Watt

It was a sunny summer morning, and the thrush was singing a sweet song in the tree. On the campus of Glasgow University in England, there is a man walking. He walked slowly up and down the green lawn. He sometimes looked at the vast sky, sometimes looked at the winding playground, and sometimes frowned ... Suddenly, a smile appeared on his face, and his mood was suddenly enlightened. He came up with an effective solution to the steam engine. He ran happily, his feet flying. In an instant, his figure appeared on the operating platform that accompanied him for many years. He is Watt, the inventor of the steam engine. Someone once said, "Watt invented the steam engine because he has superhuman genius and wisdom." Actually, it is not. To illustrate this problem, let's talk about Watt's diligent study and study. Invent the story.

Enlightenment of steam

With the development of intellectual education, Watt has taken a keen interest in some things that exist objectively, and has developed curiosity and research. This laid a good foundation for his later invention of the steam engine.

In the small town of Greenock, Watt's hometown, every household makes a fire to boil water for cooking. Who has ever cared about such a common thing? Watt left his heart. Have Huai? He watched his grandmother cook in the kitchen. There is a pot of boiling water sitting on the stove. The boiling water is boiling. The lid of the pot snapped and kept jumping up. Watt observed for a long time, feeling very strange, wondering what the reason was, so he asked his grandmother. What makes the lid jump? "

Grandma replied," The water is boiling, that's all. "

Not satisfied, Watt asked," Why does the water jump when the lid is opened? Is something pushing it? "

Maybe grandma was too busy to answer him correctly, so she said impatiently," I don't know. What's the point of children asking these questions? "

instead of finding the answer from his grandmother, Watt was criticized unjustly, and he was very uncomfortable, but he was not discouraged.

for several days, whenever cooking, he squatted by the stove and watched carefully. At first, the lid of the pot was very stable. After a while, the water was about to boil, making a loud noise. On the ground, the steam in the pot came out and pushed the lid of the pot to jump. The steam kept rising, and the lid of the pot kept beating, as if there was a magician hiding inside, doing tricks. Watt was so happy that he almost cried out. He opened the lid of the pot, closed it again and again, and verified it again and again. He also covered the cup and spoon where the steam was ejected. Watt finally figured out that it was the steam that pushed the lid to jump, and the power of this steam was not small.

Just when Watt was in high spirits and ecstatic, grandma spoke again: "You child, you don't know what's so funny about the kettle, go away quickly!"! "She said casually.

His grandmother is too impatient and subjective, which, if casually ignored, almost dampened Watt's self-esteem and enthusiasm for scientific knowledge. Old man, you don't understand Watt's heart at all, do you? What a revelation water vapor has to Watt! Isn't the physical phenomenon that water vapor pushes the lid of the kettle to jump the source of understanding that Watt invented the steam engine?

in 1769, watt changed the steam engine into a single-acting engine with large power. Later, after many studies, in 1782, the trial production of a new steam engine was completed. With the linkage device on the machine, the simple motion was changed to rotary motion, and the perfect steam engine was invented successfully.

due to the invention of the steam engine and the developed coal and iron industry in Britain at that time, Britain became the first country in the world to use steam to propel iron "seagoing vessels". In the 19th century, maritime transport reform began, and some countries entered the so-called "steamboat era". Since then, ships have been sailing on the boundless ocean. Subsequently, coal mines, factories and trains all used steam engines. Manual labor was liberated and the economy developed. This is the result of the invention of the steam engine. Of course, it is also the credit of Watt, the inventor of the steam engine. Therefore, Watt is famous in the world.

Watt's life is full of hardships and struggles. What a bumpy road he has traveled. He created a blessing for mankind in hardships and frustrations, and opened up a new milestone for human progress. Watt attaches great importance to study and practice. Learning has enriched his wisdom; Practice has yielded fruitful results. Nobel is a world-famous great scientist, inventor and a successful entrepreneur. His invention of explosives and detonators ushered in a new era of human conquest of nature, and the Nobel Prize set by the huge fund behind him made him famous all over the world.

Alfred Berhard Nobel was born on October 21st, 1833 in a poor engineer and businessman's family in Stockholm, Sweden. His father, Immunio? Nobel was a talented inventor and businessman who founded the first rubber company in Sweden.

-----------. Forced by life, the old Nobel later had to leave home alone and go to Russia to make a living in business.

Nobel has been studious and curious since childhood. After arriving in Russia, in order to learn Russian well, he often selected some Russian classics to be translated into Swedish and then into Russian. Later, he learned English, French and German in this way. Once, one of his father's professors, Simon, invited Nobel and his son to watch the experiment of nitroglycerin's explosive power. When the hammer fell on the anvil, the nitroglycerin immediately exploded. Little Nobel was fascinated by this wonderful phenomenon. When he learned that this explosive thing could be used for mining and digging mountains, but it was too dangerous to use, he had the idea of inventing explosives.

at the age of 16, forced by his livelihood, he had to stop studying and went across the ocean to the United States alone to work as an apprentice in a factory. Since then, he has worked as an apprentice in several factories in France, Germany, Britain, Italy and other countries. During his apprenticeship, he continued to study after working for more than 1 hours every day. When he was sleepy, he put his head under the faucet and rushed. In this way, he learned a lot of technical and scientific knowledge by self-study, which not only laid a certain foundation in science, literature and philosophy, but also made several innovations in machinery, showing a strong original ability.

In p>1854, Nobel returned to Petersburg and worked with his father to develop explosives while doing business. Once, due to the company's financial difficulties, his father sent him to London and Paris to negotiate loans with local banks. As a result, I returned empty-handed and my family business went bankrupt again. The family had to return to Sweden in 1859.

at that time, in order to meet the needs of mining, developing industry and strengthening military forces, many chemists were devoted to the development of explosives. Explosives have a broad application prospect and a large market. Nobel and his son saw the situation clearly. In order to realize their own desire for invention and revive their family business, they engaged in the research on how to make use of the huge explosive potential of nitroglycerin. However, due to the lack of funds at hand, it is impossible to carry out large-scale experiments. Nobel once again went to Paris on the orders of his father to seek a loan. This time, he went well and brought back 1, francs. With this money, they set up their own factory.

After repeated experiments, Nobel realized that nitroglycerin could explode only by heating it to 17-18 degrees Celsius. Therefore, it is necessary to find a safe detonating device.

In the early summer of p>1862, Nobel made an exploratory experiment. The experiment was a success. However, the gunpowder used for detonation is more than nitroglycerin, which is of low power and high cost and has no practical value. In order to find a reliable substance that can detonate nitroglycerin in a small amount, Nobel carried out extremely dangerous experiments again and again, but all failed. After many failures, Nobel discovered the cause of failure, and finally succeeded in inventing a small amount of ordinary gunpowder to detonate the detonator of nitroglycerin. The invention of the "Nobel detonation method" enabled Nobel to obtain a patent certificate issued by the Swedish government for the first time in his life in 1864.

This explosive is extremely powerful, which can save a lot of manpower and financial resources in blasting engineering. Therefore, as soon as it came out, it was widely used.

Nobel's company has been revitalized. While Nobel was spreading the explosives invented by him everywhere, a series of accidental explosions happened, which made people doubt and fear Nobel's new inventions. The Swedish government banned the transport of explosives, forbidding Nobel to test on land, and France, Britain, Portugal and other countries also banned the manufacture, storage and use of new explosives, which put his explosives and company in trouble. Faced with the embattled situation, Nobel is determined to get out of the predicament. After careful thinking and a lot of secret experiments, Nobel first solved the problem of local manufacturing of nitroglycerin to avoid the explosion danger in long-distance transportation. Then focus on the safe transportation method of nitroglycerin. After repeated experiments, he finally found a way to stabilize the chemical properties of nitroglycerin, and made two kinds of safe diatomite explosives by using diatomite to absorb nitroglycerin. In order to relieve people's worries and recover the bad effects that have been caused, he personally performed in various places and proved the blasting power and safety performance of high explosives with facts. Finally, this new type of explosive was once again used in mining and road construction. Later, it was this kind of explosive that blew through the Alps, and a tunnel of 14.5 kilometers was opened several years ahead of schedule, saving more than 5 million yuan in excavation costs. Nobel became famous all over the world, and the Swedish government withdrew the original ban and turned it from expulsion to welcome. Britain, France and Germany issued patent certificates for his invention. Nobel's company finally has a bright future.

-----------. "Little Edison answered unhurriedly," I'm incubating chickens! "It turned out that he saw that hens could hatch chicks and wanted to try it himself. His father was angry and funny, and told him that people can't hatch chicks. On the way home, he kept staring at his father and asked," Why can hens hatch chicks and I can't? "From then on, everyone said Edison was a" nerd ".Once, in order to know the secret of fire, he lit a fire in his neighbor's barn, which caused a fire. Afterwards, he was beaten by his father.

Edison went to school at the age of 7, when the school curriculum was very rigid and corporal punishment was carried out. The young Edison was very dissatisfied with this. The teacher spoke in a dull way, which did not arouse his interest." But there are many strange questions in his mind. His classmates say he is stupid, and his teacher also says he is an imbecile. He was forced to drop out of school after studying in school for less than three months. This is the only formal education he received in his life.

Edison's mother personally taught his children to read and write, and took pains to answer all kinds of questions he raised. Once, her mother bought him a "Nature Reader". He was immediately fascinated by the small experiment introduced in the book. He set up a small laboratory at home, spent all his pocket money on buying experimental supplies, and did experiments whenever he had time.

When Edison was 11 years old, he became a newspaper boy on the train. After getting permission from the conductor, he set up a simple small laboratory in a corner of the baggage car. Once, the vibration of the train knocked a bottle of yellow phosphorus to the ground and caught fire. Everyone heard the sound and put out the fire in time. The train conductor flew into a rage, slapped Edison in the face and threw all his experimental supplies out of the car. Edison's right ear was deaf.

Later, Edison became a night operator. At three or four o'clock in the morning, he got off work and shouldered dozens of books he bought from the old bookstore during the day and went back to his residence. The patrolling police saw him from a distance, suspecting that he was a thief. Still in a hurry, the police thought he was going to escape, and they were busy shooting their guns. When the roaring bullets flew past their ears, Edison stopped. When the police caught up, they realized that they were deaf and were carrying all old books, and they took a gasp and said, "You are lucky. If my marksmanship is accurate, you will have lost your life in vain!"

Edison was respected all over the world because of his great contribution to mankind. In 1922, he was selected as the first among the 12 contemporary American David.

Bruno, a former Catholic monk, defended and developed Copernicus' Heliocentrism, spread it all over Europe, and was trapped by Catholicism and burned to death in Baihua Square.

Darwin, a former Catholic priest, was insulted as a monkey after he found out that he had compiled and summarized The Theory of Evolution. After his death, Christians still rumoured that he had repented on his deathbed.

Galileo, an Italian scientist, was tried and put in prison for his discovery of celestial movement.