Biomimetic mechanics of micro aircraft - aerodynamic characteristics of butterfly flight Sun Mao; Huang Hua studied the aerodynamic characteristics of a butterfly (Morpho peleides) during forward flight. The Navier-Stokes equation was numerically solved on a moving overlapping grid, and the forward flight of the butterfly

The flapping motion of the left and right wings and the pitching motion following the body during flight were calculated. The results show that the butterfly mainly uses the "resistance principle" for flapping flight, that is, the lifting force to balance the body weight and the thrust to overcome the body resistance are both main

It is provided by the resistance of the wings. The butterfly wings produce a large transient resistance (a force parallel to the flapping motion) during the downbeat. Analysis of the flow structure shows that the mechanism for generating this force is as follows: each downbeat produces a

The strong "vortex ring" composed of leading edge vortex, wing tip vortex and starting vortex contains a jet along the flapping direction. The reaction force generated by this jet is the resistance of the wings. The lifting force to balance the weight of the body is mainly caused by the downward flapping of the wings.

Provided by the resistance generated in the upbeat (because the body is tilted up, the upbeat actually beats backward and upward), the wings also produce resistance, but it is much smaller than when beating down. The thrust to balance the body resistance is mainly provided by the wings

The drag force generated in the upbeat is provided. Author's affiliation: School of Aeronautical Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083 Keywords: flapping flight; butterfly; aerodynamic force; N-S equation numerical solution Fund: National Natural Science Foundation of China funded project (10472008) Classification

No.: V212;V219DOI: cnki:ISSN:1001-5965.0.2006-10-003 Text snapshot: Micro air vehicles (MAVs) have attracted widespread attention in recent years. If conventional aerodynamic layout is used, MAVs will not be able to generate enough energy at low Reynolds numbers.

Lift to balance weight and other issues. Insects with superb flight capabilities can be used for reference by MAV. In the past few decades since Weis-Fogh[1] observed and studied Taiwanese wasps and proposed the "close/open" mechanism,

People have grown up flies, bees, moths, dragonflies and other insects. Butterfly (Butterfly) A type of insect.

Butterflies, moths, and butterflies are all classified in the order Lepidoptera.

Thousands of species in the world today fall under this category.

They evolved from the Cretaceous onwards to feed on and pollinate flowering plants.

They are the last species in the evolution of insects.

Lepidoptera, suborder Hammerhorn, commonly known as butterflies.

Also known as "Hudie".

In the old days, it was considered the general name of butterfly, but now in zoology, it is regarded as a kind of butterfly.

Butterfly, commonly known as "butterfly", there are about 14,000 species in the world, most of which are distributed in the Americas, especially in the Amazon River Basin, where the most species are found. Orange-tip white butterfly (Anthocharis cardamines) is found in other parts of the world except the cold zones of the Arctic and Antarctic.

Distribution, in Asia, Taiwan is also famous for its wide variety of butterfly species.

Butterflies are generally brightly colored, with various patterns on their wings and body, and a pair of club-shaped or hammer-shaped antennae on their heads.

The largest butterfly has a wingspan of 24 cm, while the smallest only has a wingspan of 1.6 cm.

Large butterflies are very eye-catching, and there are dedicated people who collect various butterfly specimens. In America, "butterfly watching" migration, like "bird watching", has become an activity, attracting many people to participate.

There are many species of butterflies that are major pests of agriculture and fruit trees.

The general name for 14,000 species of insects in 4 families of the superfamily Papilionoidea.

Together with moths and butterflies, they form the order Lepidoptera.

Distributed almost all over the world.

Similar to moths, the wings, body and legs are covered with dust-like scales that fall off at a touch.

Unlike moths, butterflies are active during the day and have bright colors or eye-catching patterns.

The most significant difference between the two is probably that the butterfly's antennae are club-shaped, and the wings are folded perpendicular to the back when at rest.

The life cycle of this lepidopteran is divided into 4 stages: egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa and adult.

Most butterfly larvae and adults are plant-eating, usually eating only specific parts of specific types of plants.

The four butterfly families are: Pieridae, such as white or yellow butterflies, which are famous for their gregarious migration; Papilionidae, such as swallowtails and silk butterflies (the silk butterflies are sometimes drawn separately as the family Papilionidae) [

Parnassiidae〕); Lycaenidae, including blue-green butterflies, copper-colored butterflies, gray butterflies, gray butterflies and clam butterflies (the clam butterflies are more common in tropical America and are sometimes classified as Riodinidae);

Nymphalidae, are brush-footed butterflies.

Nymphalidae is the largest and most diverse family, and some experts subdivide it into several families.

This group of brush-footed butterflies includes common butterflies such as the admiral, nymphal, monarch, spotted butterfly and red nymphal.

[Edit this paragraph] Morphological characteristics: The ends of the antennae are thickened, and the wings are Palaechrysophanus hippothoe, a kind of butterfly.

Broad, with wings erect on the back when at rest.

The antennae of butterflies are club-shaped, with each section at the end of the antennae thick and club-shaped.

The body and wings are covered with flat, scaly hairs.

The abdomen is elongated.

Butterflies are active during the day.