools;

(3) Fair access to opportunities for further study at home and abroad and participation in academic and cultural exchange activities;

(four) in terms of ideological and moral character, comprehensive quality, academic performance and other aspects of fair evaluation. , and obtain corresponding academic certificates and degree certificates when reaching the academic standards stipulated by the school;

(five) to apply for scholarships, grants and student loans according to the standards and procedures stipulated by the state and the school;

(six) aware of the school reform, construction and development and other matters involving personal interests;

(seven) to participate in the democratic management of the school and put forward opinions, suggestions and criticisms on the development of the school and the reform of education and teaching;

(eight) to state and defend the punishment or treatment given by the school, and to lodge a complaint with the school or the administrative department of education; Apply for reconsideration or bring a lawsuit according to law for acts that infringe on the legitimate rights and interests of schools and faculty;

(nine) other rights stipulated by laws, regulations and rules.

Article 10 Students shall perform the following obligations:

(1) Respect teachers and study hard;

(two) cherish and safeguard the reputation of the school, safeguard the interests of the school;

(3) Abide by the rules and regulations of the school;

(four) to pay tuition fees and related expenses in accordance with the provisions;

(five) care and rational use of educational equipment and living facilities;

(six) other obligations stipulated by laws, regulations and rules.

Eleventh schools take moral education as the fundamental goal, guide students to develop good ideological and moral character and behavior habits, and provide students with mental health education, cultural and sports facilities and related services.

Twelfth schools should establish and improve the system of protecting students' rights and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of students. The school provides necessary guidance and help for students who encounter special difficulties in their study and life.

Thirteenth schools should commend and reward students who have made outstanding achievements and won honors for the school; Give corresponding disciplinary action to students who violate discipline.

Article 14 The school encourages, supports and guarantees students' participation in the democratic management and supervision of the school, and supports and guarantees the activities of the student union committee and the graduate student committee elected by the student congress and the graduate student congress in accordance with the articles of association.

Fifteenth in school training, adult education, on-the-job learning and other types of non-school students, the rights and obligations of the educated and the school shall be agreed upon separately in accordance with the principle of equality and voluntariness. Article 16 The teaching and administrative staff of a school are composed of teachers, other professional and technical personnel, managers and employees.

Seventeenth schools implement the following appointment system for faculty and staff:

(a) teachers and other professional and technical personnel to implement qualification certification and post employment system;

(two) the management personnel to implement the post employment system;

(three) the implementation of labor contracts, post employment system.

Eighteenth schools in accordance with the personnel management system formulated in accordance with the law to conduct regular assessment of teaching and administrative staff, assessment results as the basis for reappointment, dismissal, promotion, reward or punishment.

Nineteenth faculty members shall enjoy the following rights:

(a) the use of school public resources according to job responsibilities;

(two) fair access to the opportunities and conditions needed for their own development;

(3) Obtaining a fair evaluation in virtue, ability and achievements;

(four) fair access to various awards and honorary titles;

(five) aware of the reform, construction and development of the school and other major issues involving vital interests;

(six) to participate in the democratic management of the school and put forward opinions, suggestions and criticisms on the school work;

(seven) to raise objections and complaints about employment, welfare benefits, appraising rewards and disciplinary actions; Apply for reconsideration or bring a lawsuit according to law for the school's violation of his personal and property rights and interests;

(eight) other rights stipulated by laws, regulations and rules and agreed in the contract.

Twentieth school staff shall perform the following obligations:

(1) Respect and care for students;

(two) love their jobs and work hard;

(3) Abide by the school rules and regulations;

(4) Abide by professional ethics and academic norms;

(five) without the approval of the school, are not allowed to take a real role outside the school;

(six) cherish and safeguard the reputation of the school and safeguard the interests of the school;

(seven) other obligations stipulated by laws, regulations and rules and agreed in the contract.

Article 21 Teachers are the main force in running schools, and schools provide necessary conditions and guarantees for teachers to carry out activities such as personnel training, scientific research, social services and cultural inheritance and innovation.

Twenty-second schools gradually improve the welfare benefits of faculty and staff commensurate with the development level of the school, establish and improve the mechanism for safeguarding the rights and interests of faculty and staff, and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of faculty and staff.

Twenty-third schools should establish a teacher development system and a perfect training system to encourage and support teachers to carry out international academic exchanges and cooperation.

Twenty-fourth schools should establish various recognition and reward systems to commend and reward the teaching staff who have made outstanding contributions to the country and the school.

Twenty-fifth schools encourage and support staff to participate in the democratic management and supervision of the school, and put forward opinions or suggestions on the work of the school.

Article 26 Other educators, such as lecture professors, part-time professors, honorary professors, visiting professors, postdoctoral fellows, visiting scholars and advanced teachers, shall enjoy corresponding rights and perform corresponding obligations in accordance with laws, policies, school rules and contracts during their teaching, scientific research and advanced education activities in our school, and the school shall provide them with necessary conditions and assistance. Twenty-seventh China Renmin University China * * * Party Committee (hereinafter referred to as the school party committee) is the core of the school's leadership, unified leadership of the school's work, support the president to independently exercise their functions and powers and carry out their work according to law. The Party Committee of the school implements the basic system of deliberation and decision-making of "collective leadership, democratic centralism, individual deliberation and meeting decision". Its main responsibilities are:

(1) Publicize and implement the Party's line, principles and policies, publicize and implement the resolutions of the CPC Central Committee, higher-level organizations and organizations at the same level, adhere to the socialist direction of running schools, run schools according to law, rely on the teachers, students and staff of the whole school to promote the scientific development of the school, and cultivate qualified builders and reliable successors of Socialism with Chinese characteristics's cause with all-round development in morality, intelligence, physique and beauty.

(two) to consider and decide on the basic management system of the school, and discuss and decide on major issues related to the reform, development and stability of the school, as well as teaching, scientific research and administrative management.

(three) to discuss and decide the establishment of the internal organization of the school and the person in charge, and to be responsible for the selection, education, training, assessment and supervision of cadres in accordance with the management authority. Strengthen the construction of leading bodies, cadres and talents.

(4) Strengthen the ideological construction, organizational construction, work style construction, system construction and anti-corruption construction of school party organizations. Implement the responsibility system for party building work. Give full play to the fighting bastion role of grass-roots Party organizations in schools and the vanguard and exemplary role of party member.

(5) Strengthen the study of party member Theory, persist in arming the mind with Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory System, and firmly believe in taking the road of Socialism with Chinese characteristics. Organize party member to study the Party's line, principles, policies and resolutions, learn the Party's basic knowledge, and learn scientific, cultural, legal and professional knowledge.

(six) to lead the ideological and political work and moral education in schools and promote the construction of a harmonious campus.

(seven) to lead the school's trade unions, the Communist Youth League Committee, the student union and other mass organizations and workers' congresses.

(8) Do a good job in United front work. Implement political leadership to grass-roots organizations of democratic parties in schools and support them to carry out activities in accordance with their articles of association. Support non-party people and other members of the United front to participate in activities related to the United front and play an active role.

When the plenary session of the Committee of Renmin University of China is not in session, its duties shall be performed by its Standing Committee.

The Party Committee and its Standing Committee shall be presided over by the secretary of the Party Committee, and the actual number of people attending the meeting shall reach more than four fifths of the people who should attend. The Party Committee and the Standing Committee of the Party Committee voted to make a decision, and the number of people in favor exceeded the number of people who should attend the meeting 1/2. Voting on major issues or the appointment and removal of cadres and personnel shall be conducted by voting, with more than 2/3 of the people present.

Article 28 The headmaster is the legal representative and administrative person in charge of the school, and under the leadership of the Party Committee, he is fully responsible for the teaching, scientific research and other administrative work of the school. The principal's main responsibilities are:

(a) to formulate the overall development plan, overall business plan and major reform implementation plan of the school;

(2) Organizing school enrollment, teaching, scientific research, social services, management and operation, and examining and approving relevant rules and regulations;

(3) To draw up plans for the establishment of internal institutions, recommend candidates for vice presidents, and appoint and remove persons in charge of internal institutions;

(four) the appointment and removal of teachers and other internal staff, the management of student status and the implementation of incentives or sanctions;

(five) to formulate and implement the budget plan, manage the assets of the school, and actively raise funds for running the school;

(six) presided over the principal's office meeting, decision-making, coordination and handling of important issues in school administration;

(seven) other important matters that need to be decided by the principal and other duties stipulated by laws, regulations and rules.

The principal's office meeting shall be presided over by the principal, and can only be held when the actual number of participants reaches more than 4/5 of the number who should attend. The resolution of the meeting should be made according to the opinions of the majority. If the principal responsible person thinks that the opinions of the majority are incorrect, he may decide to discuss them separately or make a final decision by himself, but the opinions of the majority shall be recorded in the minutes of the meeting.

Twenty-ninth major decisions of the school, the appointment and removal of important cadres, the arrangement of major projects and the use of large sums of money are collectively decided by the party and government leading bodies of the school.

Thirtieth China Renmin University Commission for Discipline Inspection is the inner-party supervision body of the school. Under the leadership of the Party Committee of the school and the superior discipline inspection commission, around the central work of the school, check the implementation of the party's line, principles, policies, resolutions and major decisions of the school, and ensure and promote the healthy development of various undertakings of the school.

Article 31 A school shall set up a talent training committee, which shall be presided over by the director of the talent training committee.

The main responsibilities of the personnel training committee are:

(a) to study the outstanding problems and major trends in personnel training and put forward decision-making suggestions;

(two) according to the law and relevant regulations, responsible for organizing the examination and approval of talent training plan, talent training plan, management system design and important reward and punishment plan;

(three) to guide the enrollment, professional construction, curriculum construction, teaching materials construction, teaching organization construction, teaching facilities construction, teacher training and student management;

(four) to listen to and consider the annual work plan and annual quality report of personnel training, audit the basic data of personnel training, and study and discuss the improvement and guarantee measures of personnel training quality;

(five) other major issues that need to be decided by the personnel training committee.

The meeting of the personnel training committee shall be presided over by the director, and the actual number of participants shall reach more than 2/3 of the attendance. When a decision is made by voting, the number of people in favor exceeds 65,438+0/2 of the number of people who should attend the meeting.

Article 32 A school shall establish an academic committee according to law, which shall be presided over by the director of the academic committee, and shall be established and operated in accordance with relevant regulations and articles of association. The director of an academic committee is generally a senior professor who does not hold an administrative post.

The main responsibilities of the academic committee are:

(a) to put forward suggestions and opinions on major issues in the academic development planning, scientific research and discipline construction of the school;

(two) review the scientific research plan, review and recommend scientific research projects, review and evaluate scientific research results;

(three) to discuss and consider the establishment of scientific research institutions in schools;

(4) Formulating academic norms, maintaining academic ethics and handling academic disputes;

(five) to complete other academic affairs entrusted by the principal;

(six) other major issues that need to be decided by the academic committee.

The meeting of the Academic Committee shall be presided over by the director of the Committee. When the actual number of people attending the meeting reaches more than 2/3 of the people who should attend the meeting, the meeting can be held and a decision can be made by voting. If the number of people in favor exceeds 65438+ 0/2 of the number of people who should be present, it can only be passed.

Article 33 The academic degree evaluation committee shall be established in the school and presided over by President academic degree evaluation committee.

Academic degree evaluation committee's main responsibilities are:

(a) according to the laws and relevant regulations, to consider the establishment and adjustment of disciplines and majors in the school;

(2) Deciding to approve the granting of bachelor's, master's and doctor's degrees;

(3) The list of persons responsible for nominating and conferring honorary doctorates shall be submitted to the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council for approval;

(four) to formulate the selection criteria and methods for graduate tutors;

(five) to make a decision to revoke the degree awarded and to make a decision to revoke the qualification of postgraduate tutor;

(six) other major issues that need to be decided by academic degree evaluation committee.

The academic degree evaluation committee meeting was chaired by the director of the Committee. When the actual number of people attending the meeting reaches more than two-thirds of the number of people who should attend, the meeting can be held and a decision can be made by voting. Only when the number of people in favor exceeds 1/2 of those who should attend the meeting can it be passed.

Thirty-fourth schools shall, in accordance with the law, ensure the participation of teaching and administrative staff in democratic management and supervision, and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of teaching and administrative staff. The headmaster reports his work to the workers' congress regularly or irregularly.

The main functions and powers of the workers' congress are:

(a) to listen to the report on the formulation and revision of the draft articles of association of the school, and put forward opinions and suggestions on the revision;

(two) to listen to the opinions and suggestions on major reforms such as school development planning, teaching staff construction, education and teaching reform, and campus construction, and to solve major problems;

(three) to listen to the school's annual work, financial work, trade union work report and other special work reports, and put forward opinions and suggestions;

(four) to discuss the welfare benefits directly related to the interests of faculty and staff, the implementation plan of intra-school distribution and the corresponding methods of appointment, assessment, rewards and punishments;

(five) to consider the report on the handling of the proposal of the last (second) staff congress of the school;

(six) in accordance with the relevant work regulations and arrangements for the evaluation of school leading cadres;

(seven) to put forward opinions and suggestions on school work through various means, supervise the implementation of the school's articles of association, rules and regulations and decisions, and put forward rectification opinions and suggestions;

(eight) to discuss other matters stipulated by laws, regulations and rules and agreed by the school and the school trade union.

The presidium of the workers' congress is the permanent leading body of the workers' congress, which is elected by the workers' congress and works under the leadership of the Party committee.

The workers' congress shall be presided over by the presidium, and the actual number of people attending the meeting shall reach more than two thirds of the number of people who should attend. When a decision is made by voting, the number of people in favor exceeds the number of people who should attend the meeting 1/2.

Article 35 The student congress and graduate congress of China Renmin University are important organizational forms for students to participate in the democratic management and supervision of the school, exercise their functions and powers and perform their duties according to their respective articles of association.

Article 36 A school shall set up a school affairs committee as an advisory body for school work, and put forward reference opinions and suggestions on important matters and major decisions of the school according to the school's articles of association.

Article 37 The school board of directors is a voluntary advisory body composed of people from all walks of life who are enthusiastic about higher education and care for and support the development of Renmin University of China. It aims to promote the establishment of extensive contacts and cooperation between schools and society and raise funds for running schools. It is a non-administrative permanent institution of the school.

Article 38 Democratic parties and personages without party affiliation in schools carry out activities in accordance with the law and their respective articles of association and participate in the democratic management of schools.

Article 39 The school shall establish trade unions, youth league committees and other mass organizations according to law, and all mass organizations shall perform their respective duties according to law under the leadership of the school party committee.

Article 40 A school may establish, change or abolish the Party committee and administrative department according to the needs of its work, and may reasonably adjust the functions of each department according to the actual situation. According to the authorization of the school, all departments perform their management and service responsibilities, provide quality services for teachers, students and employees of the school, and build a refined management model.

Forty-first units with independent legal personality affiliated to the school operate and manage relatively independently in accordance with the law and the school's articles of association.

Article 42 Schools shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the State, sign agreements with other institutions of higher learning, scientific research institutions, state organs, enterprises and institutions, jointly establish relevant institutions, and carry out activities such as cooperative education, cooperative research, technological development and social practice. Forty-third schools should set up a number of colleges according to the needs of personnel training and discipline construction, and make timely adjustments according to the needs of development. According to the overall development goals and school-running ideas of the school, the college can put forward a plan to set up departments, department-level research institutions, affiliated teaching and research offices, laboratories and other institutions, and report it to the school for approval.

Article 44 The College shall independently carry out activities such as personnel training, scientific research, social service and cultural inheritance and innovation within the scope of relevant school rules and regulations. Based on the principle of proper power and responsibility, the school gives the college corresponding management power in terms of people, money and materials in a standardized and orderly manner to guide and supervise the independent operation of the college.

Article 45 The Party Committee (General Branch) of the College is responsible for the ideological and political work of the College and Party building, ensuring the implementation of the principles and policies of the Party and the state and the decisions of the School in the College, and supporting the Dean in performing his duties.

Article 46 The dean is the chief executive of the college, entrusted by the dean to be fully responsible for the daily work of the college, such as discipline construction, teaching and scientific research, team building, administrative management, foreign exchanges and cooperation.

Article 47 The college implements the system of joint meeting of the party and government, and conducts collective discussion, voting or consultation on major decisions and arrangements for important matters in teaching, scientific research, personnel and finance. The party and government meeting is the highest decision-making body of the college, which is generally presided over by the dean.

Article 48 The College shall set up a talent training committee and an academic committee with professors as the main members to give full play to the role of professors in teaching, scientific research and management.

Forty-ninth research institutions affiliated to the school are directly affiliated institutions established by the school with scientific research as its main task according to the needs of discipline development planning or major research tasks. The person in charge of a school-run scientific research institution shall be appointed or employed by the principal in accordance with relevant procedures. Fiftieth school sponsors should improve the investment mechanism of school education funds to ensure the stable source and growth of school education funds; Supervise and manage the rational use of school education funds and state-owned assets according to law, and improve the performance of the use of funds and assets.

Fifty-first school funding sources are mainly financial allocations, supplemented by other channels to raise funds for running schools.

The school actively expands the sources of funds for running schools, raises funds for running schools, and continuously increases investment in running schools.

Donations to alumni and friendly people from all walks of life are used by the school in line with the principle of thrift and efficiency to ensure the realization of the purpose of donation.

Article 52 Schools implement a financial management system of unified leadership, centralized accounting and hierarchical management. Establish and improve the financial management system of the school and standardize the economic order of the school; Establish a financial supervision system, strictly control and manage the financial budget, guard against financial risks and ensure the safety of funds.

Fifty-third financial information, such as financial allocation, school income, social donations, etc., shall be disclosed by the school in accordance with the provisions of laws, regulations and rules, and shall be subject to the supervision of relevant departments and all sectors of society.

Article 54 Schools adhere to the policy of running schools with diligence and thrift, strive to save expenses, build a conservation-oriented campus and improve the efficiency in the use of funds.

Fifty-fifth schools should establish and improve the asset management system, strengthen the management of school assets, optimize the allocation of resources, improve the efficiency of resource use, and realize the preservation and appreciation of assets.

Fifty-sixth schools in accordance with national laws and regulations and the relevant provisions of the school, strengthen the management of intangible assets of the school, and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests and good image of the school.

Fifty-seventh school logistics work should continuously improve the management level and service quality, and serve the teaching and scientific research, teachers and students. Fifty-eighth schools independently manage internal affairs in accordance with national laws, regulations and articles of association, and are not subject to illegal interference by any organization or individual.

Fifty-ninth schools take the initiative to accept social supervision and evaluation, implement the information disclosure system according to law, and release school information to the society in a timely manner.

Article 60 A school should make use of its own advantages and conditions for running a school, serve the society in various ways, promote collaborative innovation, and actively seek support and help from all sides.

Sixty-first schools use modern educational means and diversified school-running mechanisms to carry out various forms of higher education and non-academic higher education and training, and provide diversified quality education services for the society. Carry out non-academic education and training without affecting academic education.

Sixty-second schools should strengthen communication and cooperation with their communities and provide services for the development of their communities according to their own conditions.

Sixty-third schools should actively carry out counterpart support to poor areas according to the needs of the country and their own capabilities.

Sixty-fourth schools give full play to the positive role of the Education Foundation in attracting social donations and raising funds, and increase the resources for running schools.

Article 65 Alumni of China Renmin University include students and faculty who studied or worked in China Renmin University (including the former China Renmin University, Branches I and II) and its predecessor schools, as well as people from all walks of life at home and abroad who were awarded various honorary degrees and titles by the school.

Article 66 China Renmin University Alumni Association is a national non-profit social organization registered and established by the school according to law. The school has set up an alumni work committee and its office, with a special person to manage alumni affairs and contact and serve alumni in various ways. Give priority to providing quality continuing education and other services for alumni; Regularly inform alumni about the development of the school and its development ideas, and listen to their opinions and suggestions. Article 67 The school emblem mainly includes the school emblem and the school emblem.

The school emblem is a round herringbone symbol of seal script, with "People's Congress Red" as the standard color, based on the three coordinate characters of seal script "People", which means "people, people and humanity"; There is the word "1937" below, which represents the founding time of the school; Above the outer ring is the English capital of "China Renmin University", and below is the school name inscribed by Wu, the first president of China Renmin University.

The school badge is a circular badge with the school badge and a rectangular badge with the school name.

Sixty-eighth school flags are divided into main flags and sub-flags. The main flag is a rectangular flag, the flag color is "People's Congress Red", and the auxiliary flag is a white rectangular flag. The middle is printed with the school emblem, the school name inscribed by Wu and the standard combination of school English capitalization.

Article 69 The school song is the song of Renmin University of China.

The seventieth anniversary is 65438+10.3.

Article 71 The website of the school is. Article 72 The formulation and revision of the articles of association shall be submitted to the staff congress for discussion and comments, which shall be studied and deliberated by the principal's office meeting, finally discussed and adopted by the school party committee, and reported to the Ministry of Education for approval.

Article 73 The Party Committee of the school shall be responsible for the interpretation of these Articles of Association.

Article 74 The Articles of Association shall come into force as of the date of approval by the Ministry of Education.