Current situation of domestic trade promotion policies
Since the reform and opening up more than 2 years ago, China's government has gradually liberalized the management of domestic trade. At present, the main work of the Ministry of Commerce and local domestic trade administrative departments is to promote the healthy development of domestic trade, and the promotion policies formulated mainly include the following six aspects:
(1) Promoting the diversification of investment subjects in domestic trade
Before p>1978, materials, commerce and grain. Although the supply and marketing cooperatives are collective economy, their management is basically the same as that of state-owned businesses. After more than 2 years of reform and opening-up, the state encourages and supports collective economy, joint-stock economy, individual economy, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan economy and foreign economy to invest in domestic trade, and the channels for domestic trade investment and financing have been greatly increased and broadened. The domestic trade and investment system has basically completed the transformation from planned mode to market mode, and the investors have undergone fundamental changes, from a single investor of the government to a diversified investor.
changes in the domestic trade and investment system have basically led to the coexistence of multiple ownership systems in China's materials, commerce, grain, supply and marketing systems. In the strategic adjustment of state-owned capital, most state-owned domestic small and medium-sized enterprises have withdrawn from the market, while large and medium-sized state-owned circulation enterprises are reforming the modern enterprise system, reorganizing and merging, and forming a number of powerful enterprise groups. Joint-stock enterprises will become the main form of state-owned enterprises. A large number of individual businesses and private enterprises have emerged, many of which have developed into large-scale enterprises with considerable assets, and gradually become the main force to invest in the domestic trade circulation industry. The vigorous development of private economy has brought prosperity and vitality to the circulation industry in China.
(II) Increase investment in infrastructure of domestic trade industry
Although the investment mechanism of domestic trade in China is becoming more and more market-oriented, the government still makes necessary investment in infrastructure related to the development of domestic trade. It mainly invests in public goods that are related to the national economy and people's livelihood, safeguard national economic security, and have positive external effects, such as grain storage and disaster relief materials storage, as well as large-scale agricultural and sideline products circulation facilities, socialized logistics distribution centers, public information networks and e-commerce platforms. The government's guiding investment in circulation facilities has attracted the rapid growth of private investment in stages.
even the infrastructure construction invested by the government is paying more and more attention to market-oriented operation. For example, to further reform and improve the national sugar and meat reserve system, while maintaining the key regulation and control of the national sugar reserve market, the key regulation and control of the national meat reserve has been changed from protecting big cities and holidays to emergency disaster relief, and new methods have been implemented in accordance with the principle of market-oriented operation; A number of national live animal reserve bases have been announced; Publicly solicit qualified national storage points for sugar and meat from the whole society.
in addition to direct investment in infrastructure, other major financial assistance methods and means are (1) equity participation. Mainly used in large and medium-sized joint-stock enterprises, so as to promote the system innovation and management mechanism transformation of state-owned domestic trade enterprises. (2) financial subsidies. Take the form of direct subsidies for commercial transformation projects and service industries that need support in the suburbs of cities. (3) Reward: Reward the demonstration and scientific projects of leading enterprises and the establishment of commercial facilities in remote and ethnic areas.
(3) attracting foreign investment and continuously expanding the opening up of domestic trade
China's commercial sector has been open to the outside world since 1992; Since 1999, the opening pilot of retail industry has expanded from coastal areas to all provincial capitals and central cities, and foreign businessmen have been allowed to enter the wholesale link of municipalities directly under the central government; On December 11, 21, China formally joined the WTO, and foreign capital entered China in stages according to the quantity and geographical restrictions. Since December 24, all restrictions on foreign investment in the retail sector have been lifted. The entry of internationally renowned commercial groups into China not only provides funds for China's commercial development, but also brings us advanced marketing concepts, management experience and advanced circulation technology, brings various advanced business formats and promotes the modernization of China's circulation. Multinational companies set up procurement centers in China, which promoted the development of China's manufacturing industry to a certain extent.
(D) Promote the transformation of the operating mechanism of state-owned domestic trade enterprises and establish a modern enterprise system
Under the guidance of the national pilot policy, significant progress has been made in the restructuring of the domestic trade industry. In the process of restructuring, we should pay attention to guiding domestic trade enterprises to learn and introduce foreign advanced management systems and experiences, and explore the management and development model of domestic trade suitable for China's national conditions in combination with the reality of China's domestic trade development.
at present, the transformation of wholly state-owned commercial enterprises has been basically completed, and state-owned holding companies, foreign-funded enterprises and private enterprises are divided into three parts. In the retail industry, state-owned enterprises quit faster. On the whole, however, large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises still occupy a certain proportion in the domestic trade field. The reform of large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises to establish a modern enterprise system with the reform of property rights system as the core is being carried out in depth. This reform includes the transformation of enterprise organization form and management mechanism, which is the basis of enterprise management. Many domestic trade enterprises have boldly explored and established a distinctive, scientific and reasonable management system in practice. Apollo Company in Changsha, Hunan Province has carried out three replacements in the system transformation: employee identity replacement, property right replacement and mechanism replacement. After identity replacement, employees become owners (shareholders); After the replacement of property rights, it will become a state-owned shareholding system by the state; In the case of shareholding system and cooperative system, the replacement of mechanism has been completed, which provides a prerequisite for enterprise management reform.
(V) Promoting the asset reorganization of domestic trade industry and cultivating large-scale domestic trade enterprise groups
Since 2, domestic trade enterprises have begun to reorganize their assets, become stronger and stronger, and a number of commercial groups have emerged. Bailian Group was formed by the merger of Shanghai Materials, Shanghai 1, Hualian and Shanghai Friendship, with a registered capital of 1 billion yuan, total assets of 28 billion yuan and annual sales income of nearly 7 billion yuan. It has six listed companies and more than 4, business outlets in more than 2 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions across the country, which basically covers all business formats in the trade field. In April, 24, Beijing BTG Group, Quanjude Group and Xinyansha Holding Company merged into "Beijing Capital Tourism Group Co., Ltd.", and the famous brand names of the enterprises were retained as brands. After the reorganization, the total assets controlled by BTG Group will exceed 15 billion yuan, the total annual operating income will be nearly 1 billion yuan, and the annual profit will exceed 6 million yuan. In addition, Beijing Wumart Group plans to invest and transform 1, state-owned commercial outlets in Tianjin in three years. In the reorganization, there is also the form of equity acquisition, such as the successful acquisition of "Zheng Baiwen" by Shandong Sanlian, and the company's shares were re-listed and traded in 23.
in order to further deepen the reform of circulation enterprises and accelerate the cultivation of large companies and groups in the circulation field with international competitiveness under the new situation, in 24, the Ministry of Commerce promulgated the Outline for the Reform and Development of Circulation Industry, which made relevant provisions on the possible problems involved in mergers and acquisitions of large circulation enterprises.
the main ways to promote the development of domestic trade in various places
(1) Incorporating the promotion of domestic circulation into the local economic development strategy
In recent years, many places have focused on promoting the development of domestic circulation in formulating local economic development strategies, with Shanghai and Dalian being typical examples.
Shanghai is a metropolis with leading comprehensive competitiveness in China. Since 199s, Shanghai has established the development strategy of "one leader, four centers" and the industrial policy of "three, two and one". As an important part of the tertiary industry, domestic trade circulation industry has entered different stages of development with the growth of urban economy. Marked by large-scale chain operation, chain supermarkets began to develop when the per capita GDP exceeded $1,5 in the early 199s. When the per capita GDP reached 3, US dollars in the middle and late 199s, the scale of chain commerce was further promoted; At the beginning of the 21st century, Shanghai's per capita GDP reached 45 US dollars, and chain operation extended to more formats. According to the strategic plan of Shanghai's urban development, by 215, Shanghai will be built into an international economic, financial, trade and shipping center. To adapt to this strategy, the main contents of domestic trade work are: developing and upgrading the commercial functions of cities; To meet the requirements of promoting regional market integration in the "Yangtze River Delta" metropolitan area: strengthening the agglomeration and radiation functions of circulation; Adjust and improve the functional layout of urban consumer service industry; Actively promote the opening up and interactive development of business; Further support and promote the development of small and medium-sized commercial enterprises; Vigorously promote the application and innovation of commercial technology.
Dalian is the window to the northeast. Dalian municipal government regards the promotion of domestic trade as an important content in its economic development plan, and proposes to seize the opportunity of revitalizing the old industrial base in Northeast China and carry out large-span industrial alliance. To realize the goal of "you enter my retail market and I enter your sales network" in commercial opening, Dalian products will enter the global purchasing and sales network of international chain groups more, participate in international large-scale circulation, and promote large-scale production with large-scale circulation, actively support the mutual extension and penetration of commerce and related industries, promote the combination of commerce and industry, commerce and agriculture, and business travel, promote production through circulation, and promote circulation through production, and constantly open up new production, management and operation. At present, internationally renowned chain commercial groups such as Wal-Mart, Carrefour and Parkson have opened stores in Dalian, and their regional headquarters and procurement centers are also located in Dalian.
(2) Implement a reasonable urban commercial layout
Most cities in China can plan three-level commercial centers according to the city size and the degree of population and economic development, so that the distribution of retail formats is balanced and reasonable. The commercial layout of larger cities is generally composed of three-level business districts: central business district, regional business center and community business. The larger the city scale, the higher the degree of economic development, the more distinctive the characteristics of this hierarchical business district. The central business district has obvious agglomeration effect and radiation effect, and a number of large stores, famous stores, specialty stores and specialty stores are concentrated, with modern facilities, rich commodities and large passenger flow. Regional business center is a number of sub-level business circles outside the downtown business district. Business circle is not limited by geography and administrative blocks, but an economic geography concept, which is composed of the regional scope of service consumer groups. Regional commercial centers are mainly served by large and medium-sized department stores, large-scale comprehensive supermarkets, building materials, lighting, clothing, flowers and other professional markets, storage markets, daily necessities wholesale and retail markets, agricultural products wholesale and retail markets and other commercial facilities. Its service targets are the permanent residents, group consumption units and some consumers outside the economic zone. Community commerce mainly serves the residents of this community, with limited radiation. It is dominated by various small shops, and operates the life service industry to meet the daily needs of nearby residents.
In recent years, there has been a new trend in the development of business districts in many big cities in China: in the functional development of urban business districts, the single function of pure business districts has developed into the compound function of business districts; The construction of urban business district pays more attention to humanistic connotation and green environmental protection, and strives to embody the values of people-oriented and sustainable development.
(3) Vigorously promote modern circulation organization forms such as chain operation
Chain operation in Beijing and Shanghai has the fastest development and is in a leading position in the country. Shanghai has transformed tens of thousands of small commercial retail stores into chain convenience stores, and adopted the method of taking shares. Each store is equipped with a computer and a telephone, and the information is sent to the distribution center, and the distribution center delivers the goods according to their requirements and time, which has achieved remarkable social benefits, not only improving the commercial service facilities and environment in the community, but also facilitating the life of community residents and improving their satisfaction. The Beijing Municipal Bureau of Commerce and the Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission jointly formulated the "Implementation Opinions on Promoting the Development of Chain Operation", which solved the problem of "unified tax payment" that chain enterprises have long called for, and stipulated that the headquarters of chain enterprises can go online to handle the annual inspection procedures of enterprises and pay enterprise income tax in a unified way. In the development of small and medium-sized supermarket chains in districts (counties), Beijing has also given policy support and loans. Supermarket, Wumart and other large-scale chain-store enterprises have rapidly distributed in urban areas and suburbs, and developed rapidly. In their development, they have absorbed social capital, mainly personal investment, and solved the employment of some urban people, and arranged a certain number of migrant workers in Beijing.
(4) Developing rural markets and improving the circulation of agricultural products
In promoting rural domestic trade, local governments have mainly done the following work: First, they have helped the peasants to develop the rural economy, and made every effort to increase their income and improve their purchasing power. Second, focus on the living needs and production needs of farmers, organize commercial enterprises to provide marketable agricultural means of production and daily industrial products that farmers need and can afford, and at the same time do a good job in purchasing agricultural products in accordance with national policies. Third, deepen the reform of rural market circulation system, do a good job in county and township circulation, and form various forms of circulation network. In some places, new modes of production and circulation of agricultural products, such as integration of production, supply and marketing, company plus farmers, and company plus base, have been implemented to improve the marketization of production and sales of agricultural products and increase the scientific and technological content and added value of agricultural products. Fourth, according to the characteristics that agricultural products are "produced in one place and consumed nationwide" and are fresh commodities, which are not convenient for storage, storage and transportation, the transportation time should be shortened as much as possible and the circulation links should be reduced. The fifth is to establish a wholesale market system for agricultural and sideline products. The wholesale market of agricultural and sideline products is an important facility for the circulation of agricultural and sideline products, and its outlets and scale have developed considerably in recent years.
Third, the main problems existing in domestic trade promotion
China has long practiced state monopoly on foreign trade. In the era of planned economy, due to the special position of foreign trade, the state has given many preferences in import and export management rights, quotas, licenses, loans and so on. Only since the 199s, with the deepening of foreign trade system reform, the pattern of foreign trade monopoly has gradually changed. But on the whole, the traditional phenomenon of "emphasizing foreign trade and neglecting domestic trade" has not been broken yet. Compared with the promotion of foreign trade, the promotion of domestic trade in China lags behind, which is manifested as follows:
(1) The government's own management promotion system is still not unified
At present, the market circulation management of important commodities such as grain, cotton, oil, tobacco, medicine and salt is not unified, but scattered in various departments, and the departments of industry and commerce, quality supervision, agriculture and health are all participating in the management and promotion of market circulation. From the functional point of view, the Ministry of Commerce is responsible for managing and promoting the circulation of the domestic market, but in fact, its authority is limited, it faces very big legal problems and lacks effective means. Local governments have different degrees of follow-up to the reform of the central administrative system, and domestic trade management promotion institutions are in a chaotic situation.
(2) Lack of a unified, authoritative and professional domestic trade promotion organization
For a long time, China Council for the Promotion of International Trade has been responsible for China's foreign trade promotion, played a great role in foreign trade promotion, and formed a relatively high authority and professionalism in the long development process. Although due to the reform of administrative system, the current functional orientation and institutional nature of CCPIT are vague, it still undertakes a lot of transactional and promotional work in foreign trade. In contrast, the domestic trade field lacks such a unified, authoritative and professional promotion institution.
(III) Lack of systematic policies and regulations
The legislation of foreign trade and economic cooperation has a good foundation, and the legal framework with the Foreign Trade Law as the basic law supplemented by various other professional laws is basically sound. In contrast, the domestic trade legislation is relatively backward and can't meet the needs of domestic market changes. So far, there is only one Auction Law and Pig.