When they stood in the cold winter and prepared to start their bloody work, the army could not know that what they were going to do would always be remembered as one of the most terrible political violence in British history. On the morning of February 1692, Granko became the scene of the massacre.
Under the leadership of Captain Robert Campbell of Glendale, the soldiers were stationed in Glendale for nearly two weeks. On the surface, the army was given a "free season", which meant that local people (about 200 families) were forced to provide them with food and a board of directors-a common punishment mechanism for early modern Scots, such as McDonald's not paying taxes. However, the preparations for the massacre were carried out in secret.
People will always remember this as one of the most terrible acts of political violence in British history.
Glenlyon received his final order on February 12: "You are now ordered to suppress Rebells, Glenco's McDonald's, and put all people under 70 to death. You should be especially careful not to let the old fox and his slaves escape from you under any circumstances. You must guard all the roads, no one can escape. You must tell the time accurately. "
Kill people without hesitation.
So Glenn gathered his soldiers at the appointed time, bypassed the Invergon colony and headed for the five-mile-long canyon. When he was still there, a team of about 20 people was sent to other settlements in Glen Valley, and everyone was ordered to enter the main house and kill people without hesitation.
Their primary target is AlasdairMacDonald, also known as MacIain, an elderly tribal leader and an "old fox" mentioned in Glen Lyon's order. He lives in Bovig, near the mouth of the canyon. When the soldiers rushed into his house, he stood up to meet them and began to get dressed, but when a gun hit him in the back, he fell to the ground and died. Marcin's sons, Ian, Alasdair and archibald, received similar treatment, but they all fled to the mountains because of the servant's warning.
At the same time, another unit heading for the residential area of ackner Hole in ackner went deep into the canyon, broke into the largest house and found eight people around a fire. Gunfire immediately sounded; Five of them died, but the others managed to escape. Similar scenes are staged everywhere in Glencoe, although the weapons of choice are not always guns and fire; In an attack in Likentuim, 80-year-old ArchibaldMacDonald was shot unconscious and then burned alive in the house where he took refuge.
Back in Furness, Glen Lyon has not been idle. Before the soldiers turned their attention to other people in the village, nine people were tied up, probably to prevent them from sounding the alarm. They were shot one by one. The attack seemed chaotic, and many people escaped, although others, including an old woman and a boy under five, did not escape. There is little room for pity; When Glenn Lun himself tried to save the lives of two young people, one of his colleagues quoted their orders, vetoed him and shot them.
From 7: 00 in the morning, Glen Lyon began to receive reinforcements from nearby Fort William. In the late morning, there were more than 600 soldiers in Glenko, but they had nothing to do. Macdonald town is full of smoking ruins, and most of the people who have not been killed have already escaped. Instead, the soldiers rounded up mcdonough's cattle and drove them back to Fort William for confiscation and plunder.
The massacre was the result of both the short-term crisis and the long-term trend of highland governance in Scotland. At least from the14th century, Scots began to be hostile to Highlanders. By the 1990s of 16, this argument-which also tends to shape the views of English and other non-Scots-was firmly rooted in Highlanders' concepts of violence, barbarism, uncivilized and basic disorder. In the eyes of Andrew Fletcher, a particularly hostile observer in salton, they are "more contemptible than the meanest slaves". It is generally believed that the worst people are those who, like GlencoeMacDonalds's, live in Lochaber, a wild mountain area at the southwest end of the Grand Canyon.
During most of the17th century, especially during the reign of charles ii (1660-85), James II and VII (1685-89), this aversion especially emphasized the concept of lawlessness, so highland people were regarded as hopeless criminals, and the most common crime was stealing cattle. Both Charles and James tried various methods to suppress the so-called lawlessness of the Highlanders, but with the use of force (or its threat), the connection between pulling the Highlanders into a line became more and more obvious. Therefore, when William and Mary became the king and queen of Scotland in 1689 (in the so-called glorious revolution, they expelled James VII), they inherited a kingdom that was used to treating highland residents-perhaps less than half of Scotland's total population-as a threatening "other" and needed strict control.
Potential suspicion
In the short term, the Glencoe incident began in Dundee three years ago. 1689 On April 3rd, Viscount Dundee john graham raised the flag of James VII there, announcing the beginning of the first James II Party Uprising. Dundee's goal is to restore James's status as king of Scotland. Just two days ago, the Scottish Parliament officially announced that James had been deposed and was replaced by William and Mary.
Although he won a military victory over William's army in the battles of Rangi and Killick in July, and Dundee himself was killed in this battle, the uprising never posed a particularly serious threat to the new monarch. By the end of 1690, the uprising had more or less gradually disappeared. Crucially, however, the uprising was almost entirely maintained by highland manpower, thus confirming people's potential suspicion that highland people were born disloyal and chaotic. The upcoming events are fundamentally determined by this belief.
At first, William's government seemed cautious. In June, James II began negotiations with the remaining members of the James II Party. The negotiations were held in Akarad, Perth, and were led by john campbell, the first Earl of Bradbane. In order to ease the negotiations, Brad Banny used a bribe fund of 12000 to persuade the leaders of the James II Party to agree to a ceasefire for three months.
This agreement angered many William groups because of its generosity to James II-after all, it only provided a truce and did not even ask the chiefs to give up their support for James VII. However, when the terms of the Agarad agreement were submitted to him, King William quickly approved it. However, there are signs that this apparent gentleness masks a more ruthless impulse. The most obvious example is 1690, which built a new military facility in Fort William, providing the government with ground coercive power.
Shortly after the meeting in Akarada, William further increased the stakes and issued an announcement with the date of1691August17, asking all James II Party leaders to sign the pledge of allegiance to him before 1692 1. If they agree, they will be pardoned and get the king's consent; If they don't listen, they will be punished.
For some people, Glencoe proved the brutality of the Scots, and Scotland needed to "save" by forming an alliance with England.
In the next few months, all the tribes in jacobins surrendered and signed the oath, which was largely helped by James II, who decided to lift his oath before June+February in 5438. But McDonald's in Glencoe is in trouble. Ian arrived in Williamsburg on169165438+February 3 1 to be loyal to his family. No one in the fortress has the right to receive it. The nearest official in charge is in Furness, 40 miles away. When Mathien arrived, it was already 65438+1October 6-five days later than the deadline.
The Glenko MacDonald family is not the only one who missed the deadline, but because of its small scale and long-standing problems, the hardliners in William's government believe that they can be safely used to give a broader lesson to the unruly highland people. Steyr's master, John Dahl Rimpl, was recently appointed as Secretary of State by William, and he was determined to show his loyalty to the new regime. 1692 65438+1October 7, Steyr issued a decree that anyone who does not take the oath must be put to death.
The third order, dated 65438+ 10/6, was signed by William himself to confirm that McDonald's would be "off the shelf". According to these instructions, Glenlyon sent it to Glencoe for approval on February 1.
A strong public protest
Two weeks later, in the direct goal of eliminating highland jacoby doctrine, the bloodshed was a great success. After the Glencoe Massacre, William never faced a serious James II wave in Scotland. But this sense of security is offset by devastating reputation damage.
At first, the news of the massacre spread slowly. It was not until two months later that the first report about this atrocity appeared in the newspaper-in the form of a short and quite calm report, it told the killing story in the James II Party newspaper. Soon, however, jacobins in Britain began to take advantage of Glencoe's propaganda potential. Since the end of 1692, a steady stream of pamphlets has aroused strong public protests.
Even in an era accustomed to violence, the government's callous and calculating behavior in Glenko was shocking, because the soldiers had lived with the victims for two weeks before attacking them. King William was supposed to be the antidote to James II's autocratic regime and the defender of freedom in Europe as a whole, but now he may be regarded as more evil than the worst tyrant on the European continent.
1693, the Scottish parliament held a meeting to investigate the massacre. The meeting of 1695 reiterated this requirement more forcefully. This time, the authorities made concessions, set up a commission of inquiry and submitted a report to the king in June.
The report in 1695 condemned the massacre, called it murder, and declared it "barbaric and inhuman". Most of the main participants, including soldiers and, most importantly, the king himself, escaped condemnation. But the scapegoat was soon found, and the person chosen to take responsibility was Steyr's master, John Dahl Rimpl.
The report reads: "President stiles's letter went beyond His Majesty's instructions on killing and destroying the Glenkumans." The report went on to say that dalrymple "absolutely and clearly ordered" the MacDonald family to "destroy, and there was no other consideration except that they did not get compensation in time."
Therefore, the Committee portrayed dalrymple as a bloodthirsty obsessive-compulsive disorder patient, who deliberately betrayed the king's trust and was formally condemned in Parliament. He never faced trial, but he was obviously held responsible for the whole regrettable incident, so he was relieved of his post as Secretary of State before the end of the year.
The highest point of terror
Many McDonald's finally returned to Glencoe, and it was not inhabited until at least18th century. Today, few primitive settlements or massacres remain; Visitors must make do with a stone tablet and a modern visitor center. However, 1692 The murder on that cold morning in February has long been a disgrace, and they have been forced to serve various agendas for many years.
Some people think that this massacre proved the cruelty of Scots and helped to prove that the Anglo-Scottish alliance of 1707 "saved" Scotland. Others think that this is a great damage to the country (especially to William, especially to the Netherlands) by the monarchy that is more interested in Britain. The interpretation of history supports independence rather than unity.
Some people regard the Holocaust as a terrible climax of highland people's passion for violence and struggle, and they use it to defend the backwardness of Gaelic culture. Others believe that Glencoe is an anti-Gaelic ethnic cleansing, which highlights the fundamental incompatibility between Scottish Gaelic and lowland identities.
Many of these explanations are untenable in history. However, they prove how the Glencoe Massacre gradually entered the Scottish national consciousness. Today, the National TrustforScotland owns most of the land in this canyon, and it is going to invest 300,000 pounds to conduct a new archaeological investigation on its history. Now is a good time to reconsider the 1692 incident. Most importantly, we should realize that behind the layers of accusations, myths and stories, there is a sad human tragedy, which still has shocking power after more than three centuries.
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17 and 18 century, the main contradiction in the world is feudalism and capitalism. The establishment of capitalist countries and institutions is the main theme of this era, and the British bourgeois revolution is an important movement in this melody, which has had an important impact on the whole world.
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What is the Scottish Highland Alliance? Scottish Highland League is the lowest professional football league in Scotland. According to relevant public information, the Scottish Highlands. The league includes 14 teams, which are Scottish Highlands: AberdeenUniversityFC, BuckieThistleFC, ClachnacuddinFC, FortWilliamFC and FormartineUnitedFC. HuntlyFC, InverurieLocoWorksFC, KeithFC, LossiemouthFC, NairnCountyFC, StrathspeyThistleFC, WickAcademyFC, BroraRangersFC and WickAcademyFC.
Are Cambridge and Oxford next to London? What is the relationship between the Scottish Highlands and the Lake District of England? Where is the island of the sky? Edinburgh 1 where is it? Cambridge University is located in the Scottish Highlands in Cambridgeshire, 50 miles north of London. Cambridgeshire itself is an English town with about 654.38 million residents.
2. Oxford University is located in the Scottish Highland in Oxfordshire, England, about 90 kilometers away from London.
3. The Highlands of Scotland have nothing to do with the Lake District of England.
Scottish Highland is the name of the mountains west and north of the Scottish Highland boundary fault.
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Sky Island is the largest island in the hebrides of England and Scotland, and the second largest island in Britain, next only to Lewis Island and Harris Island in hebrides (excluding the two "mainland" islands in Britain), and the closest to Scotland.
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In Scottish Gaelic, the island of the sky is alias Eileana'Cheò, which means "the island in the fog". The fog is dense, and heaven and earth are independent, so Sky Island is named.
This small island, which has been inhabited by human beings since the Middle Stone Age, is separated from the British Island by a Bay Strait, but it is difficult to get in and out because of traffic congestion and changeable weather. It was not until 1995 that the Scottish Highland and the overpass across the hals Strait were built that they were connected with Scotland.
This bridge of the sky, known as "the fairyland bridge that opens the door to heaven for the world", has become dramatic and charming in the unpredictable weather: when the rain clears, the light breaks through the clouds and appears as pure liquid gold coins, and every moment of light and shadow is worth capturing with a lens.
How high is the Scottish Highlands? The altitude is between 600 meters and 1000 meters.
Scottish Highland is the name of the mountains west and north of the Scottish Highland boundary fault. Many people call the Highlands of Scotland the most scenic area in Europe.
The Scottish Highlands consist of ancient, divided plateaus. Ancient rocks are divided into canyons and lakes by streams and glaciers. The rest are very irregular mountainous areas. Almost all the mountain tops are about the same height.
The Scottish Highlands are sparsely populated and mountainous, including Ben neves, the highest peak in Britain. Although it is located on the densely populated island of Great Britain, its population density is less than that of Sweden and Norway at the same latitude.
The beauty of the Scottish Highlands is epic, the sea breeze is like a never-ending song, the dark blue mountains are covered with a purple sky, and the edge of the sky is inlaid with pink clouds, as if the sky is a little small for the Scottish Highlands;
From a distance, big pebbles leaked from the top of the mountain and then rushed into a dark green meadow; The Scottish lakes that can be seen everywhere also reflect the changes in the sky from time to time.
Overview of Scottish Highlands
In summer, the sun always likes to stay for a long time at sunrise and sunset; In winter, there is only a short time in a day to connect dawn and dusk.
The starry sky at night is always cold and bright, covering the beautiful and silent Scottish highlands. Walking on the magnificent plateau of Scotland, you can feel a kind of desolation and sadness, and the sound of bagpipes may be bred in this landscape.