At present, there are four main ways to raise cattle: grazing, barn feeding, semi-grazing and semi-barn feeding, and grazing-tied feeding. The feeding method chosen by farmers depends on the breed of cattle and local conditions. Here are the correct feeding methods for raising cattle that I have carefully sorted out for you. Let's take a look.

Correct feeding method for raising cattle

Selection of cattle

The pregnancy rate of young cows as recipients is higher than that of multiparous cows. The specific criteria for young cows as recipients are: they should be over 15 months old, taller than 125 cm, free from infectious diseases, moderately fat, in good health and weighing over 3 kg.

As recipients, parturient cows should have more than two normal estrus cycles, which should be more than 7 days after delivery, without reproductive system diseases, infectious diseases (especially brucellosis), healthy body and over 7% obesity (if rated according to five levels of obesity, it should be at three to four levels); At the same time, it is required that calving performance and lactation performance are good, and there is no history of miscarriage and dystocia. Repeated infertility or embryo transfer twice without pregnancy can not be used as recipient cattle.

For the pre-selected recipient cows, rectal examination should be carried out. If it is found that the cows with opposite sex twins, cows with congenital absence of uterine horn or cervical atresia, vaginal hypoplasia, etc., can not be regarded as recipient cows.

For newly purchased recipient cows or cows that have been bred for less than two months, it is uncertain whether they are pregnant or not, so they should not be treated with drugs as recipient cows, and should be kept for two months before deciding whether to use them, so as to avoid abortion caused by drug use, causing unnecessary economic losses and affecting the next use.

Feeding management of cattle

1. Feeding management after the introduction of recipient cattle

(1) Do a good job of deworming cattle. Check the cattle for parasitic diseases, and at the same time deworm the cattle. You can choose ivermectin, ivesuke and other drugs that can expel parasites in and out of the body at the same time, take the drugs according to the dosage and usage in the instructions, and conduct the second deworming at intervals of 7 ~ 1 days.

(2) Do a good job in immunization and epidemic prevention. After isolated observation for 15-2 days, the cattle were inoculated with foot-and-mouth disease vaccine according to their weight or age, injected intramuscularly, and vaccinated again every 4-6 months. Attention when immunizing vaccine: Strictly follow the method and dosage specified in the instructions for vaccine use, and it is strictly forbidden to use expired and ineffective drugs or overdose drugs; In the process of immunization, one animal should have one needle to prevent cross infection.

(3) Create a good feeding environment. Due to the changes in long-distance transportation, climate and environment, cattle will only have different degrees of stress response, and the peak of stress response will be within 14 days after introduction. If it is not properly managed, cattle are prone to different diseases, which will prolong the adaptation period and empty time of cattle to the new environment, waste feed and increase feeding costs. Therefore, it is necessary to master the feeding and management rules of cattle, minimize the stress reaction, and make them adapt to the new environment as soon as possible. It is necessary to let the newly introduced cattle have a quiet and clean environment and ensure adequate drinking, but it is forbidden to drink excessively for the first time, and the amount of drinking water should be controlled within 15 kg, and it should be changed to free drinking after 3-4 hours. After 6 hours, we began to feed hay in the sports ground, and then fed green storage feed in the trough the next day.

(4) Pay special attention to the fatness of cattle. In the first 15 days after the introduction of cattle, the feed should be as similar as possible, and then a feeding plan should be formulated according to the nutritional needs of cattle, so that cattle can recover as soon as possible. At the same time, breeders should find out the habits of each cow as soon as possible, improve the affinity between humans and animals, and do a good job in feeding management. After an adaptation period of about 3 months, the recipient cattle can be transplanted with embryos.

2. Feeding management of recipient cows before transplantation

Recipient cows should be raised in separate groups, keep the environment relatively stable, avoid stress reaction, and set up a sports ground with enough space to ensure that the cows only have necessary exercise. Reasonably prepare the diet to ensure the normal nutritional requirements of the recipient cattle. The sports ground should be equipped with drinking water tanks to ensure enough fresh and clean drinking water. It is forbidden to feed moldy, deteriorated and frozen feed. The recipient cattle began to be fed again 6 ~ 8 weeks before transplantation, and kept gaining .3 ~ .4 kg daily. In addition, it is best to start feeding 1 kg carrot or injecting vitamin A, vitamin D and vitamin E every day 15 days before transplantation, and supplement trace elements such as selenium and zinc.

3. Preparation of recipient cows before transplantation

(1) Make centralized selection of recipient cows, provide them according to 15% of the number of embryo transfer, and conduct quarantine and epidemic prevention more than 6 days in advance.

(2) The recipient cattle should be over 15 months old, moderately fat, in good health and weighing over 3 kg. The recipient cows should be multiparous cows more than 7 days after delivery, with good reproductive system and no reproduction and other diseases.

(3) Carry out feeding, deworming, immunization, fattening, trial and other work as required to ensure the normal feeding of the recipient cattle and make the recipient cattle in a good nutritional state. The selected recipient cattle must have ear number, breed and color records. It is suggested that each recipient cow should be marked with two identical ear tags, so as to avoid the loss of ear tags, which will lead to the inability to find out the embryo pedigree file after the birth of the embryo transfer calf and bring unnecessary losses to the breeding work.

(4) strict management must be carried out before and after embryo transfer of recipient cattle to avoid the occurrence of illness, loss and death of recipient cattle.

(5) Do a good job in daily health care and estrus observation and monitoring of the recipient cattle, and make records as required.

(6) Before the 15th day of embryo transfer, improve the embryo transfer site as required, including lighting, heat preservation, disinfection, operation desk, Baoding rack, studio and other related facilities and conventional medicines to ensure the smooth progress of embryo production and transfer.

(7) Do all kinds of epidemic prevention work for the recipient cattle 6 days before embryo transfer, and no epidemic prevention measures (including vaccination, etc.) shall be taken for the recipient cattle from 6 days before embryo transfer.

Cattle feeding methods

1. Grazing feeding

Grazing feeding is a feeding method that uses forage resources, saves concentrate, saves manpower and has low cost. China's vast pastoral areas, semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas and agricultural areas with grassy hills, grassy slopes and beaches can adopt this form to raise cows.

Advantages

1. Cattle can eat hundreds of kinds of grass, which is beneficial to meet their needs for various nutrients.

2. Fresh air and sufficient sunlight are beneficial to the health care of cattle; Abundant sunbathing is beneficial to the formation of skin vitamin D, which can promote the digestion, absorption and utilization of calcium, thus contributing to the calcification of bones and the growth and development of cattle.

3. Adequate exercise is beneficial to strengthen the physique of cattle.

4. The natural forage with rich nutrition and low price is utilized, and the labor is saved, thus reducing the cost and improving the economic benefit.

Disadvantages: Grazing and feeding are greatly affected by seasons, and the contradiction between livestock and grass often occurs in the winter hay season when grass is not enough for cattle to eat. Therefore, this method needs to be combined with grassland improvement, grass storage for overwintering and supplementary feeding, and the feeding method of grazing and supplementary feeding can make cattle overwinter safely and receive better economic benefits.

second, house feeding

house feeding means feeding completely in the pen. This is a kind of feeding method that is often used in suburban towns, agricultural areas with limited land area and areas with closed hillsides for greening.

Advantages

1. Good breeding effect

Due to the superior conditions in the enclosure, the supply of forage is relatively balanced throughout the year, and the breeding management contains more science and technology, with a high degree of intensification or semi-intensification, the cultivated cows have good growth and development, high milk production performance, large proportion of special and first-class cows, good population level, high reproduction rate, slaughter rate and turnover rate.

2, easy to manage

It is convenient to adopt advanced technology of scientific breeding and management for raising cattle in the house, which is conducive to carrying out deep research, production, demonstration and popularization of cattle raising.

3. Avoid the disadvantages of "relying on the sky to raise cattle"

Avoid the vicious law of "relying on the sky to raise cattle". When grazing cattle, the climate in winter and spring is cold and changeable, and the nutrition is insufficient during the long dry grass period. In addition, grazing consumes physical strength, which easily makes the cattle "both full and thin"; The heat in summer will also lead to fat loss, resulting in an irreversible vicious production law of cattle "strong in summer, fat in autumn, thin in winter and lacking in spring" for thousands of years. Keeping cattle in the shed can make the cattle grow continuously in a short time, reduce the disease and death, speed up the turnover, and provide products at any time of the year.

4. It is beneficial to the construction of ecological agriculture

Sheltered feeding is beneficial to protecting vegetation, improving ecological environment and promoting the coordinated development of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry. The people of northern Shaanxi have deeply realized: "To expand green vegetation, prevent soil erosion, improve living environment, develop agricultural production, prosper rural economy and enrich farmers, it is necessary to build ecological agriculture;" To build ecological agriculture, it is necessary to close mountains and prohibit grazing; If you want to close the mountain to prohibit grazing, you must raise cattle. " "Returning farmland to grass and raising cattle in houses" is not only the need of ecological agriculture construction in loess quilt, but also the need of increasing the income of farmers who want tickets. This is not only the northern Shaanxi area, but also one of the correct ways to build ecological agriculture, rebuild beautiful mountains and rivers and realize sustainable development in similar areas in northwest China.

5. The labor productivity has been improved

Raising cattle in the shed provides opportunities for thousands of households to raise less and concentrate, accumulate fertilizer and increase production, use auxiliary labor to carry out sideline cattle raising and increase income. At the same time, in areas where conditions permit, the management quota of keeping cattle in houses will increase with the improvement of mechanization, automation and management modernization, and the production benefit of each worker will be doubled or even more than ten times and dozens of times better than that of grazing cattle.

Disadvantages: lack of exercise, weak physique, poor appetite, low intake, and diseases often caused by poor ventilation and humidity in the house.

Third, semi-grazing and semi-waiting feeding

Advantages

1. Best feeding method

This is the best feeding method for dairy cows, which is common in agricultural areas and semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas, especially suitable for the breeding of calves and young cattle and breeding rams. The simple sheep shed is built in the neighboring pastoral areas and places with convenient transportation. After grazing, it is supplemented with concentrate and hay at night.

2. Promote the healthy growth of cattle

In the semi-grazing and semi-feeding mode, the cattle have comprehensive nutrition, sufficient exercise, abundant sunlight, forage saving, strong physique and high and stable yield.

3. Wide scope of application

In some areas, according to the growth characteristics of forage grass in four seasons, it is also feasible to implement grazing feeding in the green grass period, house feeding in the hay period, and semi-grazing and semi-house feeding.

disadvantage: it is not suitable for large quantities of cattle.

fourth, the term "grazing" is used to raise cattle.

The term "grazing" is also called "tethering or herding", that is, tying cattle to a grassy place with a long rope to let them eat freely, which is more common in areas where there is no special grazing grassland in agricultural areas. These areas are sparsely populated, and the land is mostly used to produce food. There are a large number of cows raised in agricultural areas, mainly by farmers, and the cows are often controlled by ropes on both sides of rivers, roadsides, fields, villages or in front of houses. The herding method is especially suitable for raising dairy cows in agricultural areas.

Advantages: all kinds of weeds are eaten, no special labor force is occupied, and the feeding cost is low.

Disadvantages: If you don't pay attention to the details, it is easy to cause accidents. For example, there must be a swivel between the faucet and the rope to prevent the rope from being twisted.