Tong Sheng: In the imperial examination system of Ming and Qing Dynasties, all scholars in the practice industry, regardless of their age, were called Tong Sheng or Confucian children before they obtained the qualification of students (scholars).
Confucian scholars refer to scholars who follow Confucianism. Later, it generally refers to scholars. The meaning of the latter is the same as that of Tong Sheng.
In ancient times, they passed examinations and entered schools at the central, state and county levels, including students studying in imperial academy. There are proliferating, epiphytic, exuberant and typical students, collectively referred to as Zhu Sheng. "The History of the Later Han Dynasty, Biography of Huan Rong", "Students of Rong Congress, Chariots and Horses Seal". Preface to seeing Ma Sheng off to Dongyang "Learning imperial academy today" refers to various supervised students studying in imperial academy.
2. What exactly do ancient scholars and scholars mean? In order to qualify for the official imperial examination, the Qing people had to take the children's examination first. Those who take the children's exam are called Confucian scholars or boys, and those who are admitted to the school are called students.
Students are equivalent to primary school graduates.
Scholars (students) take the provincial examination, but before taking the provincial examination, scholars must pass the scientific examination held by the provincial government, and only those with excellent grades can be selected to take the provincial examination.
A scholar is equivalent to graduating from junior high school.
Juren is a college student, and Jinshi is a civil servant. He can be an official!
Yuanwailang, referred to as Yuanwai for short, originally refers to a Langguan outside the official position. For the alternate officials who have passed the science and technology examination but have no official position arrangement, the speed of entering the imperial examination is faster than that of eliminating officials, and the official establishment is certain, so it is necessary to set up the alternate official system.
In the eyes of modern people, foreign domestic helpers are synonymous with big landlords and rich people.
3. What are the nicknames for Confucian scholars? Have a scholar, recommend people and so on.
Confucian scholars refer to scholars who follow Confucianism. Later, it generally refers to scholars. See Huang Qingzong Xi's Biography of Liu Jingting: "There are Confucian scholars on the cloud."
Literati, a word of China, generally refers to literati, literati in ancient feudal society, and also refers to intellectuals who pay attention to book knowledge, neglect practice and are divorced from reality. Now it is also widely used, such as registered trademarks, TV characters, songs and so on. From Tang Lin's "Ming Bao Ji" volume: "The big room gallery is a scripture writing room, solemn and clear, with rich offerings, and ten scholars remain unchanged.
Scholar, also known as Cai Mao, is a subject of selecting officials in ancient China, and it is also a special name for students in school. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty reformed the system of selecting officials, allowing local officials to inspect and recommend talents, which is called "Chaju". In the fourth year of Yuanfeng (former 107), Ming Gongqing and the states recommended a scholar every year, which means excellent talents. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, due to the taboo of Emperor Wu, it was renamed maocai. Cao Wei of the Three Kingdoms was renamed a scholar after Chaju. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, it was particularly important to recommend Jinshi. The imperial examination system began in the Sui Dynasty and set up the Jinshi Department. This subject was set up in the early Tang Dynasty, and the first one was called Scholar. After the abolition of Scholar's Department, Scholar became the general name of ordinary scholar. Song is a general term for scholars and candidates. In the Ming Dynasty, the method of recommendation was once adopted, and some scholars did. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, scholars were also called political, state and county students.
Juren is a scholar, ranking above "students". Elegant is called "filial piety", commonly known as "master". For those who take the exam in the capital, it is called "bus". Juren is sometimes called a local scholar.
4. What are the names of the three ancient words, student, supervisor, classics, and the student positions stipulated by the Tang and state schools, so they are called students.
Ming and Qing dynasties refer to the scholars who passed the examinations at all levels in local governments, prefectures and counties, all of whom are prestigious students, also known as scholar students. Students are often supervised and evaluated by local tutors (professors, scholars, lecturers, etc.). ) and academic politics (obviously learning Tao).
Students' names are divided into catering students, additional students and incidental students. First-time students are attached to the school, and the number of places is increased, which is supplemented according to the results of the annual examination and science examination.
Lin was born by Lin Mi, hence its name. Enhancing health is also called hyperplasia, so it is named because it increases the amount other than health.
For example, Wang Anshi's "Shang Zhong Yong" was "spread to a scholar in a township". In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu, Emperor Wu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, avoided the light and called the scholar Cai Mao. In The True Story of Ah Q, Master Zhao is called "Cai Mao Gong", which is an irony.
A student with a Guo Jian diploma studying in Imperial College London. In the Song Dynasty, in addition to imperial academy and his students, the Division also had inspectors.
Its name began in the second year of Yuanhe in Tang Xianzong (807), when Du Dong had 100 tutors (in the Tang Dynasty, people who studied under supervision were called Guo Zisheng). At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, all provinces selected excellent students to be sent to prison, and those who failed the exam could also be sent to prison.
In the Qing Dynasty, there were tribute students (that is, "tribute supervisors", including year-old tribute, tribute-paying tribute, tribute-paying tribute, tribute-paying tribute, and tribute-paying tribute), supervisor students (kindness supervisor, excellent supervisor, film supervisor, and example supervisor), official students (seven products were intelligent and studious people of Shangguan children), and Yan Zengfu, who was promoted by academic officials. Ganlong used to have a strict exam, but later it gradually became empty, and students didn't often study in prison.
Tongzhi and Guangxu were slightly improved and abandoned in the early years. At the end of the Qing dynasty, there was a wave of donating Guo Jian Zi, and most of these Guo Jian Zi were seeking officials, so the name of Guo Jian Zi was despised, which was different from the previous situation.
This official is in charge of official documents and banknotes in Yuan imperial academy, National History Institute, imperial academy and imperial academy in Ming Dynasty. The cabinet of the Qing Dynasty put the classics in the palm of its hand for writing, while imperial academy put the classics in the palm of its hand for writing tablets.
5. Ancient Confucian scholars (scholars) (dynasties) The imperial examination system of each dynasty was different. The imperial examination system in Ming and Qing dynasties is basically the same, and what we often know now is the imperial examination in Ming and Qing dynasties, so here we also take the imperial examination in Ming and Qing dynasties as an example to illustrate:
The basic system and examination procedures of imperial examinations in Ming and Qing dynasties are basically the same, among which Jinshi examination is the most important. The formal examination of Jinshi is divided into three levels: academy examination, township examination and palace examination. However, before the college entrance examination, you have to pass the county exam and the government exam, which can be regarded as a preparatory exam before the imperial examination.
County examination and government examination are presided over by county magistrate and magistrate respectively, and those who pass the government examination are called "Tong Sheng". In the Qing dynasty, the county exams were mostly in February, and the government exams were mostly in April.
The college entrance examination is the primary stage of the national imperial examination, which is held in the municipal government office of Fucheng or the provincial territory. The officer who presides over the examination is a political student, and can also be called a learning platform and a learning master. College exams include annual exams and subject exams. The basic tasks of the New Year exam are: First, select scholars from the junior high school entrance exam; The second is to screen and test the original scholars and give rewards and punishments according to the merits of their achievements. When a boy passes the annual examination, he is considered to be "enrolled", that is, he becomes a national student, and is called a student, commonly known as a scholar and a "xianggong". Students who do well in the annual exam can take the exam. After passing the exam, you are allowed to take a higher provincial exam, which is called "taking the exam". During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, a make-up exam was usually held in the provincial capital in July of the following year after the rural examination. Anyone who fails to take the examinations of various governments for some reason can take the opportunity to make up the examinations, which is called recording the legacy.
After having obtained the provincial examinations, it is held every three years in the capital and provincial capitals, usually in the first, second, fifth, afternoon and unitary years. The examination period is mostly in autumn and August, so it is also called "Qiu Wei". After taking the provincial examination, the examiners are generally the Hanlin of Ren Ming in Beijing and the officials of ministries and commissions who came from Jinshi. After having obtained the provincial examination, there is a formal examination room called Gong Yuan. There are rows of rooms in Hiram Hospital where candidates can live to answer questions. After obtaining the provincial examination, the list was released in September, which coincided with the opening of osmanthus, so it was also called "Guibang". After having obtained the provincial examination, Xie Yuan won the first place. After obtaining the provincial examination, it is called B list, also called B subject. If you are admitted, you can not only take the national examination, but also qualify as an official if you are not admitted. In the Qing Dynasty, in addition to the provincial examination held in accordance with the normal system, whenever the emperor celebrated his birthday and ascended the throne, there was an additional provincial examination called Cohen.
The final exam and the palace exam are the highest-level exams, in which the final exam is decisive, and the palace exam is just a ranking, so there is no problem of being left behind. The examination was hosted by the Ministry of Rites and held in Beijing Gongyuan. Generally speaking, the exam will be held in the second year after the provincial exam, that is, the year of ugliness, ugliness, stupidity and wealth. The examination period is mostly in February and March in spring. So they are also called "Li Wei" and "Chunwei". The person who will be admitted is Gong, and the first place is Hui Yuanyuan. When the list is published, it often coincides with the opening of apricot blossoms, so it is also called "Apricot List". In Ming Dynasty, most examiners were Hanlin officials, and in late Ming Dynasty, most of them were cabinet college students. In Qing Dynasty, the examiner was called the president and was appointed by the cabinet university or six ministers. Gong, who has just been admitted to the Qing Dynasty, has to have a second interview before entering the palace. Re-examination results are divided into one, two and three grades according to the results, which is of great significance for granting official positions in the future. The court examination was held in April, nominally presided over by the emperor himself. In addition, a minister of marking papers and a minister of reading articles should be appointed to assist the emperor in marking papers. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there was only one exam. There are three places on the list: one for Jinshi and one for the top three, namely, the champion, the champion and the flower exploration, which are collectively called Ding Jia; Dimethyl was born to many scholars, and the first one was handed down; The top three were given to several people from the same Jinshi background. First class, second class and third class are all called Jinshi. If you win the Jinshi, your fame will be over.
The court exam is called "list" in the exam. Anyone who is promoted by the second list and then by the scholar in the first list is called "double list origin". A person who has the ability to solve problems, meet challenges and win the first prize is called "Lianzhong Sanyuan". In the Ming and Qing dynasties, several people even had three yuan.
According to the regulations of the Qing dynasty, there will be an exam in the court exam in the future, which is called the Korean exam. The first place in the Korean exam is Yuan Chao. Finally, according to Gong's re-examination, palace examination and Korean examination, the admission level is obtained, and then the official position awarded is determined according to the admission situation. The champion, the third runner-up and Tan Huake of the Palace Examination awarded imperial academy the editor immediately after the examination, and no longer took the Korean examination. Yuan Chao, who was the first in the imperial examination and the first in the imperial examination, also went to imperial academy as usual.
6. The classical Chinese "enrollment" refers to the classical Chinese "Cheng Zhuo Zhai Chuan"? Modern Chinese means: filling the vacancy of local school students.
Students: Students who passed the examination in the imperial examination era and went to various provinces, prefectures and counties to study are collectively called "students".
Original context: Zhuo Zhai studied in Hangzhou, Yixing, studied the Five Classics and Four Books, and read a lot. He is a poet and an ancient prose, but he does things with a bow. Make up for the student staff, try to go to the countryside nine times, and don't lift it.
Translated into modern Chinese: Cheng Zhuozhai studied under Mr. Hang Sheng in Yixing. He was proficient in the Five Classics and Four Books, extensively dabbled in hundreds of schools, wrote eight-part poems, and pursued his own work. I filled the vacancy of local school students and took nine rural exams, but all failed.