Tobacco smoke contains at least three dangerous chemicals: tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide. Tar is a mixture of several substances, which will be concentrated into a viscous substance in the lungs. Nicotine is an addictive drug, which is absorbed by the lungs and mainly affects the nervous system. Carbon monoxide reduces the ability of red blood cells to deliver oxygen to the whole body.
A person who smokes/kloc-0.5 to 20 cigarettes a day is four times more likely to develop lung cancer, oral cancer or laryngeal cancer and die than a non-smoker. The risk of dying from esophageal cancer is four times higher than that of non-smokers. The risk of dying from bladder cancer is twice as high; The risk of dying of heart disease is twice as high. Smoking is the main cause of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and chronic lung disease itself will increase the risk of pneumonia and heart disease, and smoking will also increase the risk of hypertension. Harm of various organs:
Oral cavity and throat
Smoke (especially the tar contained in it) is a carcinogen-that is, it will cause cancer in the tissues it touches, so any part of the smoker's respiratory tract (including the mouth and throat) may cause cancer.
Heart and arteries
Nicotine can make the heart beat faster and blood pressure rise. Tobacco smoke may be caused by carbon monoxide, which seems to promote the accumulation of atherosclerosis. This condition is one of the causes of many heart diseases. Heavy smokers are much more likely to die of a heart attack than non-smokers.
esophagus
Most smokers like to swallow a certain amount of cigarettes, so the digestive tract (especially esophagus and pharynx) is at risk of cancer.
lung
Fine hairs arranged in the airway of the lung usually exclude hydrogen foreign bodies from the lung tissue. These villi will constantly sweep the particles in the lungs into phlegm or mucus and excrete them. In addition to causing cancer, the chemicals in tobacco smoke will gradually destroy some villi and increase mucus secretion, so there are chronic diseases in the lungs and bronchitis is also prone to infection. Obviously, the "smoker's cough" is due to the impairment of the mechanical efficiency of lung cleaning, so the amount of sputum has increased.
bladder
Bladder cancer may be caused by inhaling carcinogenic chemicals contained in tar, which are absorbed by the blood and then excreted through the urethra.
Damage to the skin
In fact, everyone knows the harm of smoking to the human body, but the harm of smoking to women, especially to the skin, is more aging, wrinkled and grayer than that of non-smoking women.
In particular, wrinkles in the corners of the eyes, upper and lower lips and corners of the mouth have increased significantly. Among them, smoking is more harmful to women's health than men's and will seriously affect the health of the next generation. So I advise you not to smoke.
Smoking will not only make facial skin wrinkle and yellow, but also have the same effect on the whole body skin. If you quit smoking, it may make your skin recover slowly. Yolanda Helfrich of the University of Michigan and others found that the number of cigarettes a person smokes every day and his age are directly related to the skin damage he experiences.
The researchers studied 82 volunteers, of whom 465,438+0 smoked and 465,438+0 did not smoke. Their ages range from 22 to 9 1 year. The researchers observed and photographed the inside of their upper limbs to show the quality of their skin. The results show that smokers over 65 have more wrinkles than non-smokers.
When the skin is exposed to the sun, mainly on the face, it will become rough, wrinkled and morbidly yellowish. Previous studies have also proved that smokers' facial skin will also be damaged like exposure to the sun.
However, this study by Helfrich et al. also proves that smoking will also cause the same damage to the body skin protected by clothes as the facial skin, which will lead to the aging of the whole body skin and the loss of elasticity and luster. Smoking leads to contraction of subcutaneous blood vessels and decreased blood supply to the skin. This may lead to skin damage and aging.
It is precisely because of smoking that the blood supply is reduced and the corresponding internal organs are damaged, such as arteries, kidneys and hearts. Another new study shows that smokers' arteries become hard because of tobacco poisoning, which leads to cardiovascular diseases such as elevated blood pressure.
Even after they quit smoking, it takes 10 years for blood vessels to return to normal. Moreover, smoking is harmful to others, and people who inhale smoke are more harmful than those who are smoking. Harm others and yourself, smoking is harmful.
Toxicity and Addiction of Nicotine
Nicotine is an odorous, bitter, colorless and transparent oily liquid, which is highly volatile, easily oxidized to dark gray in air, quickly soluble in water and alcohol, and easily absorbed by human body through nasal, oral and bronchial mucosa. Nicotine stuck to the skin surface can also be absorbed and penetrated into the body. Nicotine in one cigarette can poison a mouse, and nicotine in 20 cigarettes can poison a cow. The lethal dose of human is 50~70 mg, which is equivalent to the nicotine content of 20~25 cigarettes. If nicotine in a cigar or three cigarettes is injected into a person's vein for 3 to 5 minutes, he will die. Tobacco is not only harmful to higher animals, but also harmful to lower animals, so it is also the main component of agricultural pesticides. So "poisonous snakes don't bite smokers", because they smell the bitter taste of smoking, they run away. Similarly, passive smokers are uncomfortable with the smell of smoke.
Acute poisoning death caused by smoking has occurred in China. If you smoke too much, you will be drunk and spit yellow water on the ground and die. So Emperor Chongzhen once ordered a ban on smoking. It is also reported abroad that a young man in the Soviet Union smoked for the first time and died after smoking a big cigar. A 40-year-old healthy man who smokes for a long time in Britain is engaged in a very important job; I smoked 14 cigars and 40 cigarettes overnight. I felt sick in the morning and died after being rescued by a doctor. A French club held a smoking competition. The winner smoked 60 cigarettes and died before receiving the prize. Other participants were dying and went to the hospital for rescue.
So why do some people smoke a lot but are not poisoned? There are many people who smoke more than one box (20 cigarettes) every day, among which the nicotine content greatly exceeds the lethal dose of people, but few people die of acute poisoning, because some nicotine in tobacco is neutralized by formaldehyde, a poison in smoke, and most people do not smoke continuously, and these nicotine slowly enters the human body intermittently. In addition, 50% of nicotine diffuses into the air with smoke, 5% is thrown away with cigarette butts, 25% is destroyed by burning, and only 20% is absorbed by human body. Nicotine is rapidly detoxified in the body and excreted with urine. Coupled with long-term smokers, the body has tolerance and addiction to nicotine, which makes people addicted to cigarettes.
Why is smoking addictive?
When it comes to addictive substances, people often immediately think of opium, heroin, marijuana and other drugs, but forget the most used and harmful tobacco in the world. In fact, compared with heroin, except one is legal consumer goods and the other is contraband, there is almost no qualitative difference in other aspects, especially from the perspective of material dependence.
There are two main grounds for judging whether a substance is dependent in medicine. First, it depends on whether people have the characteristics of compulsory use and seeking this substance; The second is whether there is a strong desire to use a substance again after stopping using it and the corresponding behavior.
The so-called compulsory use and seeking means that it is already addictive and unnecessary. This sense of necessity is determined by the nature of addictive substances. That is to say, the fundamental reason for forcing addicts to quit smoking is physical dependence and mental dependence caused by long-term use of addictive substances, which is also known as withdrawal reaction, that is, after quitting smoking for dozens of minutes to several hours, they begin to want to smoke, feel restless, fidgety and at a loss, and then have headaches, palpitations, fatigue, abdominal discomfort, nausea, diarrhea, listlessness, difficulty in concentrating and hair-loving. All these symptoms make smokers more eager for tobacco. These symptoms are most prominent within three or four days after quitting smoking, and then gradually disappear around 1 month. But a few symptoms, such as difficulty in concentration and drowsiness, will last for a long time. Very similar to heroin and other drugs, once taken, all withdrawal symptoms can be relieved immediately, which is also the common feature of all addictive substances.
Scholars at home and abroad have done a lot of research on the mechanism of physical dependence and mental dependence. Some scholars let smokers smoke freely in the laboratory and give them different doses of nicotine or normal saline intravenously. It was found that subjects who ingested 4 mg nicotine per hour smoked 60% less than those who ingested normal saline. It shows that the desire and behavior of smoking are regulated by the nicotine content in human blood. The content of nicotine in tobacco is 0.5%~8%, which is mainly absorbed by respiratory mucosa. Nicotine in long-term smokers keeps a constant level, and the body has adapted to this state. Therefore, once you stop smoking, your nicotine level will drop, and smokers will feel all kinds of discomfort. Just like hypertension patients, once their blood pressure suddenly drops to normal, they will feel dizzy and all kinds of discomfort.
In addition, an interesting phenomenon is that when people are nervous or tired, they often unconsciously want to smoke in order to have a rest or relax. But in fact, smoking can make blood pressure rise, breathing excited and heart rate accelerate, which is just the opposite of what happens when people rest, but the subjective feeling of every smoker is really comfortable and relaxed. What is the reason? In fact, nicotine stimulates the secretion of adrenaline in the body, which can obviously increase the stress ability of the human body, thus improving the adaptability of people to external stimuli and leading to subjective relaxation.
The harm of smoking
The harm of smoking is well known. As many as 2.5 million people die from smoking every year in the world, and smoking is the first killer of mankind. Consciously developing the personal hygiene habit of not smoking is not only beneficial to health, but also the embodiment of noble public health ethics. In the smoking room, especially in the environment with closed doors and windows in winter, the room is not only filled with carbon dioxide exhaled by human body, but also with carbon monoxide exhaled by smokers, which will make people feel headache, burnout and work efficiency decline. More seriously, the contents of tar and nicotine in the cold smoke exhaled by smokers are 1 times higher than those in the hot smoke inhaled by smokers, and benzopyrene is 2 times higher, carbon monoxide is 4 times higher and ammonia is 50 times higher.
Some data show that the incidence of lung cancer, laryngeal cancer and coronary heart disease in long-term smokers is 10-20 times, 6- 10 times and 2-3 times higher than that in non-smokers respectively. The incidence of circulatory system is 3 times higher, and the incidence of tracheitis is 2-8 times higher. A survey was conducted in 1000 families, and it was found that children under 0/6 years old in smoking families/kloc-had more respiratory diseases than children in non-smoking families. Among children under 5 years old, 33.5% of non-smoking families have respiratory symptoms, and 44.5% of smoking families have respiratory symptoms.
Smoking is especially dangerous for women. If women who smoke are using oral contraceptives, they will increase the risk of heart disease and venous thrombosis of lower limbs. Pregnant women who smoke are prone to premature delivery and underweight, and the immune function of infants and young children is reduced, which is easy to get sick; According to statistics, the teratogenic rate of pregnant women's passive smoking infants has increased significantly.
Smoking harms others and yourself, so we should consciously develop good health habits of not smoking and create a smoke-free environment.
When you seem to enjoy smoking, have you ever thought that smoking will pose a threat to your health and life?
In the past 40 years, countries all over the world have conducted extensive research on the harm of tobacco, and more than 50 thousand research reports have confirmed the harm of smoking to health. The World Health Organization believes that tobacco is the most harmful to human beings today, and smoking has been designated as a "public hazard". But how harmful is smoking to health? This is beyond many people's dreams. Scientific research has proved that the harm of tobacco mainly comes from the chemical composition in smoke. Tobacco contains more than 4700 kinds of chemical components, including carbon monoxide, nicotine, tar, benzene-propylene ratio, radioactive substances, irritating compounds and heavy metal elements such as arsenic, mercury, tin and nickel, which have strong stimulating and carcinogenic effects. In August, 20001,the Panama Statement of the Framework Agreement on Anti-tobacco Struggle jointly issued by the American Heart Foundation and the American Heart Association pointed out that smoking will become one of the main causes of human death. Mario, President of the World Heart Federation? Marana stressed that by 2003, smoking will be more harmful to people than drug abuse, AIDS and other diseases, and become the main cause of death and disability. It is reported that about 4.9 million people worldwide die of smoking-related diseases every year, and the number will reach 20 million by 2025. Xinhua News Agency once published a special article saying that after a large-scale investigation, scientists in China have come to the conclusion that three-quarters of the 1 10,000 people who die in China every year are due to diseases caused by tobacco. According to the current trend, by 2020, 2 million people in China will die from smoking. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention once conducted a survey. There are 47 million adults smoking in the United States. During the period from 65,438+0,995 to 65,438+0,999, the number of people who died of diseases caused by smoking in the United States was estimated to be 440,000, of which about 35,000 died of passive smoking. The number of women who died of lung cancer has now exceeded the total number of other cancer deaths. Lung cancer is one of the common malignant tumors in the world. According to the report of the World Health Organization, lung cancer is the first cause of cancer death. Every year, there are 80,000 new cases of lung cancer 1.38, and 989,000 people die. It is also reported that the incidence of male lung cancer is increasing in almost all countries in the world, and the rate of increase is almost consistent with the smoking rate. After the smoking rates in Finland, Britain and the United States decreased, the incidence of lung cancer also decreased. The results of the national death survey from 1990 to 1992 show that the death rate of lung cancer in China has increased from 7 17/65438+ million in the 1970s to15165438+million. Such a high growth rate is only 20 years apart. One of the important factors is the high smoking rate.
Tobacco is closely related to economy.
There are11million smokers in the world, including 320 million in China, and the smoking rate of people over 15 is 37.62%. Among the smokers in China, the number of teenagers smoking is as high as 5 million, and the number of female students smoking in school is also increasing. The growing, younger and more feminine smokers have become an urgent social problem that all countries in the world, especially China, need to contain and solve. Since tobacco has become a killer that directly harms human health, the whole world is vigorously banning smoking, banning smoking and controlling tobacco. Why does the tobacco industry continue to grow and develop in the face of numerous bans and accusations? The reason is that this is a "disaster caused by tobacco economy". For tobacco, a very special but legal product, market demand is the most important factor to determine its development trend. In many countries, tobacco is an important pillar industry, such as India, Brazil, Russian, French and China. These countries are big producers and consumers of tobacco, and China's tobacco consumption accounts for almost half of the world's tobacco consumption. For tobacco industry, people usually classify it as "sunset industry". Since the early 1990s, China tobacco has gradually changed from a quantitative growth mode to a quality growth mode, which has provided a strong support for the sustained growth of tobacco. According to the latest statistics of authoritative departments, China's tobacco industry contributes more than 10% tax revenue to the national finance every year, surpassing the industries that people think are profiteering, such as automobiles and telecommunications, and ranks first in all industries for 14 years in a row. The total output value and industrial and commercial tax profits maintain a high-speed growth trend, with the annual growth rate of cigarette output value of 10.7%. Today, the tobacco industry has developed into one of the most important pillar industries in China. The low cost and increasing sales of tobacco have brought great wealth to tobacco merchants. In 2000, the output of cigarettes in China was 33.349 million cases, and the sales volume was 33.336 million cases. The growth rate of tobacco tax ranks first in the world. On the surface, it is indeed a considerable income, but there is a terrible curse behind it. The economic losses caused by the health hazards caused by smoking are long-term and huge. According to statistics, in 1993, the national tobacco profit and tax was 4 10 billion yuan, and the economic loss caused by smoking was about 65 billion yuan. Some losses caused by diseases and deaths caused by smoking can be measured by economy, and some losses cannot be measured by economy. Moreover, there is a long incubation period of twenty or thirty years between smoking and illness, so experts think that tobacco tax is "the treasury of fools". Therefore, we should have a clear understanding of tobacco and economy.
Why is it difficult to quit smoking?
It has become a public opinion that smoking is harmful, but why do some people "know that smoking is toxic and would rather smoke in the sea"? Mr. Zhang Zhihua of Shandong Medical College made a survey, statistics and analysis on the social psychological types of smoking, and came to the conclusion that curiosity, conformity, recreation and addiction were the most common types, followed by comfort, filling, communication and pleasure vanity. The survey found that teenagers are mostly curious, middle-aged and elderly people are mostly addicted, and smokers are mostly intertwined with several kinds of psychology. Smoking is harmful, so many smokers also have the desire to quit smoking, but it is difficult to quit. Weng Xinzhi, director of the WHO Cooperation Center on Tobacco and Health, analyzed this. He believes that there are many reasons for the low smoking cessation rate of smokers in China: First, being in a smoky environment. In China, male smoking has always been regarded as a normal social custom, and it is impossible to change this concept overnight. In addition, there is smoking addiction. Nicotine in cigarettes can enhance mental activity, stimulate the central nervous system and encourage smokers to use nicotine repeatedly. After quitting smoking, people will feel uncomfortable at first because of the lack of nicotine stimulation, and it is difficult to adjust themselves to a new balance and restore normal and healthy metabolic function, so a series of physiological and psychological reactions will occur, which are withdrawal symptoms. It is precisely because of these withdrawal symptoms that smokers have the illusion of getting sick. Withdrawal symptoms are actually only a temporary physiological reaction of the body, which is the result of healthy adjustment and recovery of normal psychological function. Its appearance just shows that the body of the quitter is removing nicotine from tobacco, and most nicotine will be excreted within 1-2 weeks after completely quitting smoking, and then the withdrawal symptoms will gradually disappear.
There is a long way to go to control smoking.
China has taken a series of measures to control smoking. Since 1997, the State Council and relevant ministries and commissions have issued 23 laws, regulations and notices on tobacco control. In order to protect non-smokers from the harm of passive smoking, 1997, the National Patriotic Health Association and relevant departments jointly promulgated the "Regulations on Smoking Prohibition in Public Transport and its Waiting Rooms". All localities actively carry out the selection activities to create smoke-free advertising cities, smoke-free hospitals, smoke-free schools, smoke-free units and advanced tobacco control units, and actively create an environment that protects health and is far away from tobacco. In recent years, the tobacco control work in our province has also made gratifying achievements. 1996 The provincial government has promulgated the Regulations on Smoking Prohibition in Public Places in Jilin Province, which has attracted the attention of relevant departments, making smoking prohibition in public places a code of conduct for the general public. At the same time, cities and States have launched activities such as establishing smoke-free schools, hospitals and units. 200 1, the province has also been rated as 37 "smoke-free units". However, behind these achievements, tobacco control faces many obstacles. In 2003, the inaugural meeting of Tobacco Control Association was held in Songyuan Hotel, Changchun. Dramatically, the provincial tobacco work conference was also held here on this day. The huge tobacco advertising brand has far overshadowed the logo of the association, making the voice of the tobacco control association so weak. What is even more disturbing is that the smoking rate of teenagers in our province is on the rise. According to the comrades in the office of Ivy Association in Changchun, when they inspected some Internet cafes, they found that there were cigarette stalls selling cigarettes to teenagers near many Internet cafes. In hospitals, the phenomenon of medical staff smoking while receiving medical treatment also happens from time to time. It is worth noting that the current film and television works are full of smoking scenes, attracting young people to follow suit. Experts point out that it is impossible for adults to quit smoking in a short time. It is imperative to educate teenagers about the dangers of smoking and "refuse to smoke the first cigarette". Of course, it is not enough to advocate tobacco control, but also to be bound by law. The smoking ban in Malaysia stipulates that it is a crime for minors under the age of 18 to buy cigarettes, which can be sentenced to two years' imprisonment or a fine of RM 5,000. There is a huge advertisement in downtown London, England, "Leave tobacco to the 20th century". France launched the "doctors don't smoke" campaign and launched a "smoking cessation revolution" in restaurants. Forty-four of the 50 States in the United States have restricted smoking. These measures are very effective, we might as well learn from them, and at the same time, we can work out specific operational measures according to China's national conditions. I believe that through the joint efforts of people, we will certainly create a green environment. Smoking is harmful to health
When you smoke, do you realize that you are unconsciously inhaling harmful substances in cigarettes? There are more than 2000 kinds of harmful substances in cigarettes, the most important harmful substances are cigarette tar and carbon monoxide, and the addictive substance is nicotine. The longer you smoke, the more you smoke, and the greater the harm.
Research shows that the cultivation of smoking habits is mainly manifested in three aspects: physiology, psychology and society.
Physiologically, it is the human body's dependence on nicotine. Psychologically, I regard smoking as a part of my life, I am used to smoking, and I like the smell of smoke. In society, cigarettes are regarded as a social means or a status symbol.
So if you want to quit smoking successfully, you must start from these three aspects. Judging from many people who quit smoking repeatedly, it is not enough to quit smoking only by willpower. Some people say that it is difficult to quit smoking. This is not true. Actually, it is not difficult to quit smoking. Set a time to quit smoking now, starting tomorrow. Quitting smoking requires your firm determination and perseverance, as well as self-confidence. Tell your family, friends and colleagues that you have given up smoking. If you are a heavy smoker and feel uncomfortable after quitting smoking, you can use smoking cessation drugs to help. To avoid smoking again, please don't take the initiative to buy cigarettes, and please don't accept cigarettes provided by others.
Smoking after meals is more harmful.
Cigarettes contain a lot of chemicals, most of which are harmful to human body. First of all, let's learn about the main components of each cigarette:
A. Nicotine: A chemical that is as addictive as heroin and cocaine. When you smoke, nicotine can enter your brain in only 10 seconds, which makes your heart beat faster, increases your risk of heart disease and causes withdrawal symptoms when you don't smoke.
B carbon monoxide: harmful gases emitted by automobiles can replace 65,438+05% of oxygen transported by red blood cells in human body, leading to asthma and exhaustion. Carbon monoxide can also damage the inner wall of blood vessels, leading to the aggravation of atherosclerosis, fat deposition on the blood vessel wall, aggravating blood vessel obstruction and increasing the possibility of heart disease outbreak.
C. tar: a substance used for paving roads. Tar contains many carcinogens and other chemicals. Including acetone, DDT, arsenic (a poison), formaldehyde, ammonia and 4000 kinds of harmful substances and carcinogens.
These substances in cigarettes can not only cause pharyngitis and bronchitis, but also cause cancer. Smoking can also promote the occurrence of many diseases, such as atherosclerosis and ulcers.
More than 2000 people die of this disease every year, of which more than 90% are elderly people over 65.
Hong kong society for rehabilitation Community Rehabilitation Network recently conducted a community survey on the elderly's knowledge of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and found that more than 90% of adults had never heard of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. They called on the government to make a comprehensive community plan to enhance public awareness of the disease.
Symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease include frequent cough, excessive phlegm and easy asthma. According to the guidelines of the World Health Organization, anyone aged 40 or above who smokes for many years and has at least two of the above symptoms may suffer from "chronic obstructive pulmonary disease".
Smoke emitted by smoking can be divided into mainstream smoke (that is, smoke inhaled by smokers) and tributary smoke (that is, smoke emitted when tobacco is lit). Cigarettes contain more tobacco burning components than mainstream cigarettes. Among them, carbon monoxide and tributary flue gas are five times that of mainstream flue gas; Tar and nicotine are three times; Benzo (a) pyrene is 4 times; Ammonia is 46 times; Nitrosamine is 50 times. Many other harmful substances, including carcinogenic ammonia nitrate, have higher concentrations in tributary smoke than in mainstream smoke. For example, each cigarette (excluding cigarette butts) is usually 0.7~ 1.0 g of tobacco, containing 9~ 17 mg of nicotine. About 23~35% of them were destroyed by high temperature, 30~40% were taken away by cigarettes, and 5~ 10% (without filter tip) or 27~75% (with filter tip) remained in cigarette butts. The nicotine content reaching smokers is 0.2~3.5 mg. Nicotine accounts for more than 95% of alkaloids in tobacco smoke, and other trace alkaloids in tobacco smoke are few, and 5~50 mg in each cigarette eventually reaches smokers.
In addition, there are high-temperature decomposition products of alkaloids not found in tobacco, including Harman and norHarman, which are formed by tryptophan. These are all B- carboline alkaloids, which have a refreshing effect, and the total amount in the mainstream cigarettes of each cigarette is 15 ~ 20mg. Of course, the smoke of the tributary smoke is diluted in the air. In fact, passive inhalation of cigarettes is always less than that of smokers. However, there are more than 300 million smokers in China, and few people can get rid of it. According to calculation, in places with poor ventilation, the amount of cigarettes inhaled by non-smokers within 1 hour is equivalent to the average dose of 1 cigarette.
Non-smokers who smoke passively for more than 15 minutes every day are defined as passive smoking. Passive smoking is also called "forced smoking" or "indirect smoking". The so-called passive smoking means that hundreds of millions of people who don't want to smoke have no choice but to spray a lot of cigarette toxic substances into the air, which may cause the same symptoms as smokers and suffer similar hidden pains. In daily life, most people can't completely avoid contact with smoke, so they become passive smokers. According to the results of the national smoking sampling survey, 39.75% of the 343,563 non-smokers suffered from passive smoking. Passive smoking accounts for 67. 1% at home, 14.44% at work or other public places, and 18.96% at home and public places every day.