In fact, it is not accurate to say that more and more Iranians miss the Pahlavi dynasty. They are dissatisfied with the status quo and equally dissatisfied with the Pahlavi regime.
Iranians don't want theocracy, and they don't want monarchy.
It is not so much that people miss the Pahlavi dynasty as that Iranians are pursuing a fairer and more ideal social environment.
Next, let's take a look at past lives and its social development and changes in recent decades.
Let's review Iran in Pahlavi dynasty.
1925 65438+February 12, the then Islamic parliament of Iran held a constitutional meeting, declaring Reza Khan the ruler of the Persian empire, and Iran entered the Pahlavi dynasty.
1979, Khomeini launched the Iranian Islamic revolution, and the last king of Pahlavi dynasty, Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi (reigning 194 1-1979), was forced to abdicate as the exiled king, and the Pahlavi dynasty ended and * * * existed for 54 years.
White revolution
Although Pahlavi dynasty was a feudal monarchy, Iran also started the modernization process under the impetus of the world tide.
After World War II, many countries in the world set off the climax of democratic revolution.
Under this general trend, the voice of democracy in Iran is also rising day by day, and the monarchy has been impacted.
In 1950s, Iran's economic situation deteriorated, the unemployment rate rose, domestic contradictions became acute, and political movements became more frequent.
Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, the last king of Pahlavi Dynasty, launched the "White Revolution" reform wave in 1963 in order to ease domestic contradictions and maintain the autocratic monarchy system.
In the final analysis, this is a reform that wants to ease domestic contradictions through economic development, and then consolidate the autocratic monarchy system.
The main contents are:
1. Abolish the tenant farming system, redistribute all the land occupied by big landlords to farmers, and build an army to promote agricultural development.
2. All forests and water resources belong to the state.
3. Sell all government-run industrial enterprises to cooperatives and individuals, and the profits of these enterprises will be shared by both employers and employees.
4. Amend the electoral law to prepare for universal suffrage, especially for women.
5. It is necessary to establish an army of health workers composed of doctors from various disciplines and go to the countryside for free medical treatment.
6. Reform the judiciary and establish impartial courts in all rural areas.
7. Reorganize all government agencies, decentralize administrative power and improve national education in an all-round way.
Reform and progress
It can be seen that Pahlavi's series of improvement measures show great progress. He tried to respond to the people's call for democracy, establish a secular monarchy, guide Iran out of backwardness and make it a modern country.
Pahlavi's "white revolution" promoted the development of Iran's economy to a certain extent and laid the foundation for Iran to establish a sound industrial system.
Huge oil tanker docks, large oil storage tanks and petrochemical plants have mushroomed.
Lead ore, copper ore, iron ore and coal mine have all been vigorously exploited, and the output of steel mills and other metal smelters is also increasing.
During the period of 1976, the oil output was 294.8 million tons and the export was 272.2 million tons. In that year, oil export revenue reached $23.4 billion.
From 197 1 to 1973, Iran's average economic growth rate was 14.3%, and 1974 soared to 40%.
Iran has become one of the richest countries in the world. By 1977, Iran's per capita income had reached $2,200.
In addition, some achievements have been made in the fields of transportation, telecommunications, electricity, social welfare, health and education.
Due to the economic development, the military strength has also been enhanced, and the Iranian armed forces have become the most powerful military force in the Middle East.
The change of Iranian society is also very obvious, and it is rapidly moving towards secularization.
At that time, Pahlavi broke the influence of religion on the country, implemented monogamy and liberated Muslim women.
People's freedom of thought and women's freedom to work and study have become an important force in Iran's development. This is a great progress for Iran.
With the rapid development of economy at that time, people's lives were constantly improved and national welfare was increasingly improved. The whole country presents a thriving side.
Limitations of reform
Like the reform of all autocratic monarchs, Pahlavi's reform also has certain limitations.
The fundamental purpose of his reform is to consolidate the kingship by promoting the national economic development, and a series of measures will be taken to consolidate the kingship in the process of reform.
The first is to reuse cronies. Pahlavi arranged a large number of cronies in key state departments and became a privileged class.
By mastering the political and economic power of the country, these dignitaries amassed wealth and took bribes, which led to the rapid concentration of national wealth.
The royal family is rich and extravagant, while the middle and lower classes are poor and even lose their means of livelihood, which leads to extreme dissatisfaction.
Secondly, the secret police system was established to suppress potential opponents and was described as the organization that Iranians were most afraid and disgusted at that time.
Thirdly, Pahlavi overdeveloped armaments in an attempt to buy off the army as a powerful tool to safeguard the royal power.
After the economic prosperity, Pahlavi's military ambition has been expanding, and he spends a lot of money on American weapons every year, claiming to be the fifth military power in the world.
Huge military expenditure has exhausted Iran's finance, resulting in a serious financial deficit in Iran.
The reform harmed the interests of the clergy.
The cleric class occupies a very important position in Iranian history.
As early as before Pahlavi dynasty, Iranian priests enjoyed the main powers of the country, including the main seats in the National Assembly, judicial power and educational rights.
They also own a lot of land and real estate and can collect religious taxes. In rural Iran, the cleric class holds absolute power, and many decrees in Tehran cannot be implemented in rural areas.
During the "White Revolution", the authorities vigorously carried out religious reforms, giving women the right to vote and being hostile to clergy. In order to crack down on clergy, the government revoked the privileges of many religious leaders and closed a large number of religious schools.
The land reform policy touched the economic interests of the clergy and shook their control over the land.
Judicial reform also challenges the judicial privilege of clergy.
This series of secularization reforms fundamentally touched the interests of the clergy and were strongly opposed by them.
Generally speaking, Pahlavi's series of reforms, on the one hand, developed the Iranian economy, on the other hand, gave birth to the privileged class to a certain extent, aggravated the polarization between the rich and the poor, and caused widespread dissatisfaction among the people.
In addition, the secularization reform of society has made western ideas flood into Iran, further awakening Iran's democratic consciousness and making people more exclusive to monarchy.
The attack on the clergy has seriously damaged the interests of the clergy, and the promotion of secularization has also been opposed by many Muslims.
All the contradictions were mixed together, which finally triggered the Islamic revolution and ruined the Pahlavi dynasty.
Why are more and more Iranians dissatisfied with the status quo?
After the Islamic Revolution in Iran, the Islamic Republic of Iran was established by referendum and the new constitution of the Islamic Republic was adopted. Khomeini became the supreme leader of the country in 1979 and 12, and Iran became a modern theocratic monarchy with the integration of politics and religion.
Iran's Islamic theocracy is the result of Iran's referendum, which can be said to be the same choice for the vast majority of Iranians.
So what happened to the life of the Iranian people after the overthrow of the monarchy?
First of all, the economic development is slow and the polarization between the rich and the poor is more serious.
At the beginning, although the polarization between the rich and the poor in Pahlavi was serious, the economy as a whole made great progress, and the people also enjoyed certain development achievements.
After the revolution, Iran's economy was not prosperous, and its dependence on oil exports remained strong.
After the success of the revolution, the gap between rich and poor has not been eliminated, but has widened.
Iran's cleric class controls Iran's economic lifeline and has unlimited wealth, while ordinary people are in poverty.
Former Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad once mentioned that 300 people in Iran have mastered 60% of Iran's wealth, which shows how serious the phenomenon of wealth concentration is.
Due to policy mistakes and long-term western sanctions, Iran has now become one of the poorest countries in the Middle East, and many Iranians are penniless.
Unemployment is also high, especially among young people. Many people can't find jobs at all, lose their source of livelihood, and the vast rural areas are even poorer.
The social outlook is upside down.
In Pahlavi's era, the social atmosphere was very free and women enjoyed a wide range of rights.
Now Iranian women have to wear black veil again, and all kinds of imprisonment for women have followed. Women became affiliated again, and Iran returned to the theocratic era.
Iran's freedom has also regressed.
Iran's theocracy has veto power over parliament and bills, and greater power over the equivalent institutions of the king's government.
The political rights of ethnic minorities are suppressed, and non-Muslims cannot enjoy equal rights.
The government controls the news media. Without official permission, books and magazines, tapes, movies and cultural organizations may not be published.
Iran implements the policy of combining politics with religion, and priests strictly control the people's thoughts and are restricted.
All these realities make many Iranians think that the Islamic revolution has ruined Iran's future and set the country back for hundreds of years.
Even Khomeini's grandson, Hussein Khomeini, lamented that the present Islam has ruined Iran's future and deviated from Khomeini's line. He even asked the United States to help Iran go back to the past.
Today's young Iranians are also full of doubts about their parents' support for the revolution: "It's hard to understand what their enthusiasm was for."
At present, the relationship between the United States and Iran continues to be tense, and protests in Iran are becoming increasingly fierce. It is difficult to determine where Iran's future will go.
Pray that there will be no war and bless the Iranian people!