Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is a famous emperor in the history of China. He established unprecedented dignity for a nation, gave a nation the confidence to stand for a long time, and his title became an eternal name of a nation. Relying on the powerful national strength accumulated by four generations of ancestors, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty expanded its territory and completely solved the Xiongnu problem, pushing the Han Dynasty to the peak of development.
However, under the "prosperous time" of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there were three major crises.
First, the land crisis. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is the largest landlord in the country, and collects land rent as official salary and military expenses throughout the country. This is called the "World Fund" and is controlled by Daxinong. Income from mountains, rivers, ponds, gardens, commercial markets, coins, etc. All belong to the emperor's private income, which is called "private support" and is dominated by the Shaofu. In addition, criminals' land and slaves are often confiscated as property. Some nobles and bureaucrats are "nobles" with high titles. They not only enjoyed the taxes granted by the emperor, but also bought land and slaves directly.
Most of the middle and lower-level officers who followed Liu Bang in the war quickly became new landlords and land annexers because of the preferential treatment of "more than seven doctors engaged in food cities, and more than seven doctors returned to their bodies and homes and did nothing". The Liu family, the descendants of heroes, officials over 600 stone and their families, officials over a surname and their families, doctors' disciples, rural elderly, dutiful sons, and wealthy families with cars and horses all enjoy certain privileges and tax-free treatment.
The economic power of these groups with large and small privileges will naturally expand rapidly. As for the general tyrannical landlords, under the policy of light corvee, their power has also developed rapidly. They rent their own land and charge five ten thousandths of the rent, thus becoming the "Hao party member" of "arbitrary local songs". Businessmen also came out to take part in this interesting activity. The so-called "Han Xing, Shanghai Tong, beam decline, mountain discomfort" is based on the fact that wealthy businessmen are all over the world. He can do whatever he wants. "There are many big salt merchants and iron merchants who hoard and use time to make profits. Traffic dignitaries colluded with officials to manipulate food prices and borrow money to collect interest, which accelerated the bankruptcy and exile of farmers.
At that time, an ordinary farmer of five cultivated a small piece of land of about 100 mu. During the Western Han Dynasty, land rent was called "five taxes and one tax" or "thirty taxes and one tax". It doesn't look tall. In fact, there are oral tax, calculation tax and additional tax. All of them have to sell grain to pay for this money, which is equivalent to five tenths of the annual income of farmers. Apart from paying the rent, I have little income from my work for a whole year and must serve in the army.
Men between the ages of 3 and 56 need two years of military service, and one year is a regular soldier guarding the capital. I was a garrison soldier for a year, guarding the border. Some soldiers have to buy clothes and weapons at their own expense, and the court doesn't care.
At that time, the price was high. For example, as an important cattle product, a horse worth thousands or even thousands is more expensive. People have to sell food at low prices and buy livestock, farm tools and other necessities at high prices, so it is very difficult to expand production, even if it is not easy to maintain the original level.
Under the heavy pressure of land rent and tax, many farmers were attacked by early disasters and usury. As a result, they often encounter the fate of "selling land and houses and paying debts to their children and grandchildren". In order to make a living, bankrupt farmers have to attach themselves to powerful landlords and become tenant farmers or employees. County officials are afraid of everyone, dare not take direct responsibility, and want to wash away their achievements, so they reduce rents and taxes for farmers who are not bankrupt. The heavier the rent, the more refugees there are, which gradually accelerates the trend of land acquisition and population growth of strong landlords.
The second problem is slavery. During the Western Han Dynasty, there were many officials and slaves. Most official slaves come from families of confiscated criminals, while private slaves mainly come from bankrupt farmers. Taxes and natural disasters forced them to mortgage their children to creditors, but they were unable to repay them. As a result, they were sold and became slaves. Others were sold into slavery.
At that time, slaves had an open market. The so-called "put slaves in the market, there are cows and horses." Hundreds of maids from nobles, bureaucrats, ordinary landlords and businessmen were used for domestic service, agricultural production, handyman operation, other miscellaneous services and commercial trafficking.
The laws of the Han Dynasty prohibited the slave trade. The master is not allowed to kill slaves at will. The killing of slaves must be approved by the government. However, according to the law, the lives of slaves are not guaranteed, and they are often killed and left unattended. With the increase of the number of bankrupt peasants who became slaves, it affected the economic development and government tax revenue of the Western Han Dynasty and became a serious social problem. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu advocated "looking for female slaves and only killing female slaves". But it is useless to talk, and there are no practical measures and effects.
Third, financial issues. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he began to fight back against Xiongnu. War means burning money. After the war, money flowed like water, so military expenditure was huge. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, as the emperor, must eat well and dress well. If nothing happens, he will need Dona's queen and wife. If he had more wives, he would build a house. So from 1 15 years ago, a magnificent palace was built. With the closure of Bailiang Palace, a larger Zhang Jian Palace was built. The palace is equipped with a sacred platform, and the scenic building is 50 feet high. In order to enjoy the present beautiful life for a long time, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty attached great importance to his health and demanded to create a medical miracle and live forever. Therefore, he spent a lot of money looking for the elixir of life. In order to find the immortal, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty gave an alchemist Luan a large number of servants, totaling 100,000 Jin of gold. Besides, traveling, offering sacrifices, giving courtiers bonuses and salaries all require a lot of money. The annual grain demand has increased from several hundred thousand stones in the early Han Dynasty to several million stones, an increase of less than ten times. The fiscal expenditure is huge, and almost all the wealth accumulated in the past 50 or 60 years has been consumed, so the fiscal deficit is zero.
In order to solve the financial crisis and the shortage of national treasury, Dahan economic officials have implemented a series of financial measures. First, taxes will be increased, starting from the age of three. Salt, iron, wine and coins that were previously freely managed will be nationalized, and tax rates for ships, cars and livestock will be set.
The second is to issue high denomination currency. Large denomination coins such as leather coins and platinum coins will be introduced. In order to implement these financial measures, Liang Wudi appointed Dongguo Chengyang, a big salt merchant at that time, as a big farmer, Kong, a big iron merchant, and Sang Hongyang, the son of Jia in Luoyang, as attendants. Although Emperor Wu appointed some big businessmen to be officials, he broke Jia's ban on officials from the beginning of the Han Dynasty.
The third is to be an official. 10 years ago, Liang Wudi adopted the advice of Sang Hongyang, a large farmer, and implemented the system of sharing losses equally. He sent dozens of large agricultural port cities to counties and townships, set up equity officers, and let them use the property rented from all over the country for trade and transportation like businessmen.
He also set up a school official in Chang 'an to distribute gifts from government officials to all parts of the country. Except what the feudal ruling group needed, it was used to engage in government-run commercial activities. "To put it bluntly, cheap is to buy, expensive is to sell, for the benefit.
The fourth is to sell officials and titles. Selling official titles is an important way to solve the financial problem, because there are always too many people who want to be officials. Before 123, Wu Jian established the martial arts level of 1 1. Lower grades can be exempted from labor, and upper grades ca
The implementation of Liang Wudi's new economic policy has greatly made up for the shortage of large-scale military expenditure, and also provided an economic source for the extravagance and waste of its own court. At the same time, however, due to the heavy burden of soldiers, the suffering of the people has deepened.
The ruling crisis of the powerful feudal dynasty in the Western Han Dynasty began to appear in the later years of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. Military service, corvee and taxes in large-scale wars are the heaviest burdens of the people. It records the situation of the army in peacetime: "Military chaos, the world suffers, war, and the world is disturbed." With the implementation of Liang Wudi's financial and economic policies, people's conditions have deteriorated and their dissatisfaction has generally increased. About/kloc-0.00 years ago, the number of refugees increased. Before 107, there were 2 million refugees in Kanto, of whom 400,000 had no hukou. A large number of farmers got rid of the feudal control of the household registration system. At the same time, riots and uprisings took place in various places.
The unrest in the east gradually spread to three auxiliary areas. It is said that Zhang Jianguan, who lived during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, also found an assassin. At that time, many alchemists, wands and witches gathered in Chang 'an, and ladies-in-waiting and nobles all believed in witchcraft. During Liang Wudi's illness, his favorite god Jiang Chong clashed with Liu Yuxi, falsely claiming that Liang Wudi's illness was caused by Gu Wu. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty appointed him as a special envoy to investigate and deal with this situation. As a result, it is said that he dug up Woodenhead under the prince's bed.
The prince had no reason to refute, but he was afraid that he would send his troops to punish Jiang Chong. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Prime Minister Liu Quao to hand over the army. The two sides fought fiercely in Chang 'an for five days, killing and injuring tens of thousands of people. The prince escaped and committed suicide. This happened in July of September1. The Gu Wu incident aggravated the instability, and the imminent ruling crisis forced Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty to consider the countermeasures to avoid the crisis.
In the first 87 years, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty issued a famous denunciation letter, attacking Luntai and reclaiming land from the sea, that is, introspection. He said it was his fault to start exploring in the past. Later, I stopped fighting and adopted the policy of "no violence, indiscriminate donation". He will urge farmers to do what they can, and he has no shortage of military equipment. "In order to reduce the burden on the people, he named Prime Minister Che as the rich man, which means" thinking about wealth and helping the people ",and appointed Zhao as the commander-in-chief to increase agricultural output by returning farmland to fields. The "guilty plea" order was also abolished. After making such a major decision change, Liang Wudi also died in 87th year.
After the death of Liang Wudi, in the first year of Yuan Dynasty, his youngest son Zhao Di succeeded to the throne. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered General Huo Guang, General Motorbike, General Zuo Shangguan Jie and General Hongyang to assist in management. He basically presided over the National Government in accordance with the spirit of Liang Wudi's strike and the imperial edict of land reclamation. After Huo Guang came to power, he repeatedly asked Zhao Di to reduce taxes and rents in order to limit the poor's land loans and reduce the amount of food. As a result of these easing policies, displaced people gradually returned to their villages and some agricultural production resumed.
In the first year of yuanping, Zhao Di died. Sun Changyi, Guangying, Liang Wudi and Liu He acceded to the throne. They were abolished because they were not bound by light. Liu Xun, the great grandson of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, was appointed as Xuan Di. Economically, the government will still implement the relaxation policy, continue to provide public holidays and the poor, and reduce the price of salt and iron in 30 yuan. Due to Zhao Xuanchao's loose policy, the vacillating feudal rule of the Western Han Dynasty was temporarily stabilized.
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