Introduction
Paralympic Games, sponsored by the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee, was held in 196. It was held once every four years after the Summer Olympic Games and has been held for 12 times so far. The Winter Paralympics has been held for 9 times since it was held in 1976, and the total number of athletes participating is close to 4,. There are four events in the competition, such as alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, ice sledding and wheelchair sports dance, and each event includes several minor events. China participated in the Winter Paralympics for the first time in 22. At that time, * * * sent four athletes to participate in alpine skiing and cross-country skiing, and achieved a sixth place.
origin and development
the paralympic movement began in 1948 after the end of the second world war. At that time, Sir Ludwig guttman, a British neurosurgeon, and some famous people who were enthusiastic about the cause of the disabled organized a competition for wheelchair athletes (mostly veterans of World War II with spinal disabilities) during the London Olympic Games in 1948, which was called Stoke mandeville Games.
In p>1952, Dutch veterans also joined the Paralympic Movement, so the International Stoke Man Deville Games Federation (ISMGF) was established, and the first International Paralympic Games was held in Stoke mandeville, England. At that time, only 13 athletes from two countries participated. Since then, the event has been fixed, and the International Stoke mandeville Games has been held every year. By 1959, eight international games for the disabled have actually been held.
After two years' careful planning by Sir Ludwig guttman of Britain and Professor antonia Mario of Italy, two weeks after the end of the 196 Rome Olympic Games, 4 disabled athletes from 23 countries took part in the first Paralympic Games held in Rome. This Games was later officially recognized as the 9th International Stoke mandeville Games. The title "Paralympic Games" was not officially approved by the International Olympic Committee until 1984.
In the Paralympic Games, according to a set of pre-established classification and grading standards, athletes with different disabilities and degrees participate in different categories and levels of competition.
since 1964, the IOC has decided that the country hosting the Summer Olympics will host the Paralympic Games, but the venue may not be the same city. It was not until 1988 that the International Olympic Committee made a new regulation that the Summer Olympic Games and the Paralympic Games must be held in the same city.
in p>1982, the International Coordinating Committee for World Organizations of Sports for the Disabled was established, and the International Olympic Committee recognized it as the governing body of sports for the disabled. The sports set up at the Paralympic Games need its approval.
With the passage of time, sports for the disabled need stronger international organizations. In 1989, with the active support of the International Disabled Sports Foundation, six organizations belonging to the International Disabled Sports Coordination Committee (ICC) jointly established the International Paralympic Committee. The main task of the International Paralympic Committee is to form an organization that represents disabled athletes internationally, grant the disabled the right to host the Olympic Games, supervise and assist the Games, expand the opportunities for disabled people to participate in sports and improve their performance, and integrate disabled sports into international sports.
On June 19th, 2, the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee reached a new agreement: starting from the 28 Summer Paralympic Games and the 21 Winter Paralympic Games, the Paralympic Games will not only be held in the same cities after the Olympic Games, but also use the same sports venues and facilities.
The Paralympic Games have gone through a glorious course of continuous development and growth for more than 4 years. From the beginning, only 4 athletes from 23 countries participated in the Games, to the unprecedented Sydney Paralympic Games in 2, which not only marked the development of the times, but also reflected the progress of human social civilization!
Summer Paralympic Games
The Summer Paralympic Games have been held for 12 times so far. After decades of development and elimination, almost every sports event has changed, some of which are just a flash in the pan, while others are enduring and have been preserved to this day. At present, the official events stipulated by the International Paralympic Committee include seven-a-side football, five-a-side football, wheelchair rugby, wheelchair basketball, bocce, goalball, equestrian, sailing, sitting volleyball, wheelchair tennis, judo for the blind, wheelchair fencing, cycling, table tennis, powerlifting, archery, shooting, swimming, track and field, rowing, sled racing, sled downhill racing and three boards.
Winter Paralympic Games
After the Second World War, many injured soldiers and ordinary people tried to take part in skiing again, and winter sports for the disabled gradually developed. One of the early pioneers of winter sports for the disabled was Sepp Cvik Nag, who lost his legs in Austria. He used artificial limbs for skiing. Later, there were innovations in the design of skiing equipment, such as creating three-track skiing)—— with crutches-a one-legged athlete wears a snowboard on one foot and then uses crutches equipped with small skis, thus leaving three marks on the snow. The revolutionary director of this equipment directed the first skiing competition of 17 disabled people in Austria in February 1948. The majority of disabled skiers welcomed this competition very much, so the first Austrian Triple Ski Championship was held in Badgastein, Austria the following year.
In the 197s, skiing competitions involving athletes with various disabilities were held.
in p>1974, the first world championship was held Grand Bornand, where there were two events, alpine skiing and cross-country skiing, in which amputees and visually impaired athletes participated.
In p>1976, the first Winter Paralympic Games was held in Enschel zwick, Sweden. * * * More than 25 blind and amputees from 14 countries took part in the competition, which consisted of alpine skiing and Nordic skiing.
Nowadays, athletes with different disability categories participate in their own competitions. Visually impaired athletes are guided by guides who use intercom devices or speakers when skiing. Athletes who have amputated above the knee use single ski and crutches. Athletes who amputate below the knee use artificial limbs and then participate in skiing competitions in the same way as healthy people. Athletes with amputated legs or spinal cord injury (paralysis) use sit-skis. Athletes with amputated arms do not use poles when skiing.
At present, the official events of the Winter Paralympic Games stipulated by the International Paralympic Committee include alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, ice sledding and wheelchair sports dance, and each event includes several minor events. For example, alpine skiing includes downhill, super giant slalom, giant slalom and slewing; Cross-country skiing (also known as Nordic skiing) includes individual events and team events, ranging from 2.5 km to 2 km; Wheelchair sports dance includes standard dance (waltz, tango, Viennese waltz, foxtrot and quickstep) and Latin dance (rumba, cha cha cha, samba, etc.).
Up to now, the Winter Paralympic Games have been held for 9 times.
history of China's participation in the Paralympics
China participated in the 7th Paralympics held in new york, USA for the first time in June 1984, and then participated in the Paralympics in 1988, 1992, 1996 and 2. * * * sent 215 athletes in these five Paralympic Games, and * * * won 8 gold medals, 72 silver medals and 52 bronze medals, with 59 people breaking 75 world records and 25 people breaking Paralympic Games records.
Compared with western countries, sports for the disabled in China started late and has a weak foundation. In 1984, China's reform and opening up just started, and like other undertakings, sports undertakings are in full swing. In June of this year, disabled sports, like healthy sports, returned to the international arena and participated in the Olympic and Paralympic Games in that year. China only sent 24 disabled athletes to participate in the Seventh International Summer Paralympics held in Long Island, new york, USA. Two blind girls, Ping Yali and Zhao Jihong, bravely fought against the strong players from all over the world and won the women's long jump gold medals in B2 and B3 respectively, one month earlier than Chinese shooter Xu Haifeng, achieving a "zero breakthrough" for China people in the Olympic Games. Today, talking about the 1984 Paralympic Games, Ping Yali still has some regrets. When she stood on the podium and listened to the national anthem after winning the gold medal, she didn't leave a photo and a video. After returning to China, Ping Yali was rewarded with RMB from 3 yuan, but the latter has not been implemented. After the struggle, the Beijing municipal government also rewarded her with a set of housing, but the subsequent troubles continued and have not been solved so far. At this Paralympic Games, the China delegation won 2 gold medals, 13 silver medals and 9 bronze medals, raised the five-star red flag 24 times and broke the world record for 9 times. The total number of gold medals ranked 23rd.
generally speaking, China's participation in the Paralympic Games is "three less and one new", that is, there are fewer participants, fewer events, less experience and more novices. Due to the small number of people, many novices, lack of on-the-spot experience and lack of training in peacetime, it is conceivable that it is difficult to compete with many strong players in the world. For example, at the Eighth International Summer Paralympic Games held in Seoul in October 1988, more than 4, athletes from more than 6 countries and regions participated in 17 events. Many countries have sent huge delegations. The United States, South Korea and other countries have sent teams of 4 to 5 people. There are also five or six countries with delegations of more than 2 people. However, China only sent 43 athletes to compete in track and field, swimming, table tennis and shooting, while only one athlete participated in shooting. Facing the grim reality that a strong player is like a forest, Zhao Jihong, a B2-level female athlete who won a gold medal at the 1984 Paralympic Games, lost to the American player by a centimeter and won the silver medal in this long jump competition, but she made great efforts to defeat the powerful players such as the United States, the former Soviet Union and Poland in the 1-meter and 4-meter competitions and won two gold medals in succession. In many sports competitions, Chinese players and opponents often narrowly win or come second with a centimeter or a few tenths of a second. Niu Guiping's 1-meter butterfly and Liu Zebing's 1-meter freestyle are only a few tenths of a second faster than the second place, and Theway's shooting champion is only one ring faster than the runner-up. Women's table tennis won three gold medals, all of which went through five hurdles and killed six generals. Some of them played all the time and finally won the championship by two points. In this Paralympic Games, Chinese disabled athletes won 44 medals, including 17 gold medals, 17 silver medals and 1 bronze medals, and 11 people broke 9 world records. The total number of gold medals ranked 14th.
As an integral part of human rights protection, sports for the disabled have been highly valued by all countries in the world. Some countries, such as the United States and Australia, have spent a lot of money to train professional players and conduct long-term scientific training to compete for gold and silver in the international sports arena for the disabled. The international sports competition for the disabled is becoming increasingly fierce, and the competitive level is constantly improving. The competitive level and strength of disabled sports in China have also been greatly enhanced. At the 9th Paralympic Games in Barcelona in 1992, China won 11 gold medals, broke the world record for 14 times, and ranked 11th in the total number of gold medals. At the 1th Paralympic Games held in Atlanta, USA in 1996, China won 16 gold medals and broke the world record for 16 times, ranking 9th in the total number of gold medals. By the 2 Paralympic Games in Sydney, Chinese athletes won 34 gold medals, breaking the world record for 25 times, and the total number of gold medals rose to sixth place. Zhu Hongyan, a blind girl from Henan, overcame the pain caused by lumbar muscle strain, scapulohumeral periarthritis and arthritis during training. She practiced for several hours and won five swimming gold medals at the Sydney Paralympic Games. Sun Changting, a young Tianjin man, lost a leg in the accident. After every high jump training, trouser legs, who had no leg, was soaked with blood. Nevertheless, through his own efforts, he not only won the Paralympic champion, but also broke the world record and jumped over the height of 1.9 meters that many ordinary people could not overcome. Zhang Xiaoling, a 47-year-old Guangxi female table tennis player who participated in the 8th, 9th, 1th and 11th Paralympic Games, has a prosthetic leg. She bit each other with a ball in her hand, board by board, point by point, and beat each other. He won the golden gold medal every time and was awarded the honorary title of "Excellent Athlete" by the China Disabled Persons' Federation and the State Sports General Administration.
at the Athens paralympic games, the China sports delegation has three remarkable characteristics: first, the number of participants is large. The delegation consists of 287 people, including 2 athletes, 2.3 times as many as those sent by the Sydney Paralympic Games. Second, there are many entries. In this Paralympic Games, we will participate in 11 major events and 284 minor events such as track and field, swimming, table tennis, shooting, weightlifting, judo for the blind, cycling, archery, wheelchair fencing, wheelchair tennis and sitting volleyball. There are five more sports and 125 more sports than last year. Third, there are many newcomers. There are 161 athletes who participated in the Paralympic Games for the first time, accounting for 8.5% of the total number of athletes. These young athletes are the backbone of China's participation in the 28 Paralympic Games.
Beijing 28 Paralympic Games
Organizational structure (Paralympic Games Department)
Paralympic Games Department: responsible for coordinating and formulating the planning and work plan for the Beijing Paralympic Games; Coordinate and supervise the progress and implementation of the preparations for the Paralympic Games in various departments; Responsible for communication, liaison and coordination with the International Paralympic Committee, the International Sports Federation for the Disabled and domestic organizations for the disabled; Put forward guiding opinions on the special work of the Paralympic Games; Assist in all kinds of training, promotion and publicity related to the Paralympic Games.
Emblem
The emblem of the Beijing 28 Paralympic Games takes the harmony and unity of heaven, earth and people as the main line, and integrates China's writing, calligraphy and disability.