1, according to the price-earnings ratio of index funds: when the PE percentage is lower than 20%, it means that the attraction is underestimated at this time; When the percentage is higher than 80%, it means that it is overvalued at this time. You can see the percentile of PE and the percentile of PB of general trading software manufacturers.

2. From the traffic lights of index funds, you can see this function on Alipay's investment homepage. When the Alipay index is in the green light, it means that the fund is undervalued; when the Alipay index is in the red light, it means that it is overvalued.