air pollution is extremely serious! This artifact reduces the pain of wearing a mask for a long time, shielding the tutor in the summer vacation, and then I saw this enchanting circle of friends of the tutor … "The father of …「PCR" passed away, and there was another interesting soul missing in the world … The guardian angel of your family made you feel at ease and sleep well < P > Seeing that you can successfully get your diploma and degree certificate, Meng Xi, a doctor of physics with offer from two universities, suddenly felt that universities were not attractive to you; Lin Fei, who received a doctor's degree in liberal arts from a prestigious university, resigned from a position with an annual salary of 2,, only to find that the university preparing to join the company stood him up; Ren Qi, a 27-year-old Ph.D. graduate, was embarrassed to find himself an "older newcomer" after working in a state-owned enterprise ... < P > In recent years, the number of newly-added Ph.D. graduates in China is about 2, more than that of newly-added university teachers, which means that about one third of doctoral graduates have not obtained university teaching posts. In recent years, the number of doctoral graduates in China has been rising year after year: in 24, 23, doctors graduated, and in that year, the number of doctors was counted as a separate category in China Statistical Yearbook for the first time; In 218, the number of doctoral graduates exceeded 6,. In the same year, nearly 1, people were admitted as doctoral students.
Image source: National Bureau of Statistics
In the traditional concept, a doctor is the "keeper" of his or her own discipline, and if he or she gets a doctorate, he or she should take an academic career. People who choose a non-academic career are often regarded as "a leak in the pipeline". However, this concept is increasingly challenged. According to the statistical yearbook, in recent years, the number of newly-added doctoral graduates in China is about 2, more than that of newly-added university teachers, which means that about one third of doctoral graduates have not obtained university teaching posts. I got the highest degree in human society. What is a doctor outside the academic circle?
The winner of the education market and the "budding new" of the job market
Before studying for a PhD, Meng Xi's idea was simple and even a little "stupefied". "At that time, when I was young, I always felt that I had to do at least one thing that ordinary people could not do in my life. "The northeast girl said. In this way, she opened the road to reading a doctorate. As for what job to look for in the future and the job market, she laughed at herself: "With my mental condition at that time, it was impossible to think of these things. During her Ph.D., what she communicated with her tutor the most was the experimental situation. However, the work plan and the job market rarely enter the discussion category of teachers and students. After more than three years of "8-to-1" laboratory life and weekends off, a doctoral brother reminded her: "Hurry up and prepare for a job!
Meng Xi started the "job-hunting mode", but she actually couldn't spend much time in contact with her job: writing and publishing papers and graduation thesis already occupied most of her energy. In order to revise her graduation thesis, she stayed up until two o'clock at night for more than a month, woke up in the morning, grabbed a dress and started working. One day, she suddenly realized that she had been wearing this gray pullover for ten days.
Her tutors believe that "it's natural for a doctor to go to a university after graduation". Meng Xi's doctoral brothers and sisters basically took this road after graduation. Meng Xi originally thought he was willing to be a university teacher and took scientific research as his career. This spring, Meng Xi's paper blind review and graduation defense went smoothly, and two universities also sent her an offer. Seeing that she will get her degree certificate in the near future, she suddenly feels like she has been crushed, and tears can't help coming out. The psychological counselor told her that this was caused by her long-term stress during her doctoral studies.
A few days ago, she accepted her family's suggestion and signed a contract with a college close to home. The performance appraisal in colleges and universities worried her: the school made it clear that it would not provide funds for the start-up of scientific research, and she would not know the specific assessment criteria until she joined the company, but she had heard several examples of the school breaking its promise before. Meng Xi has a friend who teaches in a university in Shandong. Only after he joined the company did he find that the school had improved the assessment standards. A friend complained to her: "The resettlement fee has not been implemented much, and other (treatment) has not gone up, but the assessment standard has gone up.
However, Ma Jun, a professor at the School of Science of Lanzhou University of Technology, believes that the current employment situation of doctoral students is still optimistic.
He told reporters: "In colleges and universities, in addition to the basic salary provided by the state, if there are many scientific research achievements, the annual scientific research performance is very impressive, even 1 times the normal salary, and there is no upper limit. The differences between disciplines can not be ignored. Ma Jun said that many doctors majoring in engineering can find horizontal projects outside the school, and their income is very considerable.
compared with Meng Xi, Lin Fei's road to teaching is more tortuous. Last year, Lin Fei got a doctor's degree in liberal arts from a famous school. After graduation, he didn't find a satisfactory teaching position, so he accepted the offer—— of a large enterprise-management position, with an annual salary of more than 2 thousand yuan. After working for two months, he suddenly received an employment notice from a university in other provinces. Although the salary of the company is in line with expectations, Lin Fei feels that his work is not free enough. In contrast, he prefers the working environment in colleges and universities.
The tutor advised him to think carefully: "You can't see the end when you are a green pepper. His family supported him to go to colleges and universities and thought that university teachers were a decent job. Lin Fei told his family that the monthly income of teachers is only one-third of that of working in enterprises. On balance, Lin Fei made a decision. Lin Fei did not resign immediately. At that time, his diploma had been obtained, but his degree certificate could not be obtained until the end of the year. He hoped that the two certificates would be complete before going through the entry formalities.
The staff of this university were reasonable at first. They said that they could arrange a dormitory for Lin Fei and apply for a campus card first, and then go through the entry formalities after he got a degree certificate. But the next phone call changed the taste. A teacher asked Lin Fei to come to school immediately, on the grounds that all young teachers should work in the first year. Although there were some problems at home, Lin Fei hurried through the resignation formalities and rushed to school.
At the end of the year, Lin Fei got his degree certificate. The next day, he went for a physical examination according to the requirements of his new school and prepared to report for duty the next day. At this time, he received a phone call again. The other party told him that he didn't have to go through the entry formalities. Lin Fei was shocked and rushed to the school by high-speed train, but was told that there was no preparation: the college said that because the school did not prepare, the school personnel department said that the college did not apply.
Lin Fei called the hospital leaders and was told that there were no places now. The leaders of the hospital admitted that after Lin Fei, they interviewed others. Lin Fei realized that if there was a more suitable candidate, the school would take the initiative to break the contract. "The school only lost 5, yuan in liquidated damages, but it had a great impact on our graduates." He had almost no income for more than half a year after he quit his job.
As the earliest doctoral student graduated by the tutor, Lin Fei's job hunting situation is also very concerned by his younger brothers and sisters. Lin Fei's graduation went smoothly. Even so, when he participated in the doctoral graduation defense, he was already penniless-the doctor postponed this year, and the school stopped giving subsidies. He relied on doing something outside the school to support himself. Now, Lin Fei is still looking for a teaching position. This year's twists and turns have brought him new reflections: "After reading so many books, you should keep your brain alive. Survival ability is the first step.
the trend of diversified employment is beginning to appear
Ren Qi went to work in a state-owned enterprise after graduating from Ph.D. As a doctor of engineering, Ren Qi does scientific research in enterprises without worrying about deviating from reality-scientific research in state-owned enterprises is directly oriented to production, and can provide first-line data for reference, which are usually not released to the public. Moreover, state-owned enterprises have abundant funds, so Ren Qi doesn't have to rack his brains to apply for research funds like his classmates who work in colleges and universities-the enterprise can provide him with millions of research funds.
But Ren Qi soon realized his shortcoming-age. After graduating from the undergraduate course, Ren Qi was recommended as a direct doctoral student in our school because of his excellent grades. Compared with the students who finished their master's degree for three years and then studied for a doctorate, Ren Qi, who got his doctorate at the age of 27, has a great age advantage. Nevertheless, after Ren Qi entered the state-owned enterprise, he was embarrassed to find himself an "older newcomer". Ren Qi calmly analyzed his situation: "If you are developing in an enterprise, the doctor is only suitable to take the technical route, and if you take the administrative route, it may be too late.
However, Ren Qi also realized that in the state-owned enterprises operating in imitation of the civil service system, almost all resources are centered on administrative power. This means that if he can't reach a certain administrative position, it is not good for doing scientific research. In contrast, more dynamic private enterprises have become a new choice for some doctoral graduates. On the list of key employment units in Tsinghua University, Huawei has "harvested" the most Dr. Tsinghua for three consecutive years. In May of this year, Huawei Hisilicon issued a global recruitment announcement, recruiting doctoral students for as many as 31 positions. Recently, the news that Huawei is offering annual salary of one million yuan to recent doctoral graduates has attracted a lot of attention.
Image source: news with pictures
In recent two years, Tencent, Alibaba and other "emerging forces" have also appeared on the list of the above-mentioned key employment units. However, the doctoral students recruited by the above-mentioned enterprises are generally limited to computer, applied mathematics, artificial intelligence, automation control and other hot fields in recent years. In online forums, the number of consulting posts weighing the work between companies and universities has also increased. Obviously, not everyone buys the account of private enterprises. Some people bluntly say that Huawei is "just a little more money" compared with assistant professors in 985 universities.
In addition, many doctoral graduates choose to work in party and government organs-last year, the Organization Department of Fujian Provincial Party Committee recruited 3 doctoral graduates from Tsinghua in one fell swoop, second only to Huawei's 31. It is not difficult to find the trend of diversification of doctoral students' employment from the employment quality reports of graduates in domestic universities. In the past five years, among doctoral graduates from Tsinghua University and Peking University who signed tripartite employment contracts, the proportion of working in universities and research institutes has declined, while the proportion of working in state-owned enterprises and private enterprises has obviously increased.
Behind this is the severe employment situation in academic circles: doctor's hats are increasing year by year, but the number of academic positions is relatively stable. As early as a few years ago, the problem of doctoral employment has attracted attention in developed countries such as the United States, Japan and Germany. The survey of doctoral employment in the above-mentioned countries shows that the proportion of doctoral employment in traditional academic departments is declining, and the decline of humanities and social sciences in science and technology Kobe is more obvious.
Shen Wenqin, an associate professor at Peking University Institute of Education, told reporters that in the United States, for example, the proportion of doctoral graduates in mathematics and computer science who were employed in academia dropped from 8% in the early 197s to 47% in the late 199s. Although doctoral graduates in humanities and social sciences were still mainly employed in academia, the proportion declined-humanities dropped by 1.7% and social sciences dropped by 17.9%.
Under the situation of oversupply, "non-academic career" has become an active or passive choice for doctoral graduates. Ma Zhen, a professor of environmental science and engineering at Fudan University, knows doctoral students, some of whom work as teachers in colleges and universities, some work in enterprises and some work as teachers in middle schools. Ma Zhen believes that these situations are taken for granted: "This is the situation. There are not so many jobs in colleges and universities, and the' green peppers' in colleges and universities are bitter. If you especially like doing academics, you can stay in colleges and universities; If you want to make money, you can enter the enterprise.
Ma Zhen believes that there are great differences between different universities and different disciplines, and it is too general to talk about the employment situation of doctoral students in general. He said: "In some colleges and universities, the number of doctoral students is expanding, there are more people, and the scientific research foundation is not very good, so (doctoral graduates) may be somewhat unpopular. By observing the job-hunting situation of master students and doctoral students, Ma Zhen found that master students often spend a lot of time on internships, while doctoral students find it easier to find jobs, just submitting resumes and spending a little time on interviews.
in the eyes of some recruiters, the doctorate itself carries enough weight. When one of Ma Zhen's doctoral students was looking for a job, the other party showed great trust in the student: "Those who can get a doctorate are at least not stupid and have professional ability. Ma Zhen believes: "Opportunities always belong to the strong.
what is a doctor outside the academic circle?
As early as 211, Nature published three articles in succession, pointing directly at the phenomenon of overproduction of doctors. One of the articles holds that the rapid expansion of doctoral degree is driven by the demand of scientific research projects, and the capacity of academic labor market is not fully considered. In recent years, the scale of doctoral enrollment in China has expanded year after year. Last year, 95,5 people were admitted as doctoral students, and the number reached a new high. There are many doctor's hats, and even some jobs that do not point to academic production clearly require a doctor's degree. In recent years, some colleges and universities require candidates to have a doctoral degree when recruiting counselors. In the past, this position was mainly for undergraduate or master graduates.
in 1979, Randall, an American scholar? Collins described the phenomenon of "diploma inflation" in his book "diploma society". He thought: "As more and more people get higher degrees, the demand for education level in jobs is also rising. When more and more people get a certain educational diploma or degree, its value will decrease. "But at the same time, there is a contradiction in China.
Qing Shisong, an associate professor at the School of Social Development of East China Normal University, mentioned several figures: enterprises are the departments with the largest R&D expenditure in China. In 217, R&D expenditure of various enterprises accounted for 77.6% of the national total, but enterprise research and experimental development (R&; D) Less than 1% of the staff have doctorates. In addition, apart from research universities, the proportion of full-time teachers with doctorates in universities in China is actually not high. In 217, only 24.4% of the full-time teachers in ordinary colleges and universities had doctoral degrees.
As far as the traditional goal of doctoral "production"-training academic successors-is concerned, there may be too many doctors, but there is still a large demand space in China universities. If we look at it from another angle, the era of knowledge economy needs high-level talents, and to promote the scientific and technological and industrial revolution, we need a lot of talents. "The more high-level talents, the better." He believes that if the needs of enterprises are taken into account, the current doctoral talents are still insufficient.
in the United States, where higher education is more developed, the outline of the future is beginning to appear: in March this year, the National Natural Science Foundation (NSF) released a report that the proportion of doctoral graduates employed in the private sector (42%) approached educational institutions (43%) for the first time. This is regarded as a major turning point of historical significance. Before studying for a PhD, Zhang Tian went to the industry. Faced with several offer, she chose this state university located on the east coast of the United States without much hesitation. After working under the "big cow" in the industry for three years, Zhang Tian began to get in touch with the industry through lectures organized by schools and colleges.
most of Zhang Tian's doctoral brothers and sisters go to work in industry, and some go to the United States to do research related to enterprises. This summer, Zhang Tian applied for an internship in a company in Boston. She thought that the research and development work in the company was relatively simple, and the knowledge she learned during her doctoral period might not be needed. But after she started working, she found that this company is