Relevant English meanings in laptop computer drawings

I’m so dizzy, at least you can give me something. I don’t know how to answer you, so I can only extract some computer hardware abbreviations from the Internet and find them for you.

PC: Personal Computer, personal computer, personal computer, also known as microcomputer or microcomputer.

NC: Network Computer, network computer.

MPC: Multimedia Personal Computer, multimedia personal computer.

MMX: is the abbreviation of MultiMedia eXtensions (Multimedia Extensions), which is an important feature of the sixth generation CPU chip. MMX technology adds 57 instructions to the CPU specifically designed for video signal (Video Signal), audio signal (Audio Signal) and image processing (Graphical Manipulation). Therefore, MMX CPU greatly improves the computer's multimedia (such as Stereo, video, three-dimensional animation, etc.) processing functions.

Intel Pentium 166MHz MMXTM: Intel Pentium is a "Pentium" CPU produced by Intel Corporation. ?Means "Registered" (registered trademark). 166MHz refers to the CPU clock frequency, and MHz is the abbreviation of Mega Hertz. The TM in MMXTM is the abbreviation of "Trade Mark", which means "registered trademark".

OOP: Object Oriented Programming, object-oriented programming. The so-called "object" is a collection of one or a group of data and methods and processes for processing these data. Object-oriented programming has made software development difficult, making programming like As simple as building blocks, is it an unstoppable trend in today's computer programming?

28VGA: 28 refers to the yellow light dot spacing (dot pitch) on the color monitor. The smaller the dot pitch of the monitor, the smaller the image. The more delicate, the better. This is because each image point on the color screen is composed of a set of red, green, and blue light. Technically, the three beams of light cannot converge 100% on one point, so There will be an interval of yellow light dots. The smaller the interval, the clearer the image displayed on the screen. VGA is the abbreviation of Video Graphics Array.

FAT: Allocation Table, file allocation table, its function is to record information about how files in the hard disk are dispersedly stored in different sectors.

EPA: Abbreviation of Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA announced the "Energy Star" program in 1992 and received positive response from the international community. As long as you start your computer, you will see the "Energy Star" logo appear on the screen within a few seconds. The goal of Energy Star is to automatically enter a low-power state when various components of the computer system are inactive, and automatically return to a fully awake state when the component's activity is restored (i.e., when the keyboard, mouse, etc. are used). For products that meet Energy Star specifications, the EPA will issue the Energy Star mark "EPA POLLUTION PREVENTER", which means "anti-pollution, energy-saving products recognized by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency."

IC card: Intelligent Card, smart card.

ATX: A new structural specification for computer cases, motherboards, and power supplies.

IDE: Integrated circuit device or intelligent disk device.

DLL: Dynamic Link Library, dynamic link library.

KB: Kilo Byte, KB means kilobytes.

K=Kilo, word-forming component, meaning "thousand; kilometers; kilograms; kilometers". B=Byte, meaning "byte", is the smallest storage unit in a computer (one byte can store one English letter, and every two bytes can store one Chinese character).

MB: Mega Byte, MB means megabytes. M=Mega, word-forming component, meaning "mega; million".

GB: Giga Byte, GB means gigabytes. G=Giga, word-forming component, meaning giga; billion.

CAI: Computer-Asisted Instruction or Computer-Aided Instruction, computer-assisted instruction. It will be the most important and most important teaching method in the 21st century. Popular teaching method.

CAD: Computer-Aided Design, computer-aided design.

ISO: International Standard Organization, ISO launched in 1987 about quality management and. The ISO 9000 series of international standards for quality assurance was revised in 1994. Among them, the main standards that constitute the ISO 9000 series of standards are: 1. ISO 9000-1:1994 "Quality Management and Quality Assurance Standards-Part 1". Part: Guide to Selection and Use. 2. ISO 9001:1994 "Quality System - Quality Assurance Model for Design, Development, Production, Installation and Service" 3. ISO 9002:1994 "Quality System - Quality Assurance for Final Inspection and Testing". Mode".

3DS or 3D Studio: Three Dimension Studio is a set of multifunctional 3D animation software launched by the American Autodesk Company, which integrates solid modeling, static coloring and animation creation. The earth has popularized three-dimensional modeling technology. It can exchange graphic information with AutoCAD, use a scanner to input graphics, and output animation to a TV or video tape through a VGA and TV conversion interface.

VR: Virtual Reality. , also known as input 3D, evolved from the Air Force flight simulation device. Basically, it uses the principle of alternating left and right visual spaces to display images to produce a three-dimensional effect. In fact, it goes beyond the scope of image processing. It is a comprehensive integration of light, sound, and images. Computer-generated environment, people can interactively operate objects in the virtual environment as they do in real life, and the application prospects of virtual reality are extremely broad.

OCR: the abbreviation of Optical Character Recognition (optical character recognition). , refers to inputting text material through a scanner as a computer image file, identifying it as Chinese or English internal code through software, and then processing the text. Because handwriting is too random, OCR is currently limited to the recognition of printed text. The one with the highest OCR recognition accuracy is TH-OCR NT for Windows produced by Tsinghua Wentong Company.

SCSI: Small Computer System Interface, a small computer system interface, which is used to solve many external devices and computers. The problem occurs due to connection problems between .

OEM: Original Equipment Manufacturer, original equipment manufacturer.

Microsoft OEM: Microsoft OEM products. It refers to the software operating system pre-installed on the computer, including Windows98, Windows NT, WorkStation, Windows3.X, and MS-DOS.

MIS: Management Information System, management information system. It is widely used in all walks of life. The most famous domestic management information systems include "Wangte MIS", "Yaqi MIS" and "Quick MIS".

PNP: Plug and Play, plug and play, it is an important technical feature of Window98. The so-called plug-and-play refers to a technology where the operating system automatically sets the system structure when a PC plug-in card and other peripheral devices that comply with the PNP standard are installed into the computer. This means that when users install new hardware, they no longer have to set any jumper switches or configure interrupt requests (IRQs), memory addresses, or direct memory access (DMA) channels in software. Windows 98 will notify the application. New changes in hardware devices and automatically reconcile conflicts between IRQs, memory addresses, and DMA channels.

OLE: Object Linking and Embedding, object connection and embedding, referred to as OLE technology. OLE is not only desktop application integration, but also defines and implements a mechanism that allows applications to "connect" to each other as software "objects" (data collections and functions that manipulate data). This connection mechanism and protocol are called components Component Object Model, referred to as COM. OLE can be used to create compound documents. Compound documents contain different types of data created in different source applications, so it can combine text, sounds, images, tables, etc. together.

MIDI: Musical Instrument Digital Interface, musical instrument digital interface. It is one of the basic terms of multimedia. MIDI files are played and recorded with electronic instruments such as electronic keyboards, guitars, saxophones, etc. It can be played on most multimedia computer sound cards, even without creating your own MIDI files. , you can also use existing MIDI files as background music for multimedia presentations. MIDI files only store descriptions of sounds, relying on the sound card's synthesizer (FM or waveform table) to produce the real sounds people want to hear.

MPEG: is the abbreviation of Motion Picture Experts Group, which means "Moving Picture Experts Group". It is a compression coding standard for moving images and their accompanying sounds in multimedia computers, which is commonly referred to as MPEG standard. It includes three parts: MPEG audio, MPEG video, and MPEG system.

ATX/Micro ATX

To be precise, ATX and Micro ATX are two industrial standards, usually referring to the shape of the motherboard. We know that a motherboard is a rectangular circuit board that integrates various electronic components and slots. In order to standardize the size, shape and layout of each component of the motherboard, products such as AT, Baby AT, ATX, Micro ATX, etc. Plate type standard.

ATX is currently the most common motherboard structure. It was proposed by Intel in July 1995. Micro ATX is also called Mini ATX. It is a simplified version of the ATX structure. Compared with ATX, it lacks some expansion slots, so the board shape is smaller, which can reduce production costs. To put it simply, from the appearance point of view, ATX motherboard is a "big board" and Micro ATX is a "small board".

BIOS

BIOS is the abbreviation of "Basic Input-Output System", that is, "Basic Input-Output System". In fact, BIOS is a set of programs solidified on a ROM chip on the motherboard. It stores the most important basic input and output programs of the computer, system setting information, power-on self-test program and system startup bootloader. To put it bluntly, BIOS is the "bridge" connecting software programs and hardware devices, and is responsible for solving the immediate requirements of the hardware. Key issues such as the stability and compatibility of a motherboard's performance largely depend on whether the BIOS management functions on the board are advanced.

CMOS

CMOS is the abbreviation of "Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor". Its original meaning is "Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Memory". It is a raw material used in integrated circuit chip manufacturing. But when we talk about motherboards, the "CMOS" refers to a battery-powered read-write RAM chip on the motherboard.

The relationship between BIOS and CMOS RAM is often confused. In fact, the correct explanation is: when you enter the BIOS to set the hard disk parameters or other BIOS and save them, these settings will be stored in the CMOS RAM chip. In the memory area, every time the system boots, the system will read the parameters stored in the CMOS RAM chip to decide how to configure the system. There is a connection between BIOS and CMOS RAM, but they are two completely different parts of the system.

DMA

DMA is the abbreviation of "Direct Memory Access", which means "direct memory access" in Chinese. DMA is a high-speed data transfer method that allows direct reading and writing of data between external devices and memory. The entire process does not require the participation of the CPU, but is performed under the control of a device called a "DMA controller". In addition to doing some processing at the beginning and end of data transmission, the CPU can perform other work during the transmission process, which greatly improves the computer's work efficiency.

Hardware terminology explanation series - graphics card

1.2D/3D graphics acceleration

In the past, due to limitations in the technical performance of display chips, computers could not display 2D/3D All data required for graphics processing is borne by the CPU. With the development of graphics chip technology, graphics cards have begun to undertake all 2D graphics display processing, which greatly reduces the burden on the CPU and naturally increases the graphics display speed. Therefore, there is the term 2D graphics accelerator card. However, since the amount of data and various calculations required to display 3D graphics far exceeds that of 2D graphics display, the graphics card could not handle the processing of 3D graphics display data before the emergence of 3D graphics processing chips.

2.RAMDAC

Currently, the monitors configured in most computers are still traditional analog CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors, which can only be controlled by signal voltage amplitude. The brightness of the picture tube, so the RAMDAC (Video Storage Digital to Analog Converter) in the graphics card must process the display graphics chip and convert the digital display signal stored in the video memory frame by frame into three color brightness and row and frame The synchronization signal is combined with the video signal, which is then output through the 15-pin D-shaped socket for use by the monitor.

There is no independently installed RAMDAC chip on current mainstream graphics cards. This is because manufacturers have integrated RAMDAC into graphics chips when producing them.

3. Video memory

Video memory has similar functions to system memory. System memory is used to temporarily store data processed by the CPU, while video memory is used to temporarily store data processed by the display chip. . The display chip not only requires video memory when processing data, but also has to send the data to the video memory again after processing for use by other parts such as RAMDAC. Therefore, the bandwidth and speed of the video memory will directly affect the running speed of the display chip.

4. Resolution

Resolution is also called resolution, which refers to the number of points drawn by the display card on the monitor screen, using the method of "horizontal dots × vertical dots" express. For example, 800×600 means there are 800 points in the horizontal direction and 600 points in the vertical direction.

5. Color depth

Color depth refers to the width of the data used to describe the color of each pixel at a certain resolution. The unit is "bit" (bit) ). It determines the type of color each pixel can have. For example, with 8-bit color depth, there are 2 to the 8th power of 256 colors that can be used by pixels. However, we usually directly call the result of the power as the color number, instead of the color depth as an indicator for selecting a display card, such as 256 colors, enhanced color (16-bit color depth, 65536 color number, also called 64K color), really Color (24-bit color depth, 16777216 color number, also called 16 trillion colors) and 32-bit color, etc. The higher the number of colors, the closer the described color is to the real color.

6. Refresh frequency

The refresh rate refers to the update speed of the image on the display, that is, the number of frames the image appears on the screen per second. The higher the refresh rate, the higher the refresh rate. The smaller the flicker of the image, the more stable the image, and the better the visual effect.

Hardware terminology explanation series - memory

tCK (clock cycle)

tCK is the abbreviation of "Clock Cycle Time", which is the memory clock cycle. It represents the maximum operating frequency that the memory can run. The smaller the number, the higher the frequency the memory can run. Many manufacturers now like to express this value in terms of working time, so the clock cycle has a reciprocal relationship with the working frequency of the memory, that is, tCK=1/F. For example, if a memory chip is marked with "-10", "-10" means that its operating clock cycle is 10ns, that is, it can work normally at a frequency of 100MHz.

tAC (Access Time from CLK)

tAC (Access Time from CLK), access time. Unlike clock cycles, tAC only represents the time required to access data. Note that tAC and tCK are two completely different concepts. For example, a memory chip marked with "-7J" does not mean that its clock cycle is 7ns, but that its access time is 7ns and cannot work in At a frequency of 133MHz. When purchasing memory, be sure to distinguish the difference between these two parameters to avoid being fooled by JS.

CL (CAS Latency)

CL (CAS Latency) is an important indicator of memory performance. It is the response time of the memory's longitudinal address pulse. We can think of a memory stick as a warehouse divided into grids, and data is stored in these grids. When the computer needs data in the "warehouse", there is usually a "buffer period" before it is actually read, and the length of the "buffer period" is the "CL" mentioned above. It can be seen that when the CL of the memory is 2, its performance will be better than CL=3. Therefore, reducing the CAS cycle helps speed up the memory's working speed at the same frequency.

Memory bandwidth

Memory bandwidth is also called "data transfer rate", which refers to the maximum number of bits (or Bytes) that can access memory per second. With the development of technology, the data processing capabilities of CPUs, graphics cards and other devices are getting stronger and stronger. As the "bridge" of these devices, the bandwidth of memory has not made a big breakthrough. This small bridge can no longer meet the demands of these devices. Data transmission requirements, memory has therefore become a bottleneck hindering system performance improvement. We know that the memory can only transmit data for one data request in one working time. During the data transmission process, if the bus width and clock frequency are fixed, the total time occupied by the bus depends on the amount of data transmission and the memory bus. bandwidth. Therefore, the memory bandwidth will directly affect the PC storage system. To put it simply, if the memory is regarded as a large warehouse, the door of this warehouse can be regarded as the total bit width of the memory (the total bit width is fixed and cannot be changed, for example, the total bit width of SDRAM is 64bit), each memory chip on the memory stick is a small door in the warehouse. If we plan to move things from the warehouse, we will find the following rules: the amount of goods that can be moved out or moved in at a time is proportional to the size of the warehouse's door (total memory width). The larger the door, the more small doors. , naturally the greater the cargo throughput per unit time.

Memory BANK

Simply put, BANK is the channel used to exchange data between the memory and the Northbridge chip on the motherboard. Taking the SDRAM system as an example, the interface bit width between the CPU and the memory (that is, the CPU to the DIMM slot) is 64bit, which means that the CPU will send or read 64bit data to the memory at a time, so this 64bit data A collection is a memory bank, which is called a physical BANK (Physical BANK) in many manufacturers' product descriptions. The number of BANKs in a memory stick has nothing to do with whether the memory stick is single-sided or double-sided. PCB circuits can be designed as double-sided or single-sided, or all chips (16) can be placed on one side (at least theoretically it is entirely possible). Some memory modules are a physical BANK on one side, but some are a physical BANK on both sides, so it cannot be generalized. To accurately know the actual number of physical BANKs in a memory stick, you only need to figure out the number and bit width of a single chip's logical BANKs and the number of chips on the memory stick. The sum of the bit widths of each chip is 64MB, which is a single physical BANK, and if it is 128MB, it is a dual physical BANK.

Current chipsets support up to two physical BANKs. Therefore, memory modules produced by memory manufacturers cannot exceed two physical BANs.

Hardware terminology explanation series - optical drive

CLV (Constant Linear Velocity)

CLV means "constant linear velocity", which refers to the speed when the optical drive reads data. Run at constant linear speed. By changing the speed of the spindle motor, CLV can make the optical head read from the inner ring to the outer ring of the disk. The length of the track arc read per unit time is the same, which will inevitably cause the reading speed of the inner and outer rings to be different. When the speed of the optical drive is relatively high, frequent changes of the spindle motor will reduce the life of the optical drive, so CLV technology is only suitable for low-speed optical drives.

CAV (Constant Angular Velocity)

CAV means "constant angular velocity". Optical drives using this technology operate at a constant angular velocity when reading data. The spindle motor of an optical drive using CAV technology does not need to frequently adjust the speed, thus extending the life of the motor. The random reading performance of the optical drive is also improved a lot. However, because the laser head scans a greater distance on the outer ring than the inner ring in the same time, it is only The speed of the drive can reach its nominal maximum value only when working on the outer ring.

PCAV (Partial Constant Angular Velocity)

PCAV is "regional constant angular velocity", which absorbs the advantages of CLV and CAV. That is, when reading the inner ring data, it is read in CAV mode, and when reading the outer ring data, it is read in CLV mode. This not only saves costs, but also improves performance. Most high-speed optical drives currently on the market adopt this method.

Firmware

Firmware is translated into Chinese as "firmware". Its function is equivalent to the BIOS on the motherboard and graphics card. Currently, most CD-ROMs, CD-RWs, and DVD-ROMs There are all such solids. By refreshing the firmware of the hardware, the performance and compatibility of the hardware device can often be improved, and even the purpose of upgrading can be achieved.

Double speed

Often talked about × speed optical drive, this double speed refers to the data transfer rate of CD-ROM/CD-RW. The transfer rate of single speed optical drive is 150KB/s. , so the transmission speed of a common 52× optical drive is 52×150KB/s. Note that the meaning of the DVD-ROM speed multiple is different from that of the optical drive. This is because the nominal speed of the DVD optical drive refers to the speed of reading DVD discs, and the capacity and density of DVD discs are much greater than that of CD discs.

Artificial Intelligence Error Correction)

The so-called artificial intelligence error tolerance technology uses a fuzzy control technology to detect thousands of disks with various problems. Conduct a disk reading test and use special software to record the reading status of each optical disc, such as eccentricity, scratches, weak laser reflection, etc., which may cause the optical drive to fail to read data normally, and summarize the conditions for each disc. The correction plan for this situation is written into Firmware. This is equivalent to storing thousands of "prescriptions" for difficult disc problems in the "brain" of the optical drive. In the future reading of the disc, if the above-mentioned bad disc reading phenomena are encountered, the optical drive will automatically use the pre-designed "prescriptions". Correcting the problem with the correct solution can help you to prescribe the right medicine, thereby greatly improving the optical drive's ability to accurately read disks.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

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Digital Divide

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Software Development

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