At present, the causes of cancer are still under in-depth study, but a large number of bed observation and experimental research data show that many factors are closely related to the incidence of malignant tumors.

more than 2, years ago, Chinese medical classics recorded the factors that had an important influence on tumor formation, and made inferences from a macro perspective, creating a precedent for exploring the etiology and pathogenesis of tumors. At that time, it was recognized that exogenous evil invasion, water and soil discomfort, maladjustment of inclusion and emotional disorder could all lead to chronic diseases such as tumor, intestinal stagnation, stone stagnation and addiction. Such as "Lingshu". "Nine Needles Theory" said: "The guests of the four seasons and eight winds are in the meridians, and they are also ill." In "Su Wen". On the Appropriate Prescriptions of Different Methods, it is clearly stated that eating more fat, sweet and thick is harmful to the human body. "The territory of the East ┅┅┅ is safe in its place, and the beauty of its food ┅┅┅┅┅┅┅𗈹𗈹𗈹┅𗈹┅𗈹󧙁9477 Also, such as "Lu Chunqiu". "All" said: "Light water, bald and scary". It shows that the ancients have realized that the lack of trace elements or vitamins necessary for human body in water is easy to induce tumors, including thyroid tumor or thyroid cancer.

Modern medical research confirms from epidemiological investigation and experimental data that the causes of cancer can be divided into the following aspects: external factors (including chemical, physical, biological and other carcinogenic factors); Internal factors of cancer (including immune function, endocrine, heredity, mental factors, etc.), as well as dietary and nutritional disorders and bad living habits. Limited by space, I can't discuss it in detail, but I will briefly introduce it as follows.

1. External factors of cancer

(1) Chemical carcinogenic factors: These factors are the main causes of tumors at present, with wide sources and various types. It has been proved by investigation and animal experiments that there are more than a thousand kinds of chemical substances with carcinogenic effects, among which there are hundreds of chemical carcinogens closely related to human beings. The incubation period of chemical substances is relatively long, which is extremely harmful to human beings. It widely exists in food, production and working environment, pesticides and medical drugs. The well-known xanthotoxin is contaminated in many food crops such as peanuts, corn, sorghum, rice, etc. It has recognized carcinogenic effect and obvious carcinogenicity, and has been proved to cause liver cancer. Nitrosamine compounds widely distributed in nature (with high content in pickled fish, meat and chicken) and smoked or charred food (especially high-protein food, such as fish, meat and eggs) have a sharp increase in the types and contents of carcinogens, and the air polluted by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as 3,4 benzopyrene, dimethyl phenylanthrene and diphenyl anthracene, will have a serious impact on human body.

(2) Physical carcinogens: Physical carcinogens include burning, mechanical stimulation, trauma, ultraviolet rays and radiation. It is worth paying great attention to that radiation hazards can come from environmental pollution or iatrogenic. For example, repeated X-ray irradiation examination or radionuclide examination can increase the probability of cancer in the tested population, and if some diseases are treated with radiotherapy, some tumors can also be induced. It is reported that after the treatment of polycythemia with radionuclide phosphorus, a considerable number of patients develop leukemia after a certain incubation period. Repeated chest X-ray examination of pulmonary tuberculosis patients can induce breast cancer.

(3) Biological carcinogenic factors: At present, viruses are the most studied factors. Modern scientific research has proved that more than 3 kinds of animal tumors are caused by viruses. Recently, it has been found that some human tumors are closely related to viruses, and antibodies to the corresponding viruses can be found in the sera of some patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, cervical cancer, liver cancer and leukemia. It is reported that schistosomiasis can induce colorectal cancer and liver cancer.

2. Internal factors of cancer

(1) Influence of immune function: The human immune system is the body's guard. When its function is normal, it can effectively resist and destroy invasive bacteria, viruses, etc., and can remove foreign toxic substances and metabolites in the body. The immune function of the body plays an important role in the occurrence and panic of tumors. The data of clinical research prove that the human body is indeed immune to tumors, and many patients can live with tumors for a long time without getting worse, which shows that the body has certain resistance to tumors, just as the Neijing says, "healthy qi exists in the interior, and evil cannot be done." When the immune function of the body is inhibited or damaged, the incidence of tumor is high, the growth is fast, and it is easy to metastasize. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that the formation of tumor is related to the lack of healthy qi. It is clearly stated in "Required Reading for Doctors": "If you accumulate, the healthy qi will be insufficient, and then the pathogenic factors will stand there."

(2) Effects of endocrine disorders: endocrine disorders play a certain role in the occurrence and development of some tumors. Clinical observation data show that some patients treated with hexene estrogen for a long time, or treated with estrogen (those under 6 years old), treated with male hormone, or treated with estrogen, or treated with estrogen (those over 6 years old) can alleviate symptoms. It has been found that endocrine disorders are related to thyroid cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer and ovarian cancer.

(3) the influence of genetic factors: the direct influence of genetic factors on human tumors is still inconclusive. So far, among human tumors, only retinoblastoma, nephroblastoma, neurofibromatosis and colonic polyposis syndrome are considered to have obvious genetic tendency. Some scholars have reported that about 3% of the most common cases of breast cancer among European and American women have genetic tendency; Some grease duct cancers (such as gastric cancer, esophageal cancer and liver cancer) are also hereditary; Lung cancer also seems to have a certain genetic tendency.

(4) the influence of mental factors: mental factors are the emotional activities such as joy, anger, worry, thinking, sadness, fear and shock summarized in Chinese medicine, which have an important influence on the immunity of patients against cancer. "Women's Recipe" holds that the occurrence of "Ruyan": "This belongs to liver and spleen depression and anger, and qi and blood loss." Many clinical research data show that the mood is closely related to the occurrence of cancer. Cancer patients are often traumatized or depressed for a long time. People with cheerful personality rarely suffer from cancer.

3. Dietary malnutrition

Nutrition is a necessary condition for human survival and health, but diet should be moderate and nutrition should be sufficient, otherwise it will affect human physiological function, lead to disorder of qi movement or healthy operation and produce diseases. Chinese medicine has long recognized that the inclusion of strain can lead to the occurrence of tumors. If porcelain eats something with thick taste and spicy moxibustion, it will affect the function of the spleen and stomach, and the spleen will control dampness. Spleen deficiency can't transport water and dampness, and the dampness will persist in it for a long time, and the body fluid will not dissolve, and the body fluid will condense into phlegm and become a tumor. "Jing Yue Quan Shu. Dysentery. On Scale Accumulation" clearly states that the formation of scale accumulation is "food stagnation, retention in the middle, or agglomeration, or fullness and hard pain, which can not be resolved, but is blocked." There is an incisive exposition in Jishengfang, which holds that the formation of micro-epigastrium is: "Overeating five flavors, smelling cheese, eating cold fruits and vegetables, stopping storing stomach cavity, and accumulating micro-epigastrium for a long time." This is consistent with the view that malnutrition is related to tumorigenesis in modern medical research.

It has been reported at home and abroad that drinking hot tea can destroy the "mucosal barrier" of human esophagus. The epidemiological investigation in the high incidence areas of esophageal cancer in China also shows that the incidence of esophageal cancer is related to the habit of inclusion, such as high-fever diet, rough food, hard and hard food, rapid swallowing, etc., which can all promote the injury of esophageal mucosa, and together with infection and other factors, the esophageal inflammation will not heal for a long time, leading to the occurrence of cancer.

4. Bad living habits

Bad living habits include partial eclipse, smoking, drinking, unscientific cooking and other behaviors. Modern medical research has confirmed that bad habits are the greatest harm to cancer. This has been recorded in Chinese medical classics for a long time. It is said in "Medical Treatment. Nausea Chokes the Diaphragm" that the cause of choking the diaphragm (that is, the modern name of esophageal cancer or cardiac cancer, etc.) is that "many drinkers choke the diaphragm, especially those who drink hot wine, and the body fluid is injured by heat, and the pharynx is dry and food cannot be eaten." It is also profoundly pointed out in the "General Instructions of Medicine" that "wine-flour moxibustion is abundant, and things that are sticky and slippery are stuck in the middle palace, damaging the spleen and stomach, gradually becoming full and swallowing acid, and even choking the diaphragm and nausea." Han Yu, a great writer in the Tang Dynasty, said that "there is only wine to ruin one's life", and his philosophy is very profound.

At present, smoking has become a worldwide social hazard, which seriously threatens human health. There is a comprehensive research report on the incidence of cancer among smokers in the United States, Britain and Canada: the death rate of lung cancer among smokers is 1.8 times that of non-smokers; The death rate of laryngeal cancer is 5.4 times; Some scholars have called for a sharp increase in the number of men who died of lung cancer in China due to heavy smoking. By the next century, 2 million people will die of smoking, and half of them will die of lung cancer. This is an amazing number.

The report of the authoritative cancer research institution in the United States points out that bad habits account for 35% of carcinogens and smoking accounts for 3%, which makes up 65%.

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Some patients often ask doctors if tumors are hereditary and can be prevented. It is difficult to draw a simple conclusion about this problem. A large number of medical practices have found that genetic factors do play a certain role in the occurrence of cancer. The most closely related cancer is retinoblastoma in children, and half of the brothers and sisters of this patient are often retinoblastoma patients. According to research, breast cancer, gastric cancer and esophageal cancer are also related to heredity.

So, how did the family inheritance of cancer come about? At present, it is believed that this may be caused by chromosome aberration. There are 46 chromosomes in each cell of a normal human body, and various carcinogens can cause chromosome aberration, which makes the number and morphology of chromosomes different from those of normal cells. This chromosome aberration is sometimes passed on to future generations, which makes the next generation have the possibility of cancer. People who have the possibility of getting cancer don't actually get cancer, but they have a greater chance of getting cancer than ordinary people. For example, there are many smokers, but only a small part of them get lung cancer, which is related not only to the length of smoking, but also to personal physique and other factors of cancer. That is, the occurrence of cancer depends on internal and external factors, and cancer constitution only has some internal factors. If external carcinogenic factors, such as radiation and smoking, are added, cancer will occur.

In short, cancer does have a certain relationship with heredity. On the one hand, people with a family history of cancer should realize that although they may have cancer qualities due to heredity, it does not mean that they actually have cancer, so they should avoid unnecessary fear. On the other hand, we should pay more attention to cancer prevention and strive for early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment.

which tumors are closely related to genetic factors? Tumors closely related to heredity can be divided into two categories: one is hereditary tumors completely determined by genetic genes; The other type is cancer that has no genetic material basis, but has obvious genetic tendency, that is, cancer with so-called "cancer quality" inheritance. There are few hereditary tumors, which are common in some childhood tumors, such as wilm's tumor (nephroblastoma in children) and retinoblastoma. They are all hereditary diseases, which are determined by abnormal genes. People with abnormal genes will suffer from this kind of cancer, 8%-9%. Another kind of tumor with hereditary tendency is caused by hereditary developmental disorder, such as familial colon polyp and hereditary immunodeficiency syndrome. These precancerous lesions are hereditary, but they all develop into cancer, but they are in danger of developing into cancer. Familial colon polyp, if not treated, is easy to develop into colon cancer; Patients with hereditary immunodeficiency syndrome have low immune function and are prone to lymphoreticular tumors such as leukemia and lymphosarcoma. There are also some cancers, although no exact genetic evidence such as oncogenes and chromosomes has been found, but their incidence sometimes shows obvious family aggregation, that is, many members of a family have "cancer quality", and many people in a family have the same cancer for generations or generations, such as gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, uterine cancer, liver cancer and lung cancer. The risk of first-degree relatives (that is, parents and brothers and sisters) of patients with gastric cancer is 3 times higher than that of the general population. Breast cancer, uterine cancer, liver cancer and esophageal cancer are also highly heritable. Therefore, patients with a family history of cancer should pay more attention to the possibility of cancer.

Revealing the secret: Why do people get cancer

Every year, cancer kills 7 million people in the world, and 1 million people in China also lose their lives. Scientists have made great efforts to overcome this incurable disease. But until now, we still haven't found a way to conquer cancer. What is cancer? Where did it come from and how did it harm people? Sun Yan, academician of China Academy of Engineering and consultant of the Cancer Department of the World Health Organization, answered the reporter's question.

Question 1: How does cancer bring down the human body

First of all, Academician Sun Yan pointed out that cancer, also known as malignant tumor, has relatively benign tumor. Tumor refers to a local mass formed by abnormal proliferation of cells in local tissues under the action of various tumorigenic factors. Benign tumors are easy to clean up, generally do not metastasize or recur, and only have squeezing and blocking effects on organs and tissues. However, malignant tumors can also destroy the structure and function of tissues and organs, causing necrosis, bleeding and infection, and patients may eventually die due to organ failure.

Academician Sun told reporters that the basic unit of cancer lesions is cancer cells. After aging and death, human cells will be replaced by new cells to maintain their functions. It can be seen that most cells in the human body can proliferate, but this proliferation is limited, while the proliferation of cancer cells is endless, which makes the nutrients in the patient's body be consumed in large quantities. At the same time, cancer cells can also release a variety of toxins, causing a series of symptoms in the human body. If it is not found and treated in time, it can also be transferred to all parts of the body for growth and reproduction, which will eventually lead to emaciation, weakness, anemia, loss of appetite, fever and organ dysfunction.

almost every part of the human body may suffer from cancer. Originally, the biological machine of the human body operated seamlessly, but cancer changed this situation, and its task was to destroy it. If it continues, it will drag down the human body. However, unlike a virus, a tumor is not an invader in vitro, and its composition is the same as that of normal tissues, so the body cannot recognize it.

Question 2: Where do cancer cells come from

Academician Sun gave an analogy to reporters: The human body is actually a community of cells. Every cell follows the rules, knows when to grow and divide, and knows how to combine with other cells to form tissues and organs. The "drawings" of different tissues are genes.

many people say that there are cancer cells in the human body, but they don't develop. Medically speaking, if cancer cells can be detected, this person can be diagnosed with cancer. Therefore, this statement is not correct. Now medical scientists believe that everyone has proto-oncogenes in his body, and definitely not everyone has cancer cells in his body.

Proto-oncogene is in charge of cell division and proliferation, which is needed for human growth. In order to "control" it, there are tumor suppressor genes in human body. At ordinary times, proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes maintain a balance, but under the action of carcinogenic factors, the power of proto-oncogenes will become greater, while tumor suppressor genes will become weaker. Therefore, carcinogenic factors are the "key" to start the growth of cancer cells, mainly including mental factors, genetic factors, lifestyle, certain chemicals and so on. Use the "key" together to start the "cancer program"; The more "keys", the more.