catalogue
1 Introduction
2 Introduction
external
form
3 construction process
create
origin
process
fixed
follow-up action
4 landmark symbol
Cultural symbol
world heritage
5 Tourism information
urban communications
Sightseeing landscape
lightning strike
6 related figures
Bartholdi
Pulitzer
Eiffel
7 Inscriptions
8 local imitations
Las Vegas
Guam
Paris
alsatians
Tokyo
China
1 Introduction
The Statue of Liberty,
Statue of Liberty (located in new york, USA)
Also known as freedom to light up the world, it was a gift from France to the United States in 1876 to celebrate the 0/00th anniversary of independence/kloc-0. The Statue of Liberty is located near the mouth of the Hudson River in new york, New York, USA. It is an important tourist attraction on Liberty Island, where the statue is located. The Statue of Liberty in the United States is based on the Statue of Liberty in Luxembourg Park in Paris, France. Bartholdi, a famous French sculptor, spent 65,438+00 years painstakingly completing the sculpture work. The design of the statue comes from the sculptor's mother, and the right hand holding the torch is based on the sculptor's wife's arm. The Statue of Liberty is dressed in ancient Greek style, wearing a seven-pointed crown symbolizing the seven continents and five oceans of the world.
The Statue of Liberty is a gift from France to the United States to commemorate the American-French alliance during the American War of Independence. It was designed and produced by the famous French sculptor Auguste Bartotti in Paris. It took more than 65,438+00 years, completed in May, 65,438+0884, packed and shipped to new york in June, 65,438+0885, and 65,438+0886.
The goddess held the torch symbolizing freedom in her right hand, and the declaration of independence engraved with 1776 in her left hand, with broken handcuffs, shackles and chains at her feet. It symbolizes freedom and freedom from tyranny. /kloc-completed and unveiled on October 28th. 1886. The internal structure of this wrought iron statue was designed by gustave eiffel, who later built the Eiffel Tower. The Statue of Liberty is 46 meters high, the pedestal is 93 meters high and weighs 225 tons. It is made of metal and placed on a concrete base. The pedestal of the Statue of Liberty was built by the famous Joseph Pulitzer, who raised 654.38 million dollars. The pedestal is the American Museum of Immigration History. 1984, the Statue of Liberty was listed as a world cultural heritage.
The Statue of Liberty is not a historical relic, but a man-made work of art. 19 At the end of the year, there were no routes for intercontinental travel. The only means of transportation across the ocean is ships, and new york Port is the largest port along the coast of the United States. Because most passengers entering and leaving the United States have to pass through a port, people erected the Statue of Liberty on the island only 3 kilometers from the southwest corner of Manhattan Island. [2]
As the Statue of Liberty is near the air route, all passengers entering and leaving the port can see it. When the seagoing ship sailed into the upper reaches of new york Bay, the passengers on board could not see the tall buildings in new york because of the bending of the sea water, but the huge statue was the first thing that caught their eye. The statue holds the torch, holds it high in the air, looks forward and has a beautiful posture. At this time, some passengers waved to her and some passengers took pictures of her. Especially at night, the strong light in the torch and the searchlight from the island ground to the colossus make the Statue of Liberty more clear and spectacular. Similarly, when the seagoing ship leaves the urban pier, it must pass by her. At this time, although it is far from the statue, it is still faintly visible because of the high base. Some passengers waved to it, and some passengers shouted "goodbye" to her. The Statue of Liberty has become a major attraction for ships entering and leaving new york Harbour.
2 Introduction
external
The statue is 46 meters high, the base is 93 meters high and weighs 225 tons (490,000 pounds).
It's metal casting. The steel bracket inside the bronze statue was designed and manufactured by architect Villepoduc and French engineer gustave eiffel, who later built the Eiffel Tower in Paris. The whole bronze statue takes 120 tons of steel as the skeleton, 80 tons of copper as the outer skin, and 300,000 rivets are assembled and fixed on the bracket.
The spiral staircase inside the Statue of Liberty allows visitors to climb to the top of it, which is equivalent to climbing a 12-story building (because it is too high, an elevator is installed from the base to facilitate visitors to get on and off).
The Statue of Liberty was placed on a 46-meter-high concrete pedestal, which was built by the famous Joseph Pulitzer and raised $654.38 million. The pedestal became the Museum of American Immigration History. On the pedestal of the granite statue, the famous poem "New Giant" written by American poetess Emma Lazarus is engraved:
Statue of Liberty on Liberty Island, scale 1:800[3]
"Let those who are tired and penniless after a long journey because they are eager to breathe free air snuggle up to each other and throw themselves into my arms! I stand at the Golden Gate, holding high the lamp of freedom. "
form
The Statue of Liberty is dressed in ancient Greek style (talking about ancient Roman robes).
[3]
The seven peaks wear radiant crowns, symbolizing the seven continents of the world. The waist width of the Statue of Liberty is10.6m, and the mouth width is 9 1 cm. The right hand of the torch symbolizing freedom is held high 12.8m,12 people can stand on the edge of the torch. He holds a legal classic in his left hand, and the words "1July 4, 776" are engraved on the cover, which symbolizes the declaration of independence signed on this day; At the foot are broken handcuffs, fetters and chains, symbolizing freedom from tyranny, and its posture is like that of an ancient Greek beauty, which makes people feel cordial and natural. When night falls, the light on the pedestal of the statue shines upward, making the goddess look like a light blue jade carving.
3 construction process
create
1834 bartholdi was born in an Italian family in France.
He has loved sculpture since his youth, and the image of the Statue of Liberty has existed in his mind for a long time. One day after Louis Napoléon Bonaparte staged a coup in 185 1, a group of staunch fighters and guerrillas built fortifications in the street. At dusk, a young girl jumped over the obstacle with a burning torch and shouted "Forward" to the enemy. Bonaparte's gun rang and the girl fell. Bartholdi heard this fact, the mood for a long time can't calm. Since then, the brave girl holding the torch has become a symbol of freedom in his heart.
origin
1865, at the suggestion of others, bartholdi decided to create a statue symbolizing freedom, and the French people took it as a gift from the French government to the American government to celebrate the100th anniversary of American independence.
Some people think that the design and construction of the Statue of Liberty can be traced back to 1865. Laavola Volaye, a French scholar and political activist who supported the Union Army in the Civil War, said after dinner at his home near Versailles: "If a statue is to be built to commemorate the independence of the United States, I think it is natural for our two countries to build it together." In a report released in 2000, the National Park Service said that this statement came from the brochure of 1885, which was inaccurate. The idea of building the Statue of Liberty most likely appeared in 1870.
According to Butler's account, he was also present in the chat mentioned above. Laavola Ye's idea did not become a formal proposal, but it inspired Butler Dee. Because Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte's rule suppressed freedom of thought, Butler did not take immediate action, but discussed it with Laavola Ye Jin. Butler also contacted Isma 'Il Pasha, the wife of Egypt's Hedi. He had planned to build a giant lighthouse with the image of an ancient Egyptian woman, Farahim, wearing a robe and holding a torch near Port Said on the Suez Canal, and drew a sketch and made a model for it, but it was never built. Similar to this lighthouse on the Suez Canal, there is also a bronze statue of the sun god in Rhode Island. The ancient bronze statue of Helius, the sun god, is estimated to be 65,438+000 feet (30 meters) high. It is also located at the entrance of the port, providing light guidance for ships coming and going.
1870 In the Franco-Prussian War, Butler participated as an army major. In the war, Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte was captured and deposed, Butler's hometown Alsace was ceded to Prussia, and the Third Republic of France was founded. After the war, Butler planned to go to America. He and Laavola Ye thought it was the right time to discuss the construction of the Statue of Liberty with some influential Americans. 1871June, Butler Di crossed the Atlantic with a letter of introduction from Laavola Ye and came to the United States.
Statue of Liberty (located in new york, USA)
As soon as Butler Defoe arrived in new york Harbor, he noticed Bedro Island. He found that ships must pass through this small island. He also learned that the island was owned by the American government, so he wrote to Laavola Ye with joy, calling it "land owned by all countries". Butler met many celebrities from all walks of life in new york, and also visited the then US President Grant, who assured him that it would not be too difficult to get Bedro Island as the site for the statue. Butler traveled across the United States twice by train and met many Americans who might be optimistic about the statue project. However, he still believes that the public support of the United States and France for this plan is not enough, so he and Laavola Ye decided to continue to wait for the right time.
Butler's works, the lion of Belfo.
Butler Di made the first model of the statue as early as 1870. An American artist friend of his collected sketches from his visit to the United States in his studio in Rhode Island. After returning to France, Butler continued to design the statue. At the same time, he also participated in the design of several statues supporting French patriotism, including Belfo's iconic sculpture The Lion of Belfo. This 73-foot (22-meter)-long statue was built to commemorate the three-month-long siege of Belfo Castle by Prussia, showing a provocative mood and a strong romantic style. This romantic style influenced Butler's design of the Statue of Liberty.
process
Not long after, bartholdi did the same at a wedding.
Bartholdi
A girl named Jeanna met and made Jeanna beautiful and dignified. Bartholdi thinks it is appropriate for her to be the model of the Statue of Liberty to light up the world, and Jenny readily agrees. In the process of sculpture, they had a pure love and finally got married.
1869 After the sketch design of the Statue of Liberty was completed, bartholdi began to devote himself to sculpture. He went to the United States to win American support for the statue project, but Americans never realized the preciousness of this gift.
The sculpture project began in 1874. When bartholdi participated in the 100 Philadelphia Expo to celebrate the independence 100 anniversary, in order to attract the public's attention, the Statue of Liberty held the torch hand at the Expo, which caused a sensation. At present, this hand is only 2.44 meters long with the index finger, more than 1 m in diameter and 25 cm in nail thickness. It is a rare artistic treasure. So this sculpture, which was little known a few days ago, suddenly became a treasure of art that all Americans are eager to appreciate. Soon, the US Congress passed a resolution, officially approving the President's acceptance of the request of the Statue of Liberty, and at the same time determining Bedro Island as the site of the Statue of Liberty.
The Statue of Liberty was completed in 1884, which lasted for ten years. On July 6th, the Statue of Liberty was officially announced as a gift to the United States.
fixed
1August 5, 884, the foundation stone laying project of the statue base began. The pedestal is about 27 meters high and made of granite concrete. Below the pedestal is a huge concrete column, which was driven into the center of Fordwood Castle 6 meters deep. This castle is an octagonal military fortress. It was built in1808-1811,and was renovated in 1840.
1In June, 885, the Statue of Liberty was repackaged into 2 10 boxes, which were transported to new york Port by a French ship under the escort of American warships.
1886101In the middle of October, 75 workers assembled 300,000 rivets and about 100 parts on scaffolding.
1October 28th,1886 10, new york harbor was full of ship whistles and fireworks. With the sound of 2 1 salute, President Grover Cleveland presented the most famous statue in North America to the American people.
follow-up action
The Statue of Liberty was originally managed by the American Lighthouse Management Committee. 190 1 was handed over to the US Department of War (the predecessor of the US Department of Defense) and was maintained by the National Park Service from 1933. The Statue of Liberty has undergone several renovations and closures, including replacing cast iron with concrete as its support in 1938.
19 16, President Wilson installed an all-weather lighting system for the Statue of Liberty and presided over the completion ceremony.
1984 to 1986 were modernized.
Due to the 9 1 1 incident in the United States, the top of the Statue of Liberty was closed to the public, and it was not until July 4, 2009 that the US government reopened.
20 1 1 1 install another staircase, etc.
4 landmark symbol
Cultural symbol
For more than a century, the bronze statue of the Statue of Liberty standing on Liberty Island has become a symbol of the friendship between the American nation and the people of the United States and France, and has always expressed the lofty ideals of the American people for democracy and freedom. Passengers on ships entering new york Harbor can see the Statue of Liberty holding the torch of freedom high. For thousands of immigrants who come to the United States, the Statue of Liberty is a guarantee to get rid of poverty and oppression in the old world. The Statue of Liberty has become a symbol of the United States.
world heritage
The Statue of Liberty is one of the largest statues built by people at present. 1942, the American government decided to list the Statue of Liberty as a national cultural relic of the United States. 1984 is listed in the World Heritage List.
5 Tourism information
urban communications
From the city center, you can take subway 1 or line 9 to the South Ferry Station, or at 5Bowling Green Station 4 or 5, or take M 1 or M2, and get off at Battery Park. Then take the ferry to liberty island. Sightseeing boat time: 09:15 ~16: 30 per hour (every 03 minutes in July and September), and the required time: 5 1 minute one way (loading port: new york Port).
Sightseeing landscape
Visitors take the elevator from the bottom of the bronze statue to the top of the pedestal.
Inside the Statue of Liberty
Then climb to the top of the crown along the 17 1 spiral staircase in the Statue of Liberty. For the convenience of tourists, there are some rest seats in every third section of the spiral staircase for tourists who can't reach the top at one breath. The crown can accommodate 40 people at the same time, and there are 25 small bars around it, each about 1 m high. Looking out through the window, there are many high-rise buildings on Manhattan Island, which is known as the "steel Babylon" in the East. New york Bay in the south is endless, and the waves and boats set each other off; The Hudson River in the north winds into the distance. From the crown to the right, you can climb to the bottom of the torch at the height of the bronze statue's right arm. 12 people can look out of the window. 9. 1 1 After the attack, it was suspended for security reasons and was not opened to the public again until May 2009. The pedestal of the statue is a hall, which was converted into an immigration museum by the US federal government in 1972. There is a cinema in the museum, which shows movies about the life of early immigrants in the United States for tourists. From downtown to Liberty Island, there is a ferry every half hour, which is very convenient.
lightning strike
The Statue of Liberty is made of a huge piece of copper, 305 feet (93 meters) high.
Since the completion of 1886, the Statue of Liberty has been struck by lightning about 600 times.
20 10 at the end of September, new york photographer Jay Finn took a spectacular moment in the night storm in Battery Park. A flash of lightning hit the Statue of Liberty. Finn has been trying to take photos of lightning hitting the Statue of Liberty for more than 40 years, which is his wish since he first came into contact with photography as a teenager. On the evening of September 22nd, in order to take photos of lightning hitting the Statue of Liberty, Finn braved the storm and waited for nearly two hours in Battley Park City, Manhattan, and set up his camera to take more than 80 photos. Finally, he waited for this rare moment at 8: 45 that night. Finn said: "There were 8 1 lightning in the sky, and the last lightning hit the Statue of Liberty." "This is the first photo I have ever seen of lightning striking the Statue of Liberty."
6 related figures
Bartholdi
This masterpiece of art was created by a talented sculptor in the late19th century. His name is Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi.
Because of his outstanding achievements, bartholdi was elected as an honorary citizen of new york and a commanding member of the French Medal of Honor. He died in Paris on 1904, 1015 October, but the freedom statues he created always expressed people's love and yearning for freedom.
Pulitzer
1884 On July 4th, a statue with a height of 150 feet was made of copper plate.
Officially handed over to the American ambassador to Paris in Paris. An American charity foundation raised $654.38 million+$500,000 to build the pedestal of the statue on Bedro Island across Manhattan. But the money is not enough. If the financial resources are cut off, the whole project will stop. 16-foot-tall hand holding the torch was exhibited as early as 1876 in Philadelphia 100 anniversary celebration, but the main body of this precious gift remained in France.
Pulitzer owns new york's Le Monde. Out of respect for freedom, in order to expand the influence of the newspaper, he launched a large-scale fund-raising campaign to build the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty.
Pulitzer pointed out in an editorial on the front page of Le Monde that the Statue of Liberty's nowhere to live "is an indelible shame for New York State and our country!" ! Now there is only one way to save the goddess, and that is to raise money as soon as possible. "We don't expect millionaires to pay the money. The Statue of Liberty is not a gift from a French millionaire to an American millionaire, but a gift from all French people to all American people. "
At the end of the editorial, he sincerely asked people to consider this appeal and, more or less, to donate money.
Sincere and generous words touched the public, and then the news and comments on architectural statues published in Le Monde pushed this mood to a climax. Pulitzer himself took the lead in donating $250, and appointed his right-hand man, Reavis, to be responsible for fund-raising.
Le Monde planned to raise $654.38 million+for the statue, while Reavis raised $75,000 in four months, and 654.38+02 million people participated in the fund-raising, ranging from 5 cents to 250 dollars, expressing everyone's admiration for the great image of the goddess. Reavis once described it like this: "It is a miracle that a newspaper inspires the enthusiasm of a nation ... there has never been a newspaper before. Have such a great influence on the people. I can see touching new things in fund-raising activities every day. These facts reflect people's trust in Le Monde. For this sacred trust, Le Monde must strive to defend it. "
Other newspapers showed unusual indifference to fundraising. Le monde
In order to welcome the arrival of the Statue of Liberty, it is in full swing. 1In June, 885, the French transport ship "Yesailai" arrived in the United States with 2 10 boxes of statues, which was welcomed by the American fleet and the "emmons" chartered by Le Monde. By August, Le Monde had raised 10 109 million dollars for the Statue of Liberty. The financial guarantee enabled the installation of the statue to proceed smoothly.
After long-term efforts, the glorious project of the Statue of Liberty was finally completed. The contributions of Pulitzer and Le Monde have not been forgotten. Pulitzer was frequently invited to participate in various celebrations, but many dignitaries and rich people who attended the celebrations turned a blind eye when funds were scarce. Le Monde once commented on the pedestal made of fine marble: "When donations are needed, the stingy millionaires in new york are careless about the Statue of Liberty and tightly buckle their pockets. If the marble in this base is half as hard as their heart, it is first-class marble. "
Eiffel
The colossus is as high as 160 feet and stands on a pedestal at almost the same height. Such a tall and heavy goddess must not only stand firm, but also withstand the strong sea breeze. In order to solve this problem, Eiffel, who built the Paris Tower, designed a tower-shaped internal support structure with four legs, and the tower legs were embedded in a base 8 meters deep, so that the statue could stand firmly by the sea.
7 Inscriptions
Selected from the sonnet "The New Giant" by Jewish poetess Emma Lazarus: The new giant does not cross from one place to another like the famous shameless giant in Greece; At our sunset gate washed by the sea, there will stand a powerful woman with a torch. Her flame is imprisoned lightning, and her name is the mother of exiles. From the hand of her lighthouse, she sends a welcome from all over the world; Her gentle eyes command the air bridge port of the twin cities. "Let the ancient land become your legendary grand occasion!" She cried with silent lips. "Give me your fatigue, your poverty, your people who are eager to breathe freely, and your poor garbage on the crowded coast. Give these homeless people who have been tossed by the storm to me, and I will raise my lamp by the Golden Gate! "
Translation: unlike the bronze statue of the Greek stalwart.
Possess weapons to conquer territory
You stand high at the door of the falling waves in Xia Hong.
Hold high the light of the lamp
The name of your condensed streamer-
Mother of exiles
Illuminate the vast land
Staring at the harbor of longbridge, it is full of softness.
"Protect your vast land and merits!" She shouted
Trembling silent lips: [4] Let you go,
That poor refugee.
Longing for free breathing but being mercilessly abandoned.
The sad lament crowded on the other side.
Fear capsized in the storm.
Give it all to me!
I hold the lamp high and stand in the golden gate!
8 local imitations
Las Vegas
The Statue of Liberty in Las Vegas, located in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, is 150 feet (46 meters) high and is a replica of the Statue of Liberty in New York.
Guam
The Statue of Liberty in Guam is an imitation of the Statue of Liberty in New York. It is located in Paso Stadium, overlooking Argana Bay. 1950 was built by boy scouts of america on the 40th anniversary. This statue can see ships entering the yacht marina in Argana.
Paris
The Statue of Liberty in Paris: (The Statue of Liberty in English and Freedom of the World in French) It is generally believed that Parisians living in the United States gave it to Paris, and some people say that Americans living in Paris gave it to Paris. Known as Ms. rabelais.
alsatians
The Statue of Liberty in Alsace is located in the center of the circular square at the intersection of a road at the northern end of Colmar town.
It is very reasonable to build the Statue of Liberty here. The hometown of Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, a statue maker and French sculptor, is Corma (Alsace) in Alsace.
Tokyo
This Statue of Liberty is a miniature replica of Taichang Waterfront Park in Tokyo, Japan.
China
China has two miniature replicas of the Statue of Liberty in Beijing and Shenzhen, located in Beijing World Park and Window of the World respectively.
There is also a Statue of Liberty in Guangzhou. The only Statue of Liberty in China stands in Huanghuagang Park. 1920 was transported to Guangzhou, and 1930 was replaced by party emblem, the Kuomintang. 1966 was smashed in the wave of "anti-capitalism" and replaced with a torch of more than two meters. It was not until 198 1 that the Statue of Liberty was reshaped and the gavel became a book symbolizing the law.