1, glazed red bowl type in Ming dynasty

Hongwu glazed red bowls can be divided into large bowls with a diameter of 40 cm and medium bowls with a diameter of 20 cm.

Straight mouth, deep wall, short circle and straight foot bowl. The bottom of the glaze or sole of the foot is exposed, and the bottom of the sand has flint red, which is coated with ginger or ochre to protect the fetus. The carcass is thick. The bowl heart is decorated with broken branches, the bowl heart is decorated with a circle of palindromes, and the inner and outer walls are painted with tangled branches. There are three kinds of flowers: lotus, chrysanthemum and peony.

There are several kinds of edge decorations on the inner and outer edges, such as Ganoderma lucidum, rolled leaves, sea waves, lotus flowers and chrysanthemum patterns, and 16 petals of lotus flowers are raised around the outer abdomen, which is full of palindromes. Caliber varies from 40 to 42 cm. This big bowl of blue and white is the unique shape of Hongwu official kiln. Blue-and-white bowls are gifts or exports, while red bowls in glazes are only used in palaces.

Lip-skimming bowl, deep arc wall, round foot, exposed tire sole, white and tender tire quality, gray glaze red. The inner wall is white glaze, the bowl is decorated with broken chrysanthemum or peony patterns, and the outer wall is decorated with peony or lotus patterns. And red and white flowers. The caliber is about 38 cm. It is the product of the later period of Hongwu.

The middle bowl has a straight mouth or a narrow lip, deep wall, short round foot and thick fetal bone, some soles are exposed, some glazes are covered with ice cracks, and most of them are flushed. Draw loops along the inside and outside of the mouth and around the foot, and draw chrysanthemum or peony lines on the inside and outside walls and the center of the bowl. The caliber is about 20 cm.

2. Red fetal glaze in Ming glaze

Hongwu's underglaze red wares are smooth and colorful, and some of them are dry, which is caused by insufficient kiln temperature. Hongwu carcass is solid and heavy, and the bottom of the carcass is mostly dull and flint red, which is caused by poor elutriation of tire soil and natural discharge of metal impurities. After firing, the bottom of the carcass seems to be coated with mud or red and white spots.

Hongwu underglaze red porcelain largely retains the characteristics of the Yuan Dynasty, and the red color is light and not very bright. In most cases, due to the limitation of firing technology, the color is mostly light or light gray, and some objects still have the phenomenon of flash-red, which is called black or brown in glaze.

3. Glazed red decoration in Ming Dynasty

From the point of view of decorative techniques, Hongwu underglaze red adopts two techniques: red flowers on white background and white flowers on red background, which basically inherits the blue and white techniques of Yuan Dynasty. Among them, the technique of flashing flowers on the red ground was rarely seen after Hongwu, and it was replaced by the method of picking flowers on the red ground in Yongle and Xuande. Various decorative patterns are different from those in the Yuan Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, flat chrysanthemum patterns were still widely used, and there were few character stories and animal patterns.

4. The painting method of underglaze red painting in Ming Dynasty.

The performance of underglaze red is special, and the line drawing technique is difficult to control. Hongwu underglaze red has two main brush strokes. One is a single stroke, such as rolling grass pattern, variant lotus petal pattern, flower branches and leaves, petals and so on. , are outlined with lines of different thicknesses, just like a boneless stroke in Chinese painting. In this way, the glaze red is mostly red, and the glaze layer is thick and milky white.

The other is double hook color filling, the double hook lines have thickness changes, and the color filling has depth. In this way, the red color in the glaze is mostly gray, and the glaze layer is white or white with bluish gray.

5. The theme of glaze red decoration in Ming Dynasty

The decorative pattern of underglaze red in Hongwu is basically the same as that of blue and white in the same period, but the painting method is slightly simple due to the performance limitation of glaze. For example, a circle of thin lines is outlined outside the petals of peony flowers, and blue and white flowers are dyed pale blue in the blank, while underglaze red does not have this process.

Hongwu underglaze red decorative patterns are mainly four seasons patterns, mainly peony, chrysanthemum, lotus and camellia, and pine, bamboo and plum are also used more. Auxiliary patterns include grass scroll pattern, palindrome pattern, Ganoderma lucidum pattern, banana leaf pattern, variation lotus petal pattern, seawater pattern and so on. Its decorative features are basically the same as those of blue and white flowers, and they can be dated by mutual reference. ?

Identification method:

1, Hongwu underglaze red porcelain is mainly collected in the Palace Museum in Beijing, and most of them are official collections of the Qing Dynasty. Most of them are large plates over 30 cm. There are two kinds of mouth edges, one is round and the other is diamond. The color of underglaze red is mostly gloomy, and some are even easily confused with blue and white. It is necessary to carefully observe the erythema exposed by the details in the decorative lines in order to accurately distinguish the two.

There is no difference between this kind of plate and Yuan porcelain in shape and decoration, but the decoration of the bottom foot is slightly different from that of Yuan dynasty. The foot of Yuan Dynasty looks rough, but it doesn't prick your hand when you touch it, but Hongwu's foot feels prick your hand.

2. Look at the enamel of the red porcelain in the glaze.

Look at the thickness, luster, bubbles, density and other characteristics of red porcelain glaze in glaze. For example, old porcelain often has a "bright" or "brittle" luster, while new porcelain often has a "fire" luster. Although many antique ceramics can also see the "fire" after processing, careful observation will reveal an unnatural luster.

People's Network-Research on Glazed Red in Minghongwu

People's Network-Identification of Hongwu Glazed Red Porcelain in Yuan and Ming Dynasties