the origin of the Nobel Prize

the nobel prize was founded in 191, which was based on part of the legacy of alfred bernhard nobel (1833-1896), a famous Swedish chemist, industrialist and inventor of nitroglycerin explosives. Nobel prizes include gold medals, certificates and prizes.

Nobel was born in Stockholm, Sweden. He devoted his life to the study of explosives and made great achievements in the study of nitroglycerin. He is not only engaged in theoretical research, but also engaged in industrial practice. He obtained 355 patents for technological inventions in his life, and opened about 1 companies and factories in 2 countries on five continents, such as Europe and America, and accumulated huge wealth.

On December 1th, 1896, Nobel died in Italy. One year before his death, he left a will. In his will, he proposed that part of his legacy (31 million Swedish kronor, then $9.2 million) should be used as a fund, and the fund should be invested in low-risk investments. With its annual profit and interest, five prizes, namely physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace, should be awarded to people or organizations all over the world who have made great contributions to mankind in these fields.

accordingly, the Swedish government approved the establishment of the nobel foundation in June 19, and awarded the nobel prize for the first time on December 1th, 191, the fifth anniversary of nobel's death the following year. Since then, except for the interruption in wartime, grand awards ceremonies have been held in Stockholm, Sweden, and Oslo, Norway, on this day every year.

The results of the Nobel Peace Prize are announced first every year, earlier than other awards. This reflects the importance of the Peace Prize. Nobel got rich by inventing nitroglycerin explosive. He hoped that the invention would be widely used in industry (such as mining and construction), but unfortunately, his invention was used in war. Before his death, Nobel hoped that scientists all over the world, regardless of their fields of work, would contribute to human peace.

In p>1968, on the occasion of the 3th anniversary of China Construction Bank, the Swedish Central Bank provided funds to add the Nobel Prize in Economics (the full name is "Alfred Bernd Nobel Prize in Economic Science by the Swedish Central Bank", also known as "Nobel Prize in Economics"), and it was awarded together with the other five prizes in 1969. The selection principle of the Nobel Prize in Economics is to award those who have made significant contributions in the field of economic science research, and give priority to those who have made significant contributions in the early stage.

In p>199, Klaus Nobel, a great grandnephew of Nobel, proposed to add the Nobel Earth Prize to the winners of outstanding environmental achievements. The prize was first awarded in World Environment Day on June 5th, 1991.

The amount of the Nobel Prize depends on the income of the foundation, and the early range was about 11, pounds (31, dollars) to 3, pounds (72, dollars). Due to inflation and the investment income of the Foundation, the amount of bonuses has increased year by year, initially about 3, US dollars, 75, US dollars in the 196s, 22, US dollars in the 198s, and 1 million Swedish kronor (about 1.45 million US dollars in 26) for many years since the 199s. The gold medal weighs about 27 grams, contains 23K gold, has a diameter of about 6.5cm, and has a relief image of Nobel on the front. Different awards and medals have different back decorations. The design of each award certificate also has its own style. The award ceremony was grand and simple. The number of people attending the ceremony was between 1,5 and 1,8, and now it is about 2,. The men present should wear tuxedos or national costumes, and the women should wear evening dresses. The white flowers and yellow flowers used in the ceremony must be airlifted from San Morey (the Italian city where Nobel died), which means commemorating and respecting Nobel.

according to the nobel will, in the whole process of selection, the winners are not influenced by any nationality, nationality, ideology or religion, and the only criterion for selection is the size of achievements.

according to the nobel will, the physics prize and chemistry prize are evaluated by the royal Swedish academy of sciences, the physiology or medicine prize is evaluated by the royal Swedish Caroline medical college, the literature prize is evaluated by the Swedish academy of literature, and the peace prize is elected by the Norwegian parliament. The economic prize was awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Each awarding unit has a Nobel Committee composed of five people responsible for the selection work, which is held once every three years. The selection process is:

—— candidates recommended by various Nobel Prizes from September to January 31st of the following year. Usually, 1,-2, candidates are recommended every year.

—— Those who are qualified to recommend candidates are: previous Nobel Prize winners, members of the Nobel Prize jury, specially appointed university professors, invited professors of the Nobel Prize jury, chairman of writers' association (literature prize), and international conferences and organizations (peace prize).

-do not volunteer.

-The Swedish and Norwegian governments have no right to interfere in the selection of the Nobel Prize, and cannot express their support or opposition to the recommended candidates.

—— From February 1st, the Nobel Prize jury will screen and examine the recommended candidates, and the work will be kept strictly confidential.

-in mid-October, the list of Nobel Prize winners will be announced.

-December 1th is the anniversary of Nobel's death. On this day, the Nobel Prize awarding ceremony was held in Stockholm and Oslo respectively, and the Swedish king and queen attended and presented the prizes.

There is no math prize in the Nobel Prize. The most popular legend is that the person he likes is with a mathematician.

List of Nobel Prize winners

The first Nobel Prize was awarded on December 1th, 191.

the german scientist roentgen won the nobel prize in physics for discovering x-rays.

Van Tohof, a Dutch scientist, won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his chemical kinetics and osmotic pressure law.

German scientist Behring won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the prevention and treatment of diphtheria and tetanus by serum therapy.

French writer sully prudhomme wrote essays such as Destiny, Happiness and Eyes. On Art, Thoughts on Poetry and other works won Nobel Prize in Literature.

Guinan, a Swiss, won the Nobel Peace Prize for founding the International Red Cross and Parsee, a Frenchman, for founding the International Peace League and the Inter-Parliamentary Union.

The second Nobel Prize was awarded on December 1th, 192.

Lorenz, a Dutch scientist, won the Nobel Prize in Physics for establishing the electronic theory and Zeeman, a Dutch scientist, for discovering Zeeman effect of magnetic force on light.

German scientist Fischer won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for synthesizing purine and its derivative peptides.

Ross, an American scientist, won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering that plasmodium was introduced into human body through Anopheles mosquitoes.

Gerbat, a Swiss, won the Nobel Peace Prize for creating an international peace draw, and Gui Kemeng for advocating peace and opposing war.

The German historian Seidel Munson won the Nobel Prize in Literature.

The third Nobel Prize was awarded on December 1th, 193.

Bekkerel, a French scientist, won the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering natural radioactivity and the Curie couple for discovering radioactive element radium.

The Swedish scientist Arenius won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for the ionization theory of electrolyte solution.

Danish scientist Finson won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the treatment of dermatosis by light radiation therapy.

The Norwegian writer Beyoncó n won the Nobel Prize in Literature for The History of Rome and The Law of Roman Countries.

cremer, an Englishman, led International Working Men’s Association to win the Nobel Peace Prize for arbitrating international disputes and promoting the international peace movement.

The 4th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 1th, 194.

British scientist Rayleigh won the Nobel Prize in physics for discovering argon.

British scientist Ramsay won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for discovering six inert substances and determining their positions in the periodic table of elements.

Russian scientist Pavlov won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his great contribution to the study of digestive physiology.

The Spanish writer Echegaray Eizaguirre won the Nobel Prize in Literature for his plays On the hilt, The Last Night and Doubt, and the French writer mistral won the for his poems Mihaye and Empress Renna.

The International Law Association, founded in p>1873, won the Nobel Peace Prize for promoting international peace and cooperation.

The fifth Nobel Prize was awarded on December 1th, 195.

German scientist Lerner won the Nobel Prize in physics for his research on cathode rays.

Bayer, a German scientist, won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his research on organic compounds such as organic dyes and fragrances.

German scientist Koch won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his development of bacteriology.

the polish writer xiankeweizhi won the Nobel Prize in Literature for his novels trilogy and where are you going?

Sunat, a strong Austrian woman, won the Nobel Peace Prize for actively promoting world peace.

The 6th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 1th, 196.

Thomson, a British scientist, won the Nobel Prize in physics for studying the conductivity of gases.

Mu Wasang, a French scientist, won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for separating elemental fluorine and inventing the Mu Wasang furnace.

Golgi, an Italian scientist, and Ramon Cahal, a Spanish scientist, both won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their research on the structure of nervous system.

The Italian writer Carducci won the Nobel Prize in Literature for his poem Ode to Satan and his book A Study of Early Italian Literature.

American President Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for successfully mediating the conflict between Japan and Russia.

The 7th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 1th, 197.

American scientist Michelson won the Nobel Prize in physics for measuring the speed of light.

German scientist Boschner won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for discovering cell-free fermentation.

French scientists won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering the role of plasmodium in pathogenesis.

Rudyard Kipling, an English writer, won the Nobel Prize in Literature for his poem Barracks Song and his novel Jim.

Moneta, an Italian, won the Nobel Peace Prize for persistently propagating the idea of peace, and Renault, a Frenchman, set an example for solving international disputes.

The 8th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 1th, 198.

the French scientist lippmann won the nobel prize in physics for inventing the reproduction of color photos.

Rutherford, a British scientist, won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his research on the transformation and radiochemistry of elements.

German scientist ehrlich and Russian scientist Mechnikov won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their research on immunity.

German writer Ou Ken won the Nobel Prize in Literature for The Outlook on Life of Great Thinkers.

Swede Arnold Sen tried his best to run for the peaceful dissolution of the Norway-Sweden alliance, and Dane Bayer won the Nobel Peace Prize for his active participation in the international peace movement.

The 9th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 1th, 199.

Italian scientist Marconi and German scientist Braun both won the Nobel Prize in Physics for inventing wireless telegraph technology.

German scientist ostwald won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his pioneering work in catalysis, chemical equilibrium and reaction speed.

Swiss scientist Kirchl won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on thyroid physiology, pathology and surgery.

The Swedish writer Lagrov won the Nobel Prize in Literature for his novel The Story of Gustave Behring.

Belgian beernaert won the Nobel Peace Prize for mediating international disputes and striving for arms limitation, and Frenchman De Constance won the Nobel Peace Prize for promoting the reconciliation between France and the United States.

The 1th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 1th, 191.

Dutch scientist van der Waals won the Nobel Prize in physics for his research on gas and liquid state engineering.

wallach, a German scientist, won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his pioneering work in the synthesis of alicyclic compounds.

Russian scientist Causel won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on cytochemistry protein and nucleoplasm.

German writer Heyzer won the Nobel Prize in Literature for his novels "The Proud Child" and "Love between Heaven and Earth".

The International Peace Bureau, established in p>1891, won the Nobel Peace Prize for safeguarding world peace and promoting international cooperation.

The 11th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 1th, 1911.

German scientist Wayne won the Nobel Prize in physics for discovering the law of thermal radiation.

French scientist Marie Curie (Madame Curie) won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for discovering radium and polonium and separating radium.

Swedish scientist Gullstrand won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on refractive optics of the eye.

maeterlinck, a Belgian writer, won the Nobel Prize in Literature for his plays The Jade Bird and Mona Vana.

Austrian Friede won the Nobel Peace Prize for creating several publications promoting peace and establishing the International Press Association.

The 12th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 1th, 1912.

Dutch scientist Darren won the Nobel Prize in physics for inventing the automatic regulator of navigation lights.

German scientist Grignard won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for discovering Grignard reagent method of organic hydride and French scientist Sabatier for studying the application of metal catalytic hydrogenation in organic synthesis.

Karel, a French doctor, won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for vascular suture and organ transplantation.

The German writer Hoptmann won the Nobel Prize in Literature for his play The Weavers.

American Root won the Nobel Peace Prize for facilitating the signing of 24 bilateral arbitration agreements.

The 13th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 1th, 1913.

Dutch scientist Kaman Linonis won the Nobel Prize in physics for studying the properties of matter at low temperature and producing liquid helium.

Swiss scientist werner won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his role in atomic bonding in molecules.

French scientist richert won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on allergy.

Tagore, an Indian poet, won the Nobel Prize in Literature for his poems "The Moon Collection" and "Chittaglia".

Belgian diplomat Lafontaine won the Nobel Peace Prize for urging the Geneva Peace Conference to pass a resolution to stop air combat.

The 14th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 1th, 1914.

German scientist Laue won the Nobel Prize in physics for discovering the X-ray diffraction of crystals.

Richard, an American scientist, won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for accurately determining the atomic weights of several elements.

Austrian scientist Barani won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on vestibular organs.

The 15th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 1th, 1915.

William Henry Bragg and Wellcome lawrence bragg, a British scientist, won the Nobel Prize in physics for analyzing the crystal structure with X-rays.

Wiltate, a German scientist, won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his research on the chemical structure of chlorophyll.

French writer romain rolland won the Nobel Prize in Literature for his novel john cleese Dover.

The 16th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 1th, 1916.

The Swedish writer Hayden Stein's poem The Age of Pilgrimage and Wandering won the Nobel Prize in Literature.

The 17th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 1th, 1917.

Bakla, a British scientist, won the Nobel Prize in physics for discovering the characteristic emission of X-rays to elements.

Danish writer Ji