Development of fog and haze in London
/kloc-dure that 0/9th century, London, which originated from the industrial revolution, enter a period of high-speed industrial development, and the consumption of fossil fuels, especially coal, increased, which made the air pollution in London more and more serious, and the exhaust gas produced by factories carried extremely thick grayish yellow smoke, which made the air pollution situation in London more and more serious. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were 100 winter air pollution cases in London. The record even goes back to 18 13. And 1873, 1880, 1882,189, 1892 1952 and other gas pollution incidents.
195265438+from February 4 to 9, high-concentration smog enveloped the scope of London. According to historical records, the death toll in London reached 4000, and the death rate of the 48-year-old group was as high as three times. The mortality rate of 1 age group is twice as high. The incidence of respiratory diseases such as pneumonia, lung cancer and epidemic fever has increased significantly. In the next two months, the total death toll caused by this incident was1.2000, which shocked the world. Air pollution will only harm health, seriously corrode buildings, make soil barren, deteriorate water quality, make birds migrate away from their homes and affect plants.
The London smog incident directly caused sulfur dioxide dust pollution of raw coal. Smoke and dust from coal-fired factories and oil and gas pollution clouds from European cars have all made London's air quality worse. In London, however, industrial sewage discharge is different, with 1 0,000 tons of smoke chimneys floating, emitting 2,000 tons of carbon dioxide (CO2),10.40 tons of hydrochloric acid and10.4 tons of fluoride. More seriously, it catalyzes another spontaneous combustion pollutant, sulfur dioxide, to oxidize sulfur trioxide and hydrate with the adsorbed dust to form 800 tons of sulfuric acid. Domestic coal burning intensifies gas pollution. Before central heating came into being, thousands of families could burn coal to keep warm. Due to economic difficulties, the government burned inferior coal outside the port of high-quality coal, and the pollution in London was more serious. When the air is circulating, some seriously polluted yellow smoke is trapped over London, forming dense fog.
With the continuous development of London 1956, 195438+0962, etc. 12, the fog in London gradually decreased in the 1970s, and so did the fog in London. At present, London's toxic smog has disappeared and become a global city.
Second, the control process of fog and haze in London
The severe smog incident in London (1952) prompted the British people to reflect deeply. The British government began to pay attention to smog control, but the control effect was not obvious. The smog control in London (60+0953) is divided into four stages according to its air quality improvement trend.
Preparation stage (1953- 1960). The Beaver Committee led by Sir Beaver was set up by the British government at telephone number 1953 to investigate the smoke incident and formulate countermeasures. The Beaver Committee recommended 1956 that British TV stations pay special attention to air pollution "clean air" and prohibit the emission of black smoke. At the same time, the Clean Air Committee was set up to supervise the improvement of air pollution, and to obtain suggestions on air pollution control according to the experience, knowledge or responsibility of air pollution control. Specific management measures include the government's responsibility to delimit smoke control areas, transform family fireplaces, replace fuel and prohibit black smoke emission; Establish a reward and punishment mechanism to control the reasonable cost of fireplace renovation in the region, and the government will subsidize at least 70%. Violators will be fined 10- 100 or imprisoned for more than three months according to the circumstances. 1960 lb, the concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO2) black smoke in London will be reduced by 20.9% and 43.6% respectively, and initial results will be achieved.
The second stage is a significant reduction stage (1960- 1980). 1968, the British government's Clean Air was revised and expanded, which gave more power to the government departments responsible for controlling gas pollution, including the power to limit the emission of particulate smoke and dust from Taixin boilers, and forced the government to set up a new smoke and dust control zone. The government promulgated the Pollution Control Act, which stipulated the fuel groups of locomotives and restricted the oil products .50050.00000000005 By adopting phased nuclear control measures, the scope of smoke control area has been greatly expanded, and the coverage rate of smoke control area in London has reached 90%. In the second stage, the concentration of SO2 black smoke in London fluctuated slightly, and the city's air quality improved significantly. The concentration of SO2 black smoke decreased in a short time, and it decreased by more than 80% at 10. 1975, while the number of haze in London decreased by 15, and 1980 decreased by 5.
In the third stage of steady improvement (1980-2000), the focus of gas control and treatment in London was controlled, and it gradually turned to locomotive pollution control. The government has successively established Taiwan Province or revised a series of cases. Automobile fuel (198 1), air quality standard (1989), environmental protection (1990), road vehicle supervision (199 1), London clean air government (/)
In the fourth stage of low-carbon development (200 1 up to now), compared with the 1950s, the air quality in London has been greatly improved, and the concentration of SO2 black smoke has dropped by 84.2% to 47.4%, which is the main pollutant in London. In 2002, the City of London issued an air quality strategy after extensive consultation, explaining in detail the air quality goals that London wanted. The British energy white paper My Energy: Creating a Low-carbon Economy first put forward the concept of low-carbon economy and proposed to build a low-carbon society in 2050. London air quality strategy was revised twice in 2006 and 20 10. At present, the main air quality control in London is locomotive pollution control, and the main pollutant is nitrogen dioxide (NO2)PM 10. The smog pollution in the lower atmosphere is controlled at 93%.
Third, the main experience
() Establish and improve the legal system for smog control.
The serious air pollution in London once attracted great attention from all walks of life in Britain. The specific performance is: (1) according to the control of smog. 1956 Under the impetus of the famous Beaver Report, Britain promulgated the world's first case of air pollution prevention and control-the Clean Air Act. Foundation: In 1960s and 1970s, Britain mainly used terminal treatment to control air pollution. Clean air, 1968, Britain has published pollution control (1974), automobile fuel (198 1), air quality standard (1989) and environmental protection (1989). A series of air pollution prevention and control cases, such as environment (1995), London government case (1999), pollution prevention case (1999) and climate change case (2008), have strictly restricted their exhaust emissions and formulated clear punishment measures to control air pollution in London. By 2050, achieve the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80%. (2) Formulate a national strategy to guide the management of smog. Since 1995, Britain has formulated a national air quality strategy, which stipulates that all cities should evaluate and control air quality to reach the standard area. The government must delimit air quality management zones and make it mandatory to meet the standards within a time limit. The European Union requires its employees to meet the air standard number of 20 12 exceeding 35. Faced with a huge fine of $450 million, it meets the standards. As early as 2003, the City of London began to charge congestion fees for private cars. Promote the development of public transport system. Follow British energy efficiency: government plan (2004), climate change plan (2005), British sustainable development strategy (2005), low-carbon building plan (2006), tax rebate and subsidy plan (2007) and British energy efficiency plan (2007). It highlights the attitude and determination of the British government to actively respond to climate change. In particular, the low-carbon transition plan in 2009 outlined the strategic blueprint for the British government to develop a low-carbon economy. The goal is that in 2020, Britain's carbon emissions will be reduced by 34% on the basis of 1990, and everything will be green and professional. 7 million houses were transformed into energy-saving buildings, and 6.5438+0.5 million households received government subsidies to produce clean energy; 40% of electricity comes from low-carbon energy; The average carbon emission of new cars has been reduced by 40%. Due to the promotion of Britain, the concept of near-low carbon economy has spread rapidly around the world and been widely recognized. (3) Increase financial input. In 2009, the British government allocated 3.2 billion pounds for the renovation of energy-saving houses, and some families who installed clean energy equipment in their main houses were compensated, which is expected to benefit 7 million families. In April, 2009, the Brown government announced that the carbon budget would be included in the government budget framework, making it applicable to all aspects of economy and society. With an additional investment of/kloc-0.04 billion pounds in low-carbon economy-related industries, Britain is the first carbon budget maker in the world. (4) Building a coordinated policy system. The United Kingdom has made full use of policy tools such as climate change tax and emissions trading mechanism, as well as low-carbon transportation, clean coal, carbon budget and other plans to give full play to the characteristics of various policy tools and plans and establish an interrelated and interactive policy planning system. The low-carbon technology research and development promotion plan has been widely recognized by all sectors of society. A low-carbon economic interaction system based on the market, led by the government and involving all enterprises and public sector residents has been initially formed to promote the transformation of low-carbon economy and the development of renewable energy. (5) Establish various special funds to promote the development of renewable energy. Carbon fund is a commercial fund invested by the British government with a climate change tax of about 66 million pounds. It operates according to the business model and is committed to promoting CO2 emission reduction in the British business sector. Increase investment in low-carbon technologies such as renewable energy. In 2008, the British government launched the Environmental Improvement Fund to support the demonstration and deployment of low-carbon energy and energy-saving technologies and provide corresponding financial support. With the increase of investment in green transportation energy projects, Britain set up a green energy fund of 654.38 billion pounds (749 million euros) in 2065.438+03 to transform the transportation system, use clean fuel and upgrade low-carbon energy (wind energy).
(B) the use of clean energy and other technologies, and strive to develop a low-carbon economy
The London fog and haze incident occurred. The high concentration of London soot reached 4460 μ g/m3, and the average concentration of sulfur dioxide reached 3830 μ g/m3. 1950 generations. The analysis of the sources of ventilation pollution by the London Customs Office found that the pollutants mainly come from industrial and domestic coal burning. In addition to defining smoke control zones, it is also decided to increase the proportion of clean energy, promote the use of bituminous coal and electricity, and reduce sulfur dioxide pollution caused by smoke. Adopt central heating in winter; Power plant heavy industry facilities moved to the suburbs; The government takes the form of subsidies to help residents transform gas appliance, and requires all industrial enterprises in the suburbs of the city to use coal and firewood as fuel, and the waste gas generated by them must be physicalized and purified before being discharged. Yingli develops monitoring technology and establishes gas monitoring network. Since 196 1, a gas monitoring network with 450 organizations has been established all over the UK. The monitoring network has 1200 monitoring points. By measuring the amount of dustfall every month, London, Dingburg and Sheffield are listed as key monitoring areas to promote the application of environmental protection technology, which is of great significance to control air pollution and protect the environment in London.
With the improvement of air quality in Britain, great changes have taken place in Britain's energy structure. The proportion of coal in 1965 fuel is 27%, that of electric clean gas fuel is 24.5%, and that of fuel oil is 43%. 1980 coal is only used in factories in outer suburbs, with the proportion decreasing by 5%, electric clean gas fuel increasing by 5 1% and fuel oil increasing by 4 1%. In particular, coal accounts for 194890% of the total energy consumption, while gas accounts for 0. Establish a low-carbon society in 2050. In 2008, Britain promulgated the Climate Change Act, and the government promised to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 26%-32% in 2020 and achieve the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 60% in 2050. In 2009, the British government announced the strategic blueprint for developing low-carbon economists and vigorously developed new energy sources. In 2020, the supply of renewable energy should account for 15% and 40%.
(3) Industrial enterprises leaving the port
In order to solve the air pollution caused by the agglomeration of urban industrial enterprises, London established eight new city foundations in the late 1940s, and three new cities in the northwest of the city in the late 1960s (the distance between the three new cities and London is 80 133 km), which provided favorable conditions for industrial relocation. On this basis, the London government used economic policies such as taxation to encourage some enterprises in the urban area to relocate. On the other hand, new towns attract industrial enterprises to settle down and take active measures (delineating industrial zones, paving roads, building factories of the same scale for rent, and paying attention to creating living environment, etc.). And promote it on preferential terms). Due to the government's preferential policies for relocation, many factories have moved out. Starting from 1967, the industrial expenses in London have been reduced to 1974 * *. The total number of new towns increased from 450,000 to 654.38+367,000 (including its relocation).
(four) to strengthen the comprehensive management of locomotive exhaust emissions.
In the early 1980s, the number of locomotives in London had reached 2.44 million, and the road traffic jam became more and more serious. At the same time, the increase in the number of cars has caused locomotive exhaust pollution. Faced with the grim situation, the London Bureau has taken comprehensive control measures.
First, the traffic development strategy should be changed to the modes of fuel saving and pollution such as public transportation, walking and cycling, so as to reduce the dependence on cars and effectively reduce the carbon dioxide emissions of locomotives. Specifically, we should set up bus lanes, establish a bicycle network of 1000 pounds, establish a tree-lined trail network, and invest in the development of new energy-saving and pollution-free public transport.
Second, expand the scope of traffic restrictions. With the development of urban traffic, the air quality problems in London towns, main radiation roads and highways outside London are becoming more and more serious. London has successively implemented traffic policies that restrict infrastructure, use land and help prevent the deterioration of air quality and environment.
Third, the government issued a white paper on traffic conditions, announcing to the public that it would limit the number of cars, reduce air pollution caused by traffic jams, increase parking fees by 2,000 times, and change the former free parking lots in companies and urban public places into paid parking lots.
Fourth, strengthen the management of urban air quality control. The government has set a short-term goal of controlling air quality, and carbon dioxide emissions will be reduced by 65,438+0,990 in 2000. At the same time, it is suggested that the government set control targets and implementation rules for the exhaust emissions of stopped vehicles.
Fifth, strengthen the technological transformation of the automobile manufacturing industry and design and produce advanced environmentally-friendly cars. The British government controls the pollution of locomotives, amends and improves the provisions of the Clean Air Act on increasing locomotive exhaust emissions, and requires all new cars to be equipped with purification devices to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions, and the carbon dioxide emission standards of new cars are reduced by an average of 40%. Since 2003, the city government of London began to collect congestion fees to alleviate the congestion in London. This policy has reduced the air pollution emitted by locomotives, increased the fiscal revenue and been implemented.
In 2008, the London government implemented the low pollution emission zone policy, aiming at speeding up the replacement of vehicles with serious pollution, promoting the installation of emission reduction devices on old vehicles, reducing vehicle pollution emissions and improving the air quality in London. Vehicles driving in low-pollution emission areas must meet emission standards, otherwise they will be charged. The results show that compared with the areas outside the low pollution discharge area, the implementation of this measure reduces the pollution concentration of PM 10 by about 2.46% ~ 3.07%.
The city government of London announced a more severe traffic case in 2025, restricting private cars from entering London. Within 20 years, the number of private cars will be reduced by 9%, the number of vehicles entering the traffic jam charging area will be reduced by more than 60,000, and the exhaust emissions will be reduced by 12%. The British government will promote the use of new energy vehicles for public transport. London plans to build 25,000 tram charging devices by 2065,438+05.
(5) Take measures at the same time to control smog in coordination.
First, establish specialized management and consulting institutions to strengthen air pollution control. London decided to establish 17 institutions in the same industry, and not to formulate practical air pollution control measures.
First, scientific research institutions participate in the control of gas pollution. London attaches great importance to the participation of scientific research forces in controlling gas pollution, and many research institutions and factories are widely involved in scientific research. Hua Lun Spring Laboratory estimated the air content of sulfur dioxide in smoke and dust according to the measurements of 1200 monitoring stations all over Britain, and put forward the same measures to control gas pollution in the same area. Some institutions of higher learning, such as Aston, Edinburgh, Didier Institute of Technology, Wales, Sheffield, Leeds, etc., have conducted extensive and in-depth research on stripping automobile exhaust, air quality standards, controlling pollutant emissions, the impact of air pollution on crop soil, improving instruments for measuring dust and its pollutants, designing and installing chimneys, and developing environmental protection products.
Third, encourage citizens to actively participate in and supervise governance. The prevention and control of air pollution in London is entirely attributed to the government, British universities, environmental protection organizations and the media, and all the people are practicing air pollution control. King's Court London, Guy's Hospital London and St Thomas' Hospital London jointly set up a citizen health insurance system fund and co-sponsored a seminar on how to reduce the impact of air pollution. This paper focuses on how every resident in London can improve air quality. On the mobile operating system platform of 20 10-03- 12, King's Court of London popularized the name of London air mobile phone software, which provides users with free air quality in London to improve the air quality in the city where London residents live. The air control information of "Building" informed the public. The official website released the real air quality data of London and the weekly trend chart of pollutant concentrations to the public.
British citizens have a deep tradition of autonomy and a strong social foundation in discussing, making decisions, supervising and implementing environmental issues. The government's air control is a bit negligent, and the mainstream media whitewash and attack the government. Compared with 20 127, the Sunday Times quoted an investigation report made by an environmental protection organization to clean the air in London, and questioned the spraying of chemical solvents near the monitoring point of the London city government. By beautifying the air pollution index, British citizens can obtain air information through the exclusive monopoly of officials. Citizens can directly request relevant data from government environmental protection agencies through free information and refuse. The government has set up a British air quality archive website, and non-governmental organizations have set up a London air quality network in cooperation with the environmental protection organization of King's Court in London to publish real air quality data in London. The government will never dare to accuse the non-governmental monitoring organizations of being illegal, illegal and unscientific.
Fourth, strengthen urban greening. A circular green belt has been built around London. By the 1980s, the area of green belt reached 4,434 square meters, with the ratio of urban area (1.580 square meters) being 2.82: 1. The long-term green belt planning area reaches 579 1 m2, which is 3.67:65438. It plays an important role in controlling the outward expansion of cities. In terms of landscaping, London attaches great importance to national gardens and advocates the concept of building a garden city. Since the beginning of this century, London has been pursuing the goal of adjusting the urban gas environment, maintaining the balance of physical properties and giving full play to the greening function. At present, the urban area of London is covered with three-zone gardens and public green forests. The construction of national gardens only beautifies the city, improves the gas environment and improves the overall quality of the city.
Fourth, the enlightenment of my treatment of smog
The industrial revolution is the pioneer of civilization, which provides reference for Britain's industrialization and urbanization.
1. Improve environmental protection laws and regulations and strengthen environmental protection.
Strict government system can reduce pollution. The free market can solve the pollution problem. Pollution economy is regarded as an external factor, which shows that a single company can solve the pollution problem and pay the price, but the company itself has no power to do it. Only by restraining and standardizing the government system, strictly implementing it and managing it with an iron fist can pollution be reduced. We can improve environmental laws and regulations, strengthen environmental legislation, speed up the formulation process of supporting environmental laws and regulations, increase penalties for environmental violations, and effectively solve the problems of low cost and high cost. Strictly implement the responsibility system, investigate the fault, and seriously deal with the dereliction of duty of staff.
2. Overall planning to accelerate the implementation of gas environment control strategy.
Regional gas pollution prevention and control planning is an important part of regional overall planning, which coordinates the relationship between economic development and environmental protection, puts forward an optimized scheme to improve pollution control in view of gas environmental pollution problems, formulates regional gas pollution prevention and control planning, adopts regional comprehensive prevention and control measures and takes important measures to control gas environmental pollution. At the same time, formulate scientific and technological plans for gas pollution control and strategic development plans for emerging industries. Comprehensive management and utilization of gas, transformation of emerging industries, completely eliminate hidden dangers and promote the construction of national civilization.
3. Key technologies to solve and control gas pollution
Science and technology play a key guiding role in the process of air pollution control in Britain. The British government encourages enterprises to adopt gas pollution control technology to transform their production processes, giving priority to pollution or less pollution technology, which is the fundamental way to prevent and control air pollution. The government requires enterprises to strictly operate production processes, select suitable raw materials, and help reduce pollution or treat the pollutants they produce. Install waste gas purification device, control pollution sources, and make the air environment quality meet the standard. In addition to solving key technologies to achieve industrial breakthroughs in pollution control, science and technology are more important to ordinary scientific researchers.
4. Raise awareness and take measures to manage cat beauty. Pu Weixin reminded that smog and toxic gas are protected.
18 13 air pollution, 1952 serious air pollution, British industrialization paid a huge price, and Britain decided to control air pollution in London. It took 20 to fundamentally reverse the situation and 50 to thoroughly improve it, which shows that the air pollution control work is long-term and arduous. Even now, the British government still recognizes that air quality work needs to be done. The British strategy was put forward in 2007 and has gone through decades. Direct medical expenses are about 20 billion pounds. Even if the policies in the strategy are fully implemented in 2020 and 2007, the British government still predicts that air pollution will shorten the average life expectancy in Britain by five months. The process of air quality recovery is self-evident, and the government needs to formulate and implement relevant policies and pay attention to public issues to support the conscious implementation of relevant policies. In order to avoid the recurrence of disasters and ensure the needs of economic development in a limited scope, the government needs to carry out strict management and invest in scientific and technological innovation in related fields to deal with environmental problems.