Single-period asset yield = interest (dividend) yield + capital gains yield variance = ∑ (random result - expected value) 2 × probability (P26) standard variance = square root of the variance (the expected value is the same, the larger the risk, the greater the risk) standard

Dispersion rate = standard deviation/expected value (the expected value is different, the larger it is, the greater the risk) required rate of return = risk-free rate of return + risk rate of return risk rate of return = risk value coefficient (b) × standard deviation rate (V) required rate of return

Rate = risk-free rate of return + b×V = risk-free rate of return + β

Present value, F-future value, A-annuity simple interest present value P=F/(1+n×i)‖simple interest future value F=P×(1+n×i)‖the two are the reciprocal of each other and compound interest present value

Value P=F/(1+i)n =F(P/F,i,n)--write whatever you want in front. Final value of compound interest F=P(1+i)n　=P(F/P

, i, n) The future value of the annuity F = A (F/A, i, n) - the reciprocal of the sinking fund The sinking fund A = F (A/F, i, n) The present value of the annuity P = A (P

/A, i, n) - the reciprocal of capital recovery amount capital recovery amount A = P (A/P, i, n) immediate annuity future value F = A [(F/A, i, n+1)-

1]——The number of periods of the annuity’s future value + 1 coefficient – ??1 The present value of the immediate annuity P = A [(P/A, i, n-1) + 1] – The number of periods of the annuity’s present value – 1 coefficient + deferral

The future value of the annuity F= A(F/A, i, n) - n represents the number of A. The present value of the deferred annuity P=A (P/A, i, n) × (P/F, i, m)

First, the annuity at the back is now, and then the compound interest at the front is now the perpetuity annuity. P=A/i interpolation method. Teacher Mao’s formula: There are more cases of reverse changes and changes in the same direction: i=minimum ratio+(medium-small)/(large-

Small) (maximum ratio-minimum ratio) reverse change: i=minimum ratio+(large-medium)/(large-small)(maximum ratio-minimum ratio) actual interest rate = (1+nominal/number of times) times-1