In the atmosphere, there are always several kinds of gases, which one is the heaviest, which one

The ratio of various components in the air remains relatively stable, among which the volume fraction of nitrogen is 78 %, oxygen accounts for about 21% of the air, rare gases account for 0.94%, carbon dioxide accounts for 0.03%, other gases and impurities account for 0.03%, so the most common is nitrogen. In the atmosphere, there are always several kinds of gases, that The heaviest, which one is the lightest?

The material composition of the atmosphere. The atmosphere on the earth has constant gas components such as nitrogen, oxygen, and argon, gas components with relatively fixed contents such as carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, and gas components that vary greatly such as water vapor, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and ozone. . Solid and liquid aerosol particles such as dust, smoke particles, salt particles, water droplets, ice crystals, pollen, spores, bacteria, etc. are often suspended in them. The specific components are: nitrogen (78.084) oxygen (20.946) argon (0.934) water vapor (0.25) carbon dioxide (0.032) neon (0.0018) helium (0.00052) methane (0.0002) krypton (0.0001) hydrogen (0.00005) xenon (0.000008) Ozone ( 0.000001) Others (0.001421)

The heaviest gas should be radon among the rare gases, with a relative atomic mass of 222

The lightest gas should be hydrogen among the rare gases. The relative atomic mass is 2. Which layer of the atmosphere has the highest ozone content

The level in the atmosphere where ozone is concentrated. Generally refers to the atmosphere with a height between 10 and 50 kilometers (roughly the same height as the stratosphere); < /p>

It also refers to the atmospheric layer with the highest ozone concentration between 20 and 30 kilometers. (Ozone layer) How many castes are there in total?

Take a look at the top 100 surnames in the country (based on population) Where do you rank? 1 Li 2 Wang 3 Zhang 4 Liu 5 Chen 6 Yang 7 Zhao 8 Huang 9 Zhou 10 Wu * Shang * Lu 11 Xu 12 Sun 13 Hu 14 Zhu 15 Gao 16 Lin 17 He 18 Guo 19 Horse 20 Luo Liang 22 Song 23 Zheng 24 Xie 25 Han 26 Tang 27 Feng 28 Yu 29 Dong 30 Xiao 31 Cheng 32 Cao 33 Yuan 34 Deng 35 Xu 36 Fu 37 Shen 38 Zeng 39 Peng 40 Lu 41 Su 42 Lu 43 Jiang 44 Cai 45 Jia 46 Ding 47 Wei 48 Xue 49 Ye 50 Yan 51 Yu 52 Pan 53 Du 54 Dai 55 Xia 56 Zhong 57 Wang 58 Tian 59 Ren 60 Jiang 61 Fan 62 Fang 63 Shi 64 Yao 65 Tan 66 Liao 67 Zou 68 Xiong 69 Jin 70 Lu 71 Hao 72 Kong 73 Bai 74 Cui 75 Kang 76 Mao 77 Qiu 78 Qin 79 Jiang 80 Shi 81 Gu 82 Hou 83 Shao 84 Meng 85 Long 860,087 Duan 88 Cao 89 Qian 90 Tang 91 Yin 92 Li 93 Yi 94 Chang 95 Wu 96 Qiao 97 He 98 Lai 99 Gong 100 Article Experts from the Chinese Academy of Sciences interpret the new version of "Hundred Family Surnames". The day before yesterday, the new "Hundred Family Surnames" were released based on research supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. The reporter interviewed Yuan Yida, a researcher at the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences who led this research project. He introduced the mystery of Chinese surnames to the reporter. The mysterious surname hides the genetic code. Yuan Yida explained that for a long time in China, surnames have followed the male. From a genetic point of view, only males have Y chromosomes. Therefore, the Y chromosome is inherited along with the surname to male offspring. Therefore, those with the same surname The population will have the same type of Y chromosome and the genes it carries. "During the investigation, we found that many genetic diseases are only spread among people with the same surname. Counting the number and distribution of names will be of great help to the study of human genetics." Yuan Yida told reporters. Xuanji 2: People with the same surname may not necessarily be from the same family. When Chinese people meet, they always ask for their names. If they find that they have the same surname, they will feel more intimate and think that the two were "one family five hundred years ago". "In fact, this is not the case." It is unbelievable. After investigation, we found that a common surname may have hundreds of sources. For example, the most common surname in China is 'Li'. Some of them come from the surname 'Ying', and some come from the surname 'Zhao'. In the Tang Dynasty, the surname 'Li' was Li Shimin was given to the founding fathers, and even in the Later Wei Dynasty, the compound surname of Xianbei was changed to 'Li'." Mysterious three Chinese surnames have the most connotation. Yuan Yida said that in fact, not only in China, but also in the world, surnames are also important. It is a symbol of cultural inheritance, but no country in the world has inherited its surnames as completely and meaningfully as China. Yuan Yida explained that for example, before the Meiji Restoration in Japan, there were only a few surnames. In order to reform, Emperor Meiji required all people across the country to have surnames. So in just a few years, more than 80,000 surnames appeared, and there was no source. Most of them are represented by positional names, such as Matsushita, Inoue, and Tanaka. Therefore, it is difficult for Japanese scholars to connect Japanese surnames with human inheritance.

The latest discovery is that there is a village with "difficult" surnames in Henan. During this investigation, many unusual and strange surnames were also discovered. These surnames have never been recorded. "When I saw it in the past, I thought these strange surnames were caused by clerical errors, but After our investigation, we found that these strange surnames have far-reaching roots." Yuan Yida gave the reporter an example. In Henan, the research team found four small villages with the surname "Nan", where all the men, women, old and children had the surname "Nan". The research team once believed that this surname was caused by a clerical error and had no statistical significance. However, when the Korean Cultural Agency heard the news, it was extremely surprised and immediately organized a "root-seeking delegation" to China. It turns out that for Koreans, the surname "Nan" is their origin. "They told me that a stone tablet from the Northern and Southern Dynasties was unearthed in Henan, recording the deeds of a Xianbei official. His name was 'Nan Lou'. The surname "Nan" moved north with Xianbei, and the Songhua River was also renamed "Nanjiang". Later, these Xianbei people with the surname "Nan" arrived in what is now the Korean Peninsula. Therefore, these villagers with the surname "Nan" in Henan were called "Nan". Koreans believe it has a lot to do with them. "Researcher Yuan Yida, who conducted the survey, said that compared with the survey 20 years ago, the sample scope of this survey was larger and involved Nearly 40% of counties in China use Chinese surnames. The survey results get rid of the "priority" of the powerful and are closer to the current distribution of Chinese surnames. In particular, the data and distribution areas of the top 300 common Chinese surnames may provide new clues and references for studying the diversity of Chinese Y chromosomes, the distribution of diseases, the origin of the Han nationality, and other subject areas, and are of extremely high research value. and actual use value. However, some experts said that without this investigation, the new surnames would definitely be released, and it would be very simple. Just a few years after the fifth national census, it is clear at a glance how many surnames there are in the country, what proportions Zhang, Wang, Li, Zhao, etc. account for, and in which areas they are distributed. Does a matter that can be "fixed" in a few minutes through census data require scientists to spend two years of time and money investigating it? More importantly, no matter how scientific this local survey is, the results are definitely not as comprehensive and accurate as the nationwide comprehensive census data. For example, this survey obtained 4,100 surnames. There are probably far more than 4,100 surnames in the national census data, right? The cost of this survey will not be a small amount. Wouldn't it be better if it was used on more meaningful research? Scientists are valuable assets, but what kind of waste is it if the work that scientists do in two years is far less comprehensive and accurate than the work that a computer can do in a few minutes? Public resources cannot be shared equally, and whoever is responsible for his political achievements will inevitably end up with duplication of work and waste of money and people. According to "Xiamen Evening News", the top three surnames in the surname list trace their origins: Li Li has a wide range of origins, with hundreds of them. The earliest surname comes from "Ying". In the Spring and Autumn Period, it was popular to use official positions as surnames. Lao Tzu, the founder of Taoism Because his ancestors were Li officials, he took Li as his surname and later passed it down as "Li". Sixteen of the founding generals of the early Tang Dynasty, Xu, Bing, An, Du, Hu, Hong, Guo, Ma, Xianyu, Zhang, Bu, Adiao, Shili, Dong, Luo and Zhu Xie, were given the surname Li. This person's number of people increased greatly and gradually developed into the most common surname in China. The second most common surname: Wang. Generally, the descendants of emperors are called princes and grandsons, and then they are used as surnames. In addition, the surname Wang is also derived from many other surnames, the most common of which comes from the surname "Gui", which is said to be after the ancient emperor Yu Shun. In addition, some people with the surname Wang were born after Bigan during the Shang Dynasty, and even the king of ancient Goryeo also had the surname Wang. The third most popular surname: Zhang. According to the "Yuanhe Surname Compilation", "Qingyang, the fifth son of the Yellow Emperor, was born to wield his bow. He watched the lone star and began to make bows and arrows. The main surname was Zhang Xing, so his surname was Zhang." Therefore, It is said that the surname Zhang originated from the Yellow Emperor and is a descendant of the Yellow Emperor. The surname Zhang gradually increased since the Han Dynasty, which was related to the rise and popularity of Taoism at that time. At that time, it was popular to say that the surname Zhang was given by the Yellow Emperor. For example, the Taoist leaders at that time Zhang Jiao and Zhang Lu et al. Research on three minor surnames The third to last surname: (pronounced "Ya") Yuan Yida said that this surname was accidentally discovered by the research team in Woyang County of Anhui Province and Zhangwu County of Liaoning Province, with a population of about 2,000. Interestingly, these people have no contact with each other, but they all know the origin of their surnames. They all claim that they are the direct descendants of Yue Fei. They were persecuted by Qin Hui and fled here. They turned the word "Yue" upside down to form This new surname. Penultimate surname: Death According to Yuan Yida, the surname "Death" is mainly distributed in northwest China. It was developed from the four-character compound surname of ethnic minorities during the Northern Wei Dynasty. The number of people is currently on the decline. The last last surname: Nan (pronounced with a falling tone) is distributed in Henan Province. It was developed from the surname of the Xianbei people during the Northern and Southern Dynasties. It was originally the name of a kind of bird. Because people at that time respected birds, the surname was changed to " "difficult", they later migrated north, most of them to the Korean Peninsula, and very few of them exist in China anymore. The latest data shows that there are 4,100 surnames in China. Yuan Yida told reporters that in fact, a survey on Chinese surnames had been conducted 20 years ago, but the sampling rate of the survey at that time was very low. Only 570,000 people were counted. More than 3,000 surnames. "The sampling rate at that time was too low, so the results were not credible." The research project chaired by Yuan Yida surveyed nearly 300 million people, basically covering the entire country. "It took the chief executive of our research team two years to find 4,100 surnames and count the number of people. We also received help from many county and city chiefs," Yuan Yida said. Related Links The Origin of Surnames Before the Qin and Han Dynasties, there was a clear distinction between surnames and surnames.

Surnames originate from matrilineal society, and the same surname indicates blood relationship from the same maternal line. Most of the earliest surnames in China come from the female side, such as Jiang, Yao, Si, Gui, Ying, etc., indicating that these are clan groups passed down by different grandmothers. The generation of surname comes after the surname, which is the result of marking the blood relationship according to the father's line. This is only possible when patriarchal patriarchy is established. Therefore, when we read "Yellow Emperor Xuanyuan's surname is Ji" and "Yandi Lieshan's surname is Jiang", we can understand that the ancestors of the Chinese nation originally belonged to two emperors, Yan and Huang, who were organized according to maternal blood relations. tribe or tribal confederacy. Source of "One Hundred Family Surnames" "One Hundred Family Surnames" is the longest and most widely circulated elementary education textbook in my country. Its writing and popularization preceded the Three Character Classic. "Hundred Family Surnames" adopts a four-character style, with each sentence rhyming, like a four-character poem, which is easy to read and remember. Therefore, it has been passed down to this day and has a profound influence. "Hundred Family Surnames" originally collected 411 surnames, which were later expanded to 504, including 444 single surnames and 60 compound surnames. "Hundred Family Surnames", in conjunction with "Three-Character Classic" and "Thousand-Character Classic", have become fixed teaching materials in ancient Chinese Mongolian studies. In addition to the signature, this edition is provided by "News Evening News". Comparing the national "Hundred Family Surnames" rankings, Suzhou's surnames have obvious characteristics, that is, Gu, Lu, Shen, Jin, Qian, Yu and other local surnames have a large number of people, ranking at the forefront. ; while the rankings of national common surnames such as Li, Liu, Yang, Huang, and Lin have relatively moved back; some of the top 100 surnames in the country, such as Yu, Wei, Wan, Tian, ??Jia, Xiong, etc., have been squeezed out in this data Out of the top one hundred. In addition to common surnames, many rare surnames also appeared in the data. Among them, those belonging to the human body or animal organs include head, bone, heart, kidney, intestine, hand, and claw; those belonging to animal names include duck, pigeon, and lamb; those belonging to meteorology or Objects include snow, wind, salt, melon, peach, piano, window, box, chopsticks, and gourd; Objects that can indicate gender include female, male, and sister-in-law; Objects that indicate directions or place names include wai and 葑; numerals indicate one and four. , five, ten; the verbs include laugh, rub, guess, and pick; the adjectives include Xiang, Bian... These rare surnames have only a few dozen people at most, and only one at least. What is unexpected is that "surname" itself has become a surname, and words such as sin, ringworm, dumb, tomb, dirty, naughty, and coquettish, which are considered "problematic" by ordinary people, are also used as surnames.