Anyang, the capital of the late Yin and Shang Dynasties. Zhengzhou, the capital of the middle period of Yin and Shang Dynasties.
During the Xia Dynasty, the Xia Dynasty was established in the Central Plains.
In Shang Dynasty, its capitals were Bo, Xibo, Tao, Xiang, Xing, Yin and Chao Ge successively.
In the Western Zhou Dynasty, Zhou Chengwang made its capital in Luoyi.
Luoyi (now Luoyang) was the capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Song, Chen, Wei, Guan, Zheng, Xu, Ying, Cai, Wei and South Korea were all in Henan.
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu made Luoyang his capital.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, he moved the capital to Xuchang.
Cao Wei and Cao Cao made Luoyang their capital and moved to Xuchang at the end.
In the Western Jin Dynasty, Sima Yan made Luoyang his capital.
After the reunification of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Emperor Xiaowen moved to Luoyang.
After Zhao, Anyang was the capital of the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi Dynasties.
The Sui Dynasty took Luoyang as its capital and established Henan, Xingyang, Chenliu and Liang Jun counties in Henan.
In the Tang Dynasty, Luoyang was the eastern capital, during which it was moved to Luoyang several times, and Duji Road and Henan Road were established in Henan.
Wu Zhou and Wu Zetian made Luoyang their capital and changed Luoyang into the capital of God.
Hou Liang, the later Tang Dynasty, the later Jin Dynasty, the later Han Dynasty and the later Zhou Dynasty in the Five Dynasties were all in Kaifeng and Luoyang.
Kaifeng was the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, with Kaifeng Prefecture (now Kaifeng) as Tokyo, Henan Prefecture (now Luoyang) as Xijing and Yingtianfu (now Shangqiu) as Nanjing.
In the Southern Song Dynasty, Yingtianfu (now Shangqiu), the capital of Zhao Gou, succeeded to the throne of the Song Dynasty. In order to continue the imperial system and legal system of the Song Dynasty, the title of Dingguo is still the Song Dynasty, which was called the Southern Song Dynasty in history.
In the second year of Jin Dynasty (12 14), the capital was moved to Kaifeng, and the capital was moved to Shangqiu at the end. After the Song and Jin Dynasties ruled the Huaihe River, the area south of the Huaihe River in Henan Province belonged to the Southern Song Dynasty.
The Yuan Dynasty set up Jiangbei Province in Henan, with Kaifeng as its capital.
In Ming Dynasty, there were 8 states in Henan Province, 1 zhili state.
The Qing dynasty basically followed the division of the Ming dynasty.
Extended data:
Characteristics of geography and natural environment in Luoyang, the ancient capital;
1, landform
Luoyang is high in the west and low in the east, with criss-crossing mountains and hills, with complex terrain, including 45.5 1% in mountainous areas, 40.73% in hilly areas and 65.438+03.8% in plain areas, surrounded by Yushan, Mangshan, Qingyaoshan, Jingzishan, Zhoushan, Sakura Mountain, Longmen Mountain, Xiangshan, Wanan Mountain and Sakura Mountain.
Luoyang city is located in the fold system of western Henan and eastern Qinling, with high terrain in the west and low terrain in the east. There are four mountains: Funiu Mountain, Waifang Mountain, Xiong 'er Mountain and Lushan Mountain. Funiu Mountain runs through the south from the southwest, the outer mountain is the southeast barrier, Xiong 'er Mountain extends obliquely from the southwest to the northeast, and the hill is located in the west.
Funiu Mountain elevation1500-2000m; Waifangshan is a branch of Funiu Mountain, with an altitude of 600-1000 m; The elevation of Xiong 'er Mountain is1500-2000m, which is the watershed between Yihe River and Luohe River. Altitude 1200- 1800 meters, the highest point in China is Laojun Mountain, the main peak of Funiu Mountain, with an altitude of 22 12.5 meters. ?
2. Climate
Luoyang has a warm temperate continental monsoon climate, with an annual average temperature of 12.2-24.6℃, a frost-free period of more than 2 10 days, an annual precipitation of 528-800 mm, an annual sunshine of 2200-2300 hours and an annual average humidity of 60-70%. The main natural disasters are drought, waterlogging, hail, rainstorm, dry hot wind and so on.
3. Hydrology
The main rivers in Luoyang are Yellow River, Luohe River, Yihe River, Jianhe River and Ruhe River. The Yellow River is a border river in the north, with a transit length of 97 kilometers. The Luohe River crossing is 200 kilometers long; Yi River originates from Funiu Mountain area in the south of Luanchuan County, and flows into Luohe River in Yanshi, with a transit length of175.3km.. The rivers in the territory mainly belong to the Yellow River Basin, and the Laoguan River and Baihe River originating from Funiu Mountain belong to the Yangtze River system.
4. Land
There are 2 categories and 5 subcategories of soil in Luoyang. Brown soil is distributed in mountainous areas above 800- 1000 meters above sea level, mainly growing deciduous forests; Cinnamon soil has the largest distribution area and is found in all counties; Tidal soil is distributed on the floodplain. Jiang Sha black soil is located in the northeast of Ruyang County, with a small area; Sandstorm is located in the air outlet on the bank of the Yellow River, with a very small area. ?
5. Water resources
There are different types of reservoirs such as super-large, large, medium and small rivers in Luoyang city. The average total water resources in Luoyang (1980-1999) for many years is 28 100 million cubic meters, including 2,627 million cubic meters of surface water resources and 0/6.79 million cubic meters of groundwater resources, which is 654,380+04.96 million cubic meters.
The average water production scale of Luoyang City is 185300 m3/km2, in which Mengjin County has the smallest water production module, which is only 106 10000 m3/km2, and Luanchuan County has the largest water production module, which is 260700 m3/km2. ?
6. Plant resources
There are 4,373,800 mu of forest land in Luoyang, and 83/kloc-0 species of woody plants belonging to 252 genera of 85 families, accounting for 69.3% of Henan Province. Among them, 64 species of plants are protected by the state and Henan Province, accounting for 70% of Henan Province.
The forest resources in Luoyang are mainly chemical raw materials plants, medicinal plants, oil plants, starch plants and wild fruit plants, and there are many ancient trees in Luoyang. According to statistics, there are 49 species of trees with more than 2,000 trees over a hundred years, including 0/2 ancient trees and more than 20,000 scattered trees.
7. Animal resources
The area under the jurisdiction of Luoyang City spans the main vein of Funiu Mountain, which is the dividing line between Palaearctic and Oriental in the world animal geographical division. The distribution of animal resources is the most in the north of the dividing line, and the dominant species of birds and animals are fox, wolf, leopard, raccoon dog, badger, Huangrong, pheasant, ringed neck, passeriformes, eagles and ornithoptera, among which birds are mainly concentrated in the tidal flat wetlands along the Yellow River in Xin 'an, Jin Meng and Jili counties (districts).
There are many bird resources south of the dividing line. Leopard, sika deer, civet cat, Hei He, starling and bamboo leaf green are few in distribution, and there are more economic birds and animals such as Qingyang, Sumen antelope, golden eagle, golden pheasant, great god, fox, badger, mink, raccoon dog, leopard cat and musk deer than those in the north of the dividing line.
There are 365 species (9 subspecies) of wild terrestrial vertebrates in Luoyang, accounting for 65,438 05.89% of the wild terrestrial vertebrates in China and 77.2% in Henan Province. Among them, there are 12 species of national first-class wild protected animals and 58 species of second-class wild protected animals, accounting for 78.65% of national wild protected animals; There are more than 30 species of key wild protected animals in Henan Province, accounting for 83.33% of the key wild protected animals in Henan Province.
8. Mineral resources
Luoyang is rich in underground resources, including coal, iron, lead, gold, silver, aluminum, molybdenum, copper, tungsten, zinc, manganese, diamond, nickel, potassium, uranium, titanium, Shi Ying, asbestos, gypsum, limestone, Shi Ying, crystal calcite, diamond, plum blossom jade, sulfur, phosphate rock and mica.
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