Venue: Guichi, Chizhou, southern Anhui Program: Nuo Opera and Nuo Dance.
Liu Jie, Taopo and Mao Tan in Guichi are all common names, but Nuo Opera makes the Spring Festival atmosphere there unique. Every year, from the seventh day to the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, the sacrificial activities to send Nuo gods are national festivals. Among them, Liu Street is the most famous. If you want to see it early, the sixth day is the most suitable, because at three or four o'clock in the morning on the seventh day, there will be a ceremony to greet God.
Everything is mysterious. Only men can please God. This is naturally the tradition of agricultural society. Generally speaking, three days ago, men will implement the rules of bathing, changing clothes and sharing rooms. When you greet God, you should beat gongs and drums and wear a mask. Every household will send a lot of offerings, and the slaughtered livestock and poultry will pile up like mountains. Interestingly, the hair on the head and tail of chickens and ducks should not be removed, that is to say, there is a head and a tail. If you are a woman, you have to negotiate if you want to see the prayer ceremony.
On the evening of the seventh day, you can see Nuo Opera and Nuo Dance. Men are still performing, but women have the right to be spectators. The performance stayed up all night, not only setting off firecrackers, but also setting off fireworks and even making the earth spear ring.
If you just want to see the main show, it doesn't matter if you are late, because the performance time in each village is different.
On the thirteenth day, Liu Jieyuan's three natural villages in West Village went to worship God under the big maple tree outside the village, and then performed Nuo dances on the "sacred tree", some dancing umbrellas and some dancing ancient money. Umbrella and ancient money represent men and women respectively, expressing the local people's worship of sex. The cave of worship means the same thing. Under the "sacred tree", sometimes there are thousands of participants, some holding flags, some wearing masks, firecrackers ringing, gongs and drums, which is definitely a carnival.
If you want to go years ago, you can go to Jiuhua Mountain, a Buddhist holy place, for a few days first. Jiuhua Mountain is only 40 kilometers away from Chizhou. People there have to spend two years, one year being a vegetarian. The year of meat is the 28th of the twelfth lunar month (February 27th of the lunar calendar), and the whole family eats meat. On New Year's Eve, you can only be a vegetarian. Vegetarianism is not a verbal shout. Washing dishes with plant ash is rigorous enough, and you can't touch any oil stars.
When the New Year bell rings, this atmosphere is enough to deeply shock people in this city. Then, I fell asleep leisurely, not knowing that I was a guest in my dream. Qingshan Temple, located in the town, is adjacent to Nanshan Liu in the east, Huangcun in the west, Chaxiwang in the south and outside the kiln in the north. Surrounded by mountains and rivers, the scenery here is pleasant.
Qingshan Temple has a long history of building and worshiping temples. According to the Seventh Revision of Yao Family Tree. Volume III, Qingshan Temple was built in Dade seven years of Yuan Dynasty (AD 1303), which was donated by Yao after he moved to Guichi. Later, from the end of Yuan Dynasty to mindfulness (A.D. 134 1368). Reconstruction of mass organizations in Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty. The last restoration was in 35 years of the Republic of China (1946). This temple has three halls and a small temple, and its overall scale is magnificent.
This temple was completely destroyed in 195 1- 1952 and became a ruin. In recent years, a simple temple has been built on the ruins, dedicated to Buddhist gods and presided over by monks. Qingshan Temple was originally the Prince Zhaoming Temple and the Capital City God Temple, with the memorial tablet of Prince Xiao Tong of Liang Zhaoming in the middle hall. Castle Peak Temple Fair, an associated press land sacrifice, is mainly a worship and sacrifice activity for Prince Zhaoming, the regional center of local beliefs. At the same time, it combines the gods of Buddhism and Taoism, and becomes a kind of folk comprehensive sacrifice activity of polytheism and ancestor worship.
About a century ago, nine societies joined the temple every year. That is, Yao has five and a half surnames, wang xing has one, Liu has one, Dai has one and a half surnames. The flourishing history of Chao Temple should be more than 300 years. According to the chapter "Faith". In the third year of Guangxu (1877), Nuo Opera recorded that "Yuanxiao used halogen books to lead the gods to Xiao Wen Temple of Qingshan Temple in the morning, commonly known as Chaomiao Temple. This custom is the same in the south, Xihua and Yaocun, except near Yaocun, which is said to be the friendship of landlords. The old man said that in ancient times, there were swings, pavilions and stilts in addition to rituals. I chose a dozen handsome guys, dressed in pear garden clothes, loaded with stories, and stood on people's shoulders, which is no different from the competitions in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. " . There is an old saying in Nuo Township: "The southern flag swings an umbrella, Liu Luo wears a splint, and Shan Ye cries. Zheng Jia has a look, and the Huang family only has a toe board. " It tells the characteristics of the gods and the grand occasion of the temple.
1983, Qingshan Temple Fair resumed. According to the traditional rules, on the morning of the fifteenth day of the first month, Yao Village, Chaxiwang, Nanshan Liu, Nanbian Yao, Xihua Yao and Dangli Yao entered the temple in turn. Yao Cun's team arrived first, commonly known as "opening (temple) gate", and when Li Yao finally left, it was commonly known as "closing (temple) gate". Longting, wearing a mask, will be carried by all the Nuo gods. The ceremony included bunting teams, gongs and drums teams and bands. In front of each team, there are gongs, "silence cards" and "avoidance cards" and weapon models such as knives, guns, halberds, hammers and spears. Walking in front of each other, they came to the open space in front of the temple with a five-color umbrella in their hands, shouting "Dancing towards the temple and breaking the umbrella" and waving the umbrella vigorously. All the teams are in good order and form a column. When all six Nuo gods entered the venue, everyone burned incense, bowed in front of the Dragon Pavilion and wished each other New Year's greetings. At this time, the audience is like a tide, and colorful flags cover the sky; The cannon is ringing, and the sound vibrates the valley; Smoke overflows the slope and fragrance overflows the wild. The crowd in the temple was immersed in the carnival of offering sacrifices to gods and ancestors and praying for Najib. Liu Street, located in the southern mountainous area of Guichi, is famous for its numerous Liu family villages, and its houses are carved into streets. Since ancient times, there have been many famous families and officials, and books have produced scholars. Liu Ruifen, a diplomat and official, was born in a prominent family in Liu Street.
Liu Ruifen named Zhitian called me. Daoguang (1827) was born in the sixth village of Nanshan, Liu Jie, Guichi, and he was smart and eager to learn. In the first year of Xianfeng (185 1), he was a scholar, and after having obtained the provincial examination the following year, he set up a library to teach in his hometown, learning the "Four Books" and "Five Classics" as an apprentice, and was ready to continue to take the provincial examination. During this period, the rise of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom swept half of China in only six to seven years. Since the outbreak of the war, as a passionate young man who is interested in serving the country, he has founded the "Castle Peak Poetry Society" with many young literary people who love poetry in Guichi and Qingyang, and expressed his feelings of worrying about the country and the people with his poems. In the 11th year of Xianfeng (186 1), Zeng Guofan, the leader of Xiang Army, fought with Taiping Army in the east. In May of this year, he and his cousin Liu went to the East Palace to go to Zeng Guofan, and Zeng Guofan recruited him as his staff. In the first year of Tongzhi (1862), he was recruited into the Huai army by Li Hongzhang. Later, Li Hongzhang's Huai army reinforced Shanghai and Jiangsu. When attacking the Taiping Army, he was responsible for the ordnance manufacturing of the Huai Army. While devoting himself to the development of ordnance, he actively bought foreign guns and devoted himself to studying the function and application technology of foreign guns and foreign guns. The use of these foreign weapons was carefully taught to the soldiers of Huai army, which made Huai army famous for its good use of foreign weapons, praised by the Qing court, and of course won the trust of Li Hongzhang and was promoted to Taoist priest. After Li Hongzhang was ordered by the Qing court, the inspector wiped out the Nien Army. Li Nai ordered Liu Ruifen to handle ordnance transshipment in Shanghai. When Li Hongzhang was the governor of Zhili, Liu Ruifen was asked to preside over the Songhuli Bureau, which was responsible for organizing the military pay. Everything he did was praised by Li Hongzhang.
In the autumn of the second year of Guangxu (1876), Liu Ruifen was promoted to Huaibei salt transport ambassador. During the famine in Huaibei, many hungry people fled to Yangzhou. If effective measures are not taken in time, the hungry people will either starve to death in batches or rebel. Liu Ruifen set up a shed outside Yangzhou to settle the hungry people, sent people to count the number of hungry people and distribute food according to their needs, so that the hungry people had food and shelter, which solved a crisis for the Qing government.
After the Opium War, Russia attempted to permanently occupy Yili, Xinjiang, and even sent warships to Wusongkou, Shanghai to threaten. Liu Ruifen secretly played in the Qing court: Adding a new camp to Liu at Shanghai Xiaonanmen in the name of resettling the old, weak and disabled soldiers is actually to expand the elite and strengthen the defense. Russian troops dare not act rashly when they see the situation. This move not only eased the situation in Shanghai, but also attracted the attention of the Russian army, indirectly supported Zuo to recover Xinjiang, recruited people to open up wasteland, and strengthened the command of the Qing court over Xinjiang. Foreign ships on the Huangpu River often invade China Port on the south bank. Liu Ruifen is not afraid of foreigners' arrogance and hegemony. He sent members of the Water Conservancy Bureau to be responsible for the shipping of foreigners, measured the width of the river, divided it into waterways, and went their own way, forcing foreigners not to cross the line. In order to avoid customs duties, foreigners are unwilling to enter the customs, so they have to load and unload goods at Wusongkou. Liu Ruifen strongly objected that foreigners' attempts to smuggle and evade customs duties failed, thus safeguarding the tax power of China Customs. In order to sell foreign medicines (including opium) well in China, foreigners suppressed China's medicines (including local yellow smoke), and for a pretence suggested to the Qing court to increase the tax on Chinese medicines, so as to increase the sales price of Chinese medicines and let the people buy more foreign medicines. Liu Ruifen saw through the foreigners' intentions and suggested that the imperial court should not be deceived and smashed the foreigners' tricks.
In the fourth year of Guangxu (1878), Cixi summoned Liu Ruifen, praised his patriotic spirit of safeguarding national interests and daring to fight against foreigners, and asked him to analyze the situation at home and abroad. Liu Ruifen protested bluntly. He said that the real intention of foreigners coming to China to preach and induce China people is to assimilate China people's thoughts and finally realize their commercial interests, which is extremely harmful to China. It is suggested that Cixi set up China Maritime Affairs and build her own ships and warships. Cixi appreciated Liu Ruifen's point of view very much. In that year, she named him Qiu Su Song and concurrently served as a supervisor. In the eighth year of Guangxu, he served as Jiangxi provincial judge, minister in charge, and protection governor, and was promoted to the third-class Jingtang Hou Department and the second-class high hat. During his tenure in Jiangxi, Liu Ruifen strengthened the defense of the Yangtze River and examined many criminal suspects and corruption cases of Jiangxi officials.
The Westernization School represented by Li Hongzhang set off a Westernization Movement of "learning from foreigners and constantly striving for self-improvement". Liu Ruifen is an active supporter and faithful executor of the Westernization Movement. He is diligent in government affairs, especially foreign-related events. As Liu Ruifen, the biography of King James' National History, said, "Ruifen has lived in Shanghai for a long time, is familiar with foreigners' feelings, meets with negotiations, keeps his promise, and is well dressed. "In the 11th year of Guangxu (1885), the Qing court appointed him to replace China's first ambassador to Europe (called Qiu), Ceng Jize (the eldest son of Zeng Guofan), as the British and Russian ambassador, and awarded the secretary of Taichang Temple and the secretary of Dali Temple in February of the following year. On February/0/5 this year, he was ordered to take a ship of Sagerling Company with more than 40 people, set off from Shanghai, crossed the Indian Ocean into the Red Sea, crossed the Suez Canal, entered the Mediterranean Sea, and arrived in Marseille, France on March 2/0/5. After two days by train, I will arrive in Paris, and then two days later in London, England. Since then, he has been stationed in London and visited Queen Victoria at Wen Ze Palace many times.
In May of the 13th year of Guangxu (1887), Liu Ruifen was appointed as an imperial envoy of Britain, France, Italy and Belgium. During his tenure, he went to Paris three times to meet French President Boris Tiande, twice to meet Tsar Peter in St. Petersburg, Russia, once to meet the Belgian king in Brussels and once to meet the Italian monarch in Rome. In order to expand China's influence in Western Europe, he led his entourage to travel around the world in the cold and hot summer, bent on doing a good job of "solid diplomacy and reaching foreign affairs". Although his foreign affairs were complicated, troubled and sad, he did his best and made remarkable achievements, which was appreciated by the court and praised by ministers.
At that time, Russia coveted the Mohe gold mine in the northern territory of China. "Ruifen arrived at the yamen of the General Administration and proposed to start his own business first" to give up Russia's hope. The general administration of the Qing government immediately adopted this proposal and made preparations for mining. However, Russia felt hopeless and its ambition died, thus safeguarding the territorial integrity of the country and protecting mineral resources. British colonists lived in India, occupied Myanmar and invaded Tibet. Liu Ruifen tactfully and boldly made repeated representations with the British Foreign Office, and finally forced the British Foreign Office to summon the Indian governor, withdraw the invading army from India, and formulated the Tibet-India Treaty, which made the British colonists' plot to occupy Tibet bankrupt.
At that time, there was civil strife in North Korea, and Liu Ruifen wrote to the Qing court. "North Korea is adjacent to the three northeastern provinces and has a very heavy relationship. For China, turning all the land into a province is the best policy. Next time, we should discuss protection with Britain and the United States, and strengthen the monopoly of neighboring countries (Japan) to consolidate the border. " The Qing court ignored this discussion. Later, the facts were captured by Ada, and the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894 broke out in 1894, which ended in a fiasco in China. It shows that Liu Ruifen is far-sighted in diplomacy.
Liu Ruifen resolutely opposed the British Hurd's introduction of the contract between the Qing court and Portugal, and regarded Macao as a Portuguese commercial port, paying only customs duties and rent-free. He said: "I don't know the general situation, but I just want to benefit from tariffs, regardless of the overall situation of China. It's a pity. " But it's no use objecting. Macao has become a commercial port of Portugal. Nevertheless, it shows Liu Ruifen's overall concept and foresight in safeguarding the country's territorial sovereignty.
From 65438 to 0858, the Qing court signed the Treaty of Tianjin with Britain, the United States, Russia and France, which stipulated that foreign merchant ships and warships could freely sail and call at ports in the Yangtze River. 1887, Howell, general manager of the British shipping company on the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, suggested that the British government ask China to sail ships in the Three Gorges River. Liu Ruifen explained the dangers of Chuanjiang navigation many times through the British Foreign Office, aiming at safeguarding Chuanjiang's shipping sovereignty and persuading it to postpone and discuss it carefully. In the end, the British Foreign Office agreed, but Howell was helpless and protected Chuanjiang's shipping sovereignty.
In 1888 and 1889, Jiangsu and Anhui, followed by Liaoning and Hebei, suffered from severe drought. Liu Ruifen, who is abroad and worried about the victims, runs around Britain and appeals to people from all walks of life to give relief to China. He has raised more than 80 thousand Jin, equivalent to more than 322 thousand silver, and sent it back to China in time to help the victims.
In order to maintain its colonial rule, the number of international students in Britain is strictly limited to no more than three per year in each country. China is in urgent need of scientific and technological talents. After many efforts, Liu Ruifen increased the number of chartered students 16 every year, and arranged to invite famous teachers to teach on British ships in China. It also won some officials and scholars to visit Europe and promoted scientific and cultural exchanges between China and the West.
Liu Ruifen visited various gardens, botanical gardens, big gardens, zoos, rest places, wax museums, museums, academies and cathedrals, and watched military exercises, plays, circuses, concerts and dances. In western European countries, this broadened his horizons and benefited a lot. I deeply feel that China is far from it. The development of western capitalist industries, new technologies and armaments, I know that this benefits from attaching importance to heavy industry and commerce and people's livelihood. He advised the Qing court that the reason why China lagged behind Western Europe was "attaching importance to agriculture but neglecting commerce", and suggested that China should also "conform to the current situation" and "stress business politics" to achieve economic development and make the country prosperous.
In the 16th year of Guangxu (1890), Liu Ruifen returned home from London with 29 people on March 9th, and returned to Shanghai on April 21st. He stayed in Europe for four years and two months, drove to dozens of countries and traveled in Yu Wanli ten times. After returning to China, he was made governor of Guangdong. This year, before he became governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, he returned to Liu Jie and moved his family to Jiangning. When he took office in Guangdong, he was busy with government affairs all day, dealing with chaos and ensuring people's safety, especially paying attention to political examination and education. In the second year, due to overwork, the old illness recurred, and he asked for leave from the Qing court and returned to Jiangning to recuperate. In the 18th year of Guangxu (1892), he died of liver disease (cerebral hemorrhage) at home in March at the age of 66. After his death, Emperor Guangxu personally wrote an imperial sacrifice for him, giving him a scholar background, which was edited by imperial academy. After his death, he was buried at the source of Xixi Gorge, 90 miles west of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, and was buried in Longku Village, Danyang three years after his death. Of these two statements, the latter is accurate. Because its tomb is indeed in Longku Village, Danyang today, there are two monuments in front of it, one is the white marble monument erected in the thirty-second year of Guangxu (1906), and the other is the "imperial edict" monument written by Zhang Jian, the champion of the late Qing Dynasty. The other was written by Yu Pingbo, a famous scholar in modern times. Yin Gao Lane, west of Nanjing South Gate, has its former residence, which is called ninety-nine and a half rooms and covers an area of 3,000 square meters. It is a well-preserved cultural relic protection unit in Jiangsu Province.
Liu Ruifen's works are rich, including The Complete Works of Yang Yun Villa 12 volumes, including 4 volumes of Liu Zhongcheng's manuscripts, 3 volumes of Yang Yun Villa's Notes on Poetry, 3 volumes of Yang Yun Villa's Literary Notes and West Foothills Notes 1 volume. These documents sum up his experiences, opinions and experiences in diplomacy, administration, justice, taxation, literature, etc. They are really treasures of literature and history.
Yao Ke, Liu Ruifen's ex-wife, was the first aunt of Yao Yilin, Vice Premier of The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) and the State Council. Its descendants are prosperous and talented. * * * has seven sons, the eldest son, Wei Shi, who is a juren and an official, Jiangsu Road; The second son, Chen Shi, Gong Shengren, has three titles, and the latter is a doctor. The third son should be timely, juren, Sanpin official, Sichuan magistrate; Woods Shi Heng was a famous collector, publisher and dramatist in modern times. The Wang family in Liu Jie has a long history and is scattered all over the country. With the support of 45 pairs of -56-58 Zhonggao -6 1 Wan -65 harem, the ancestor of this branch, Duke Hou in the 65th century, was the eldest son. In the Southern Song Dynasty, he moved directly from Wuyuan Huiling to Duzipang Village (formerly known as Yinkeng Wang), which originally belonged to "the original second guarantee of Kaiyuan Township, Guichi County, Chizhou Prefecture". He married Ke, went on to Roche, and gave birth to two children-one 13 days without adoption, and the next 18 days. The harem failed the exam and was buried in Kaiyuan. 18 children have 1-84, and 84 children have 6- 1, 2,3,4,5,6. Since then, they have thrived, separated in many places and moved out. Meicun Wang (ancestor of Lansen in the 75th century, Qiupu in the 78th century, Jinshi in the Ming Dynasty, Governor of Shaanxi Province, Governor of Sichuan Province, Assistant Minister of the Household Department, buried in Wuxi), Chaxi Wang (ancestor of the 76th century), Yinshan Wang, Shalikeng Wang and Wang are all branches of the harem in the 65th century. The history of Liu Jie's tea creek;
Branches and branches moved: I don't know where to go: the sixty-eighth generation of Sigong, the four sons of 84 Gong, and the history of imperial system moved elsewhere; In the 69 th century, the eldest son of eight men and five men was ordered to move to other places; Germany in the 70 th century was two men, and he was the second son of two men. He was appointed suggestion and transferred to other places. In the 70 th century, male, the eldest son of four males, 100 households moved to other places; In the 70 th century, he was a court official with four officials and three sons, and was sentenced to move to other places; 70 Qian Gong, weighing 18 Gong, four sons, moved to other places as a county magistrate; 7 1 Gong Yi, Shi Wen, the eldest son of Gong Yi, was ordered to move to other places; 7 1 Shi Wen Ergong, the father of Grandfather's second son, Ren Xiancheng moved to other places; 7 1, the world's chief male, wins a male eldest son, Ren Jiansheng moved to other places; 7 1 year, the official moved to other places. Known location: Duke of Shimin Mountain in 75, the eldest son, moved to Chikou; In the 75th century, Lord Lanson raised his second son and moved to Mei Village. The seventy-fifth time, Gui 'an Gong, the son of his uncle, moved to the plateau; 76 Shi Zhong Ren Gong, the eldest son of Shou An Gong, moved to the snake pit; 76 Shi Zhongxin Gong, the third son of Shou 'an Gong, moved to Shizhukeng; 76 Gong, Shou Anzi, moved to Sanglin.