history

14 Han tombs were excavated from the southern slope of Wuyingshan in the northern suburb of Jinan, Shandong Province in the spring of 1969. Among the unearthed cultural relics, a plate of musical and acrobatic pottery figurines from the Western Han Dynasty was found. Four of these terracotta figures are doing gymnastics, two are doing handstands symmetrically and two are bowing. Moreover, in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Hua Tuo developed the "Five-Animal Play" inspired by animals. Although it is designed for physical fitness, its graceful movements can already see the clue of gymnastics. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, gymnastics developed further, with pairs and group movements, and many complicated somersaults were combined with acrobatic performances. As for instrumental gymnastics, as early as the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was a "lever" among the people in China, which was very similar to modern instrumental gymnastics.

Modern gymnastics was introduced into China.

1840 post-modern gymnastics was introduced to China after the Opium War. At that time, gymnastics was very backward and there were no mass gymnastics activities. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, gymnastics was set up in the "foreign school", in the schools reformed and developed by the reformists, and in the educational curriculum standards of bourgeois reform during the China Revolution. As an urgent requirement for the all-round development of education or human rights and the development of saving the country, it can be said that it is the predecessor of physical education class today. However, only at the Third National Games in 1924 did the national gymnastics performance with incomplete events for decades be held. At present, gymnastics in China has made rapid progress, and it has become one of the main events to win gold. In the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, China won 65,438+04 medals and 9 gymnastics gold medals. Among them, the China women's gymnastics team won the women's gymnastics team gold medal for the first time on August 13, 2008. Gymnastics (figure 1)

brief introduction

Gymnastics is a kind of physical exercise with bare hands or equipment. "Gymnastics: originated from ancient Greek, and its Italian is" naked technique ",because it was all naked practice at that time, and was later adopted by European and American countries. China is called "gymnastics". Its meaning and content change with the times. Modern gymnastics originated in 18 and 19 centuries. At that time, Germany, Sweden and Denmark appeared in Europe, which not only promoted the further development of gymnastics, but also laid the foundation for the formation of modern gymnastics. 1952 Helsinki Olympic Games listed gymnastics as an official event. At present, there are gymnastics competitions in the World Cup, World Championships and Olympic Games. International and domestic large-scale gymnastics competitions generally include three different and interrelated competitions, namely, team competition, individual all-around competition and individual competition.

Edit the items included in this period of gymnastics

"Gymnastics" is a general term for all gymnastics events, not a specific name. Gymnastics according to purpose (Figure 2)

Gymnastics can be divided into basic gymnastics and competitive gymnastics. Basic gymnastics refers to a kind of gymnastics with simple movements and techniques. Its main purpose and task is to keep fit and cultivate a good posture. Its main target is the broad masses of the people. The most common are broadcast gymnastics and fitness gymnastics to prevent and treat various occupational diseases. Literally, competitive gymnastics refers to a kind of gymnastics whose main purpose is to win in the field, get excellent results and compete for medals. This kind of gymnastics is difficult, complicated and thrilling, and it is mainly athletes who engage in this kind of gymnastics training. At present, competitive gymnastics includes competitive gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, aerobics, acrobatics and trampoline. Among them, men's competitive gymnastics events include floor exercise, pommel horse, rings, vault, parallel bars and horizontal bar, while women's events include vault, uneven bars, balance beam and floor exercise. Because competitive gymnastics has the longest history, it can be said to be the "big brother" in competitive gymnastics, so now people are usually used to calling it "competitive gymnastics".

Edit the game rules of this paragraph.

brief introduction

According to the competition rules of the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG), major international competitions (such as the Olympic Games and the World Gymnastics Championships) are often held separately for men and women. The men's and women's division refers to the men's and women's division, with six men's teams and one team for each event; Women also have six teams in each competition. Participate in some small and medium-sized international competitions and gymnastics competitions (Figure 3).

In domestic competitions, men and women basically compete together. Men and women play together to facilitate the arrangement of the game. There are three men's teams and three women's teams competing at the same time in each game, which is divided into the first half and three rounds in each half. In the first half, three men's teams competed in floor exercise, pommel horse and rings, two women's teams competed in vault and uneven bars, and the other women's team had a bye. After three rounds in the first half, the second half will be held. The men's team has three events: vault, parallel bars and horizontal bar, while the women's team will compete in balance beam and floor exercise. So the vault and floor exercise will be staggered because of the first half and the second half.

Before the official start of the game

Before the official start of the competition, athletes do various pre-competition exercises for 30 seconds each. Five people in each team, ***2 minutes and 30 seconds. After the start of the competition, the project referee holds high the green flag or gives the green light, which is a signal to the athletes preparing for the competition. If the athlete fails to board the equipment 30 seconds after the signal is sent, even if he abstained, he will be awarded 0 points.

Before the athletes board the equipment

Athletes should raise their right hand to the referee before boarding the equipment, which is both a respect for the referee and a reminder to the referee: I'm going to start doing the action. When athletes complete a set of movements, they should also stand at attention and signal to the referee that the movement is over. Then, according to the difficulty of the athletes, the D group judges determine a difficulty score and show it to the audience. Group E judges are required to deduct points from the skills and postures of this group of movements within 30 seconds, and fill them in the scoring table, which is sent to the judges by the electronic scoring system or runners. Finally, the referee will indicate the final score of this set of actions according to the scores of the referees in Group D and Group E. If all five athletes of a team have finished the competition, a red flag or a red light will be hung on the equipment to indicate the end of the competition. If all events are hung with red flags or red lights, the announcer will inform athletes to rotate the events. Repeat this cycle until all six events are over.

Athletes' clothing

The international gymnastics scoring rules clearly stipulate that athletes should wear uniform clothes in all team competitions, and must wear vests, gymnastics pants and gymnastics shoes (or socks) in pommel horse, rings, parallel bars and horizontal bar competitions. The reason for this rule is that these four events mainly focus on upper limb movements, and wearing pants not only has little effect on athletes' movements, but also increases the aesthetic feeling of movements. Floor exercise and vault are basically full-body participation in sports, especially leg activities. In order to ensure that athletes can better play their own level and create better results in the competition, the rules stipulate that they can wear shorts or walk barefoot (to prevent slipping) in these two events. If an athlete violates these regulations, a certain score will be deducted from the team's total score or individual score.

Edit the judgment criteria of this paragraph.

Regardless of the men's and women's competitions, there are two groups of referees, D and E, who grade the athletes' competition actions. Gymnastics (Figure 5)

D the referee group determines the "d" score according to the content of a set of movements of athletes. The content of "e" includes: taking the best 9 movements and ending movements of male athletes *** 10 movement, and the 7 movements and ending movements of female athletes' complete movements, and calculating their difficulty values. The most difficult for men and women is Group G. In all competitions, the difficulty scores of male and female complete sets of movements are as follows: A, B, C, D, E, F, G; The action scores are: 0. 1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7. In the calculated action difficulty value of 10, the D referee group will add 0.5 points to each action structure group. In addition to vault, the whole set of movements must have prescribed movements. E "e" is decided by the jury. "E" starts from 10, and the integral will be deducted by 0. 1. The deduction of "E" includes: artistic and completion errors, technical and arrangement errors of the complete set of movements. When there are artistic and technical deviations in the completion of the action, points will be deducted. Deduct 0. 1 minute for minor faults; 0.3 points for errors; 0.5 points for big mistakes; Deduct instrument button 1.0 points. Summarizing the penalty points for fine arts, mistakes in completion and mistakes in technology and arrangement, the penalty points will be deducted from 10, and the final score will be "e". The score of "D" and the final score of "E" add up to the final score of a group of actions. When the total score is the same, it depends on the effective score of B. For example, in the women's uneven bars final of the 2008 Olympic Games, He Kexin of China and Liu Jin of the United States were also 16.725, with a score of 7.7, but He Kexin of China had less effective score (in order to make the whole rule more fair, the current "level breaking" rule began to use the method of average effective score. If the two players score the same, first look at the finished score, and the one with the highest finished score wins; If the completion scores are the same, the lowest score is removed from the effective completion scores, and the remaining completion scores are averaged and compared until it is reduced to only one score. If there is still no comparison at this time, take a lowest score from all six completed scores and average it with the other five scores. If all the scores are the same, the ranking will be decided by drawing lots. However, due to protests from some countries, the break-even rule is only adopted in the Olympic Games, and the World Championships are still allowed to draw), so China's players are the first. The score of (d) indicates the first letter of difficulty, and the score of (e) indicates the first letter of execution, indicating the score of completion. This change is a new change after 2009. )