Song Dynasty (960- 1279) is a dynasty in the history of China after the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. It is divided into the Northern Song Dynasty (960- 1 127, Kaifeng, the capital) and the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-kloc-0/279, Hangzhou, the capital), which are collectively called the two Song Dynasties.
Northern Song Dynasty
In the first month of the seventh year of Zhou Xiande after the Five Dynasties (960), Zhao Kuangyin inspected and launched the Chen Qiao mutiny in front of the temple, and the Song Dynasty was established. Tokyo (now Kaifeng, Henan) is its capital, which is called the Northern Song Dynasty in Song Taizu. In view of the fact that some generals and our time may enlist troops and affect the imperial power, Song Taizu listened to Zhao Pu's suggestion and released the military power with a glass of wine, which ensured the concentration of sovereignty, but at the same time weakened the combat effectiveness of the army. In 65438+976 10, Zhao Kuangyin's younger brother Zhao Guangyi ascended the throne in the shadow of an axe and candles, that is, Song Taizong. By 979, the Northern Han Dynasty was wiped out and most parts of China were unified.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China in the Northern Song Dynasty, centralized rule was further strengthened through measures such as gathering military power, cutting power and making money. At the same time, the imperial examination system was greatly developed. In the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, the political affairs of the court became weaker and weaker. In Song Renzong, there was a short-lived "Qingli New Deal". JaeHee Ning and Song Shenzong's appointment of Wang Anshi had a great influence, but it was later rejected by conservatives. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the rule was extremely decadent. 1 127 years, Xu Jin's army invaded Kaifeng, and Song Huizong and Song Qinzong were captured one after another, which is known as Jingkang Revolution and the Northern Song Dynasty perished.
Southern Song Dynasty
Zhao Gou, the ninth son of Huizong, ascended the throne in Yingtianfu (now Shangqiu, Henan Province), namely Song Gaozong established in the Southern Song Dynasty. 1 138 officially established Lin' an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang).
During the Southern Song Dynasty, those in power pursued the policy of seeking peace for a long time and paid tribute to the rulers. Suppress the military and civilian struggle against gold, and even kill patriotic generals. 1 142 conspired with Qin Gui to kill Yue Fei who opposed gold on trumped-up charges. In the late Southern Song Dynasty, the war against Mongolia lasted for several years. By 1276, the Yuan army occupied Lin 'an, and the remnants of Yi Wang Shizhao and Wang Guang Zhao Min continued to resist the Yuan Dynasty. Until 1279, Zhao Min, an 8-year-old emperor, was cornered by the Yuan Dynasty and killed by Lu Xiufu, a minister. The remnants of the Southern Song Dynasty were killed by the Yuan Dynasty. Although the Qing 'an Dynasty finally fell, it produced national heroes such as Wen Tianxiang.
Economy and Culture in Song Dynasty
In Song Dynasty, under the impetus of technological progress and tenancy system, agricultural production made remarkable development. In the history of handicraft industry, the division of labor is fine, the technology is advanced and the products are famous; The level of commodity economy surpassed the past, towns prospered, currency circulation expanded, and the earliest paper money was born.
The culture of the Song Dynasty made unprecedented progress, and achieved fruitful results in the fields of Neo-Confucianism, literature, history, art, science and technology. Outstanding figures such as Er Cheng, Zhu, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Sima Guang, Shen Kuo, etc. were famous throughout the ages. The invention and application of movable type printing, compass and gunpowder have made outstanding contributions to mankind.
Song Dynasty is the period when China has the most developed economy, the most prosperous national culture, the most scientific and technological innovations, the healthiest population growth and the highest crop yield.
The prosperous dynasty with the highest living standard. If you don't believe me, I'll introduce you to a dreamlike Song Dynasty. Let's dream back to Song Dynasty:
1 economically developed Fu Song
This has long been a historical conclusion, and other dynasties "suppressed commerce", with the exception of the Song Dynasty. In the early Song Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin Zhao Boxin said, "Accumulate more money. The farmland houses in this city are a kind of heritage.
Singing and dancing to enjoy the years "enrich the people". Later, Song Taizong also dubbed it "making the political skills of the two systems theory widely known". When Zongshen was in power, "financial management first" made people "politics first"
The idea of attaching importance to economic "financial management is urgent" has been running through the Song Dynasty. This is a very important prerequisite to ensure economic development. In the early Song Dynasty, officials studied the ways of managing money and seeking money. The Song Dynasty adjusted the traditional practice of emphasizing criminal law over civil law, and specially studied and implemented monopoly laws, such as salt law, wine law and tea law. Song Dynasty became one of the most active periods of economic legislation in ancient China. Moreover, the economic laws and regulations of the Song Dynasty unified the distribution of interests between the state and economic activists, which conformed to the laws of commodity economy and was a very scientific law. These correct policy orientations have enabled the commercial tide to flourish, the commerce and trade to develop rapidly, and the handicraft industry to develop rapidly, making the Song Dynasty the earliest banknote (jiaozi) bank in the world, which is unique! Even banks can make loans and pay in different places, which is a very advanced economic management system even in modern times. Geographically, the development of the Song Dynasty was not limited to the established areas such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Sichuan, and the social, economic and cultural development in mountainous areas and ethnic minority areas was also greater than that in the Tang Dynasty, which is also surprising. From the perspective of handicraft industry
Mine mining, tea salt, shipbuilding, paper making, sugar making, textile, porcelain making, etc. Much more advanced than the Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, the handicraft industry not only expanded its production area and increased its output, but also improved its technology significantly. For example, the production technology of "sugar ice" (rock candy), the excavation of "single-barrel well" and the sophistication of Song porcelain all reflect the maturity and innovation of technology, while the rise of commerce and handicrafts has liberated a large number of farmers captured on the land and let them invest in commerce and handicrafts.
During the Northern Song Dynasty, a large number of gold, silver, copper, iron, coal and other mineral deposits began to be mined, and the earliest manufacturing plants and processing plants in the world history also appeared all over the country. Such as shipyards, paper mills, printing houses, weaving mills, firearms factories and official kilns in various places. It can be seen that the prosperity of handicraft industry at that time was unprecedented!
As early as the Northern Song Dynasty, China knew how to employ hundreds of full-time industrial workers in coal burning, steelmaking and large-scale handicrafts. And the government's two military industries employ 8 thousand workers-this is already the scale of heavy industry! Taking 1078 as an example, the annual output of iron and steel industry in northern China reached1250,000 tons, while that in Britain was only 76,000 tons at the beginning of the industrial revolution. In addition, mining and metallurgy, paper making, porcelain making, silk weaving and navigation are also well developed. The Song Dynasty was truly a "high-tech" home before modern times. It was also the overlord of the world handicraft industry at that time!
From the commercial point of view, cities in the Tang Dynasty tended to be administrative centers, while towns in the Song Dynasty tended to be industrialized. Trade zones in cities in the Tang Dynasty were strictly controlled by officials, but they were more free in the Song Dynasty. Due to the further development of commodity economy,
With the development of the city, the breakthrough of "housing system" and the rise of market towns, the boundary between residential areas and commercial areas gradually disappears. By the Song Dynasty, some of these "new" cities had developed to a considerable scale, such as Kaifeng and Hangzhou, with a population of one million, while the latter was an "unprecedented" city that Kelpolo saw in the early Yuan Dynasty. Even at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the largest city outside China was "Baghdad".
Its population is only 300,000 to 500,000. Hundreds of years later, Arab traveler Ibn Betuta also called Hangzhou "the largest city in the world"! The population engaged in industry and commerce is gradually increasing, the output is increasing, and the investment capital is greatly expanded. Therefore, it is not only agriculture that constitutes the main body of national fiscal revenue. The proportion of industry and commerce has surpassed that of agriculture, and advertisements printed on copper plates have appeared in its commercial operation, which is more than 300 years earlier than advertisements of western capitalism. As far as bachelor Su Dongpo is concerned, he once wrote an advertisement poem for an old woman who cooked oil, which made it prosperous. More interestingly, in the Song Dynasty, there were tabloids similar to modern newspapers and the earliest trademarks in history. The small trademark is of great significance, which marks the gradual improvement of the commercialization system in Song Dynasty. In addition, On the Velocity of Money Circulation written by Shen Kuo, a famous scholar, also reached the level of modern monetary theory, which was a powerful commercial wave in the Song Dynasty and the earliest mother of capitalism in the world. The rapid economic development in the Song Dynasty created unprecedented wealth and prosperity.
2 Cultural glory
With the abundance of material life, spiritual pursuit became more and more urgent, so the Song Dynasty had a strong cultural demand while developing its economy. People's leisure life, aesthetic taste and life taste contributed to the high prosperity of culture in Song Dynasty, and the arts such as poetry, songs, acrobatics, opera, folk music, novels, calligraphy and architecture developed rapidly in Song Dynasty. At the same time, a large number of famous literati and poets appeared in Song Dynasty, among which Su Shi, Ouyang Xiu, Kou Zhun, Fan Zhongyan, Wang Anshi, Yue Fei, Wen Tianxiang, Shen Kuo, Xin Qiji, Zhu and Li Qingzhao were all famous. Even now, these scholars are still in their prime, and their glory is undiminished. In the Song Dynasty, there were six of the eight most famous masters in ancient and modern times, which shows their culture.
Calligraphers are numerous. The four most famous calligraphers are Su Dongpo, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. Their works are enough to amaze calligraphers. Even Qin Gui, the great traitor, can learn a good pen and dance well. If he is decent, he must be a calligrapher and writer. Not to mention a hero like Yue Fei!
Because of the blooming of culture, everyone divided it into north and south in the Song Dynasty:
There were four masters in the Southern Song Dynasty: Lu You, Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda and You Mao. Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao (Neo-Confucianism) were two courses in the Northern Song Dynasty. There were three sages in the southeast of the Southern Song Dynasty: Zhu, Zhu, Zhu and Zhu. It is precisely because of Song Wenhua's vigorous development that the Song Dynasty completed the "revival of Confucianism" and produced new Confucianism (that is, Neo-Confucianism), which made the traditional "study of Confucian classics" enter a new stage of "study of Song Dynasty". It also promoted the in-depth development of the intersection of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism.
Ci rose in the late Tang Dynasty and reached its peak from the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty. So there are Tang poetry, Song ci, Yuanqu and so on. It can be seen that Ci is one of the representatives of Song culture and one of the deep charges. To study the culture of Song Dynasty, we must first understand its ci, and Su Shi's When is the Bright Moon is the most representative. Almost everyone knows this word, even ordinary children can sing a few sentences. The whole poem is elegant and elegant, which makes people feel like they are in a fairyland. In the outside world, there is loneliness and sadness everywhere. It can be said that it is the pinnacle, and the advantages of the mink epigraph are brought to the extreme! "What about Jiang?" He also wrote Hunting in Mizhou, and other poets also made great achievements. Even female poets such as Li Qingzhao were familiar with it, but only Li Qingzhao was good at writing and reached such a level. Also, if I list the people of Song Ci one by one, I may not finish talking for a day. If I go on, I will only count the nine Niu Yi hairs of Song Ci culture. As far as Song Ci is concerned, there are more than 300 poets and nearly 20,000 poems in the whole book/kloc-0. Confucius' Supplement to Song Ci added hundreds of poets on the original basis.
There are more than 400 words. This is enough to reflect the status of Ci culture in the Song Dynasty, to reflect that Ci is worthy of being the representative of Song Wenhua, and to show the cheerful vitality of Song Wenhua!
Poetry is the essence of China's ancient literature. In the Song Dynasty, the interpretation of "poetry" was promoted to a new level, a more popular level and a more free metrical level. Although Song Dynasty was the heyday of Ci, it was also a country of poetry. No matter primary school, middle school, university or even graduate students, most of them are Tang poetry and Song poetry, which is the continuation, development and breakthrough of Tang poetry. In Song Dynasty, poets were more extensive, poems were more abundant, the types and forms of poems were rich, and the number of poems was unprecedented. As far as I know, Peking University is studying it. As far as the number of individual poems is concerned, the individual with the largest number of poems was born in the Song Dynasty. Let us always remember the name of this person who cares about the country and the people. He is Lu You. Do you still remember this great poet's last wish for national rejuvenation?
Do you remember his last words?
If you forget, then listen! "Julian Waghann set the Central Plains in the north, and the family sacrifice did not forget to tell Nai Weng." What a simple language! The last sentence of a patriotic and righteous man did not see the restoration of the country before his death, but he will hear the news after his death. ...
My children, don't forget to tell your father this news when you sacrifice ... so that I can be in my grave. ...
Writing here, I closed my eyes, I don't know why, and I shed tears. Yes, yes, I cried! Tears streaming down her face! Tears are not only for the sadness hidden in The Poetry, but also for the patriots like Lu You in Qian Qian and Qian Qian, and even for the final fate of the Song Dynasty! (Hehe
The keyboard is wet, have a rest, or cheer up and continue writing)
Poetry in Tang and Song Dynasties is a huge treasure house, which is inexhaustible. Poetry contains countless intellectual wealth, but we have little understanding and development of this treasure house. Can we not regret it? There are so many potential resources waiting for us to develop, why don't we be tempted?
Before talking about the four great calligraphers, I didn't say much about calligraphy. The achievements of calligraphy in the Song Dynasty are well known, but which painters emerged in the Song Dynasty?
The most famous painters are Fan Kuan, Xia Gui, Guo and Zhang Zeduan. The art world is famous by Zhang Zeduan. Throughout the history of China, the highest artistic achievement of Chinese painting can best represent the landscape paintings of the Song Dynasty, which are sometimes boundless and sometimes ethereal, with artistic conception like flowing water and implications like flowing water. Landscape painters came forth in large numbers in the Song Dynasty, each with his own strengths. For example, painters in the Northern Song Dynasty were Fan Kuan (famous for his landscapes and snow scenes).
Good at), Xu Daoning (good at trees and wild water), Guo (good at describing the subtle changes of the four seasons), Li Cheng (far from Selin).
With), Hui Chong, Zhao Linglong (famous for his lyrical scenes), Mi Fei and Mi Youren (also famous for Yunshan Mo Opera), the richness of his paintings can't be exhausted in words. The landscape poems of Xia Gui, Ma Yuan and Li Tang in the Southern Song Dynasty reflect the constant change and development of landscape painting. Together with Liu Songnian, it is called the Four Schools of Southern Song Dynasty. There are also many unknown or reclusive folk painters, which shows that painting and calligraphy in Song Dynasty have reached the peak of artistic creation. In addition, the story books in the Song Dynasty also opened a new era in the history of China literature. It can be said that it initiated the vernacular novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the civilian culture also flourished, such as shadow play, burlesque, acrobatics, puppet shows, zaju, rap and so on. With the rapid development of economy and the increasingly superior material life, prostitution is booming. Prostitutes in Song Dynasty were clearly divided into four categories: commercial prostitutes, geisha, geisha and official prostitutes. Of course, this prostitute is not another prostitute. Most of them don't sell themselves, but only perform art. And quite a few people are proficient in piano, chess, calligraphy, painting, poetry and songs. Some prostitutes can even set up their own families, which are now folk artists. Among these four types of geisha, the most talented and charming is the "official prostitute". The status of natural official prostitutes is also high. In the Song Dynasty, all tea cultures also had flavor. According to personal preference, it is not so much tea as poor drinking. Even tea cups are divided into four types: black glaze, sauce glaze, blue glaze and blue and white glaze. It can be seen that Song people are also superior, so enjoy it. In the Song Dynasty, there was also the wind of fighting tea, and various petal teas were popular among the people. Hui Zong also introduced tea culture in twenty articles in Daguan Tea Theory. It can be said that the tea culture in Song Dynasty is a comprehensive embodiment of China's ancient elite culture and popular culture, and it is a culture that appeals to both refined and popular tastes. Because Hui Zong likes it very much, the jade carving art has made great progress. At the same time, wood carvings, bamboo carvings, lacquerware, inscriptions, seals, bronzes, gold and silver wares, horns, Naihe pens, ink, paper and inkstones all have high attainments. All these show the superb and profound culture and art of the Song Dynasty!
The Song Dynasty also created the word "Song" which is now used.
It can be seen that its influence on writing is quite far-reaching, and the history circle of the Song Dynasty has also undergone earth-shaking changes. There are various schools of historiography in the Song Dynasty, with the emergence of local chronicles and epigraphy (similar to archaeology).
Historical works are also extremely rich, and famous scholars come forth in large numbers, reaching the peak of the development of ancient historiography in China. The earliest dictionary in China, Shuo Wen Jie Zi, has been lost since the Eastern Han Dynasty, and it was also edited by Xu Xuan brothers in the Song Dynasty. Scholars believe that before the founding of New China, China culture had three climaxes: 1.
A hundred schools of thought contend during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period II. Cultural Renaissance in Song Dynasty
3 "Four Major Movements" New Culture Movement
Chen Yinque once said: "The culture of the Chinese nation has developed for thousands of years and reached its peak in the Zhao and Song Dynasties". These comments deserve attention. Historian Toynbee (England) once said, "If I had a choice, I would like to live in the Song Dynasty in China". Mr. Yu Yu Qiu once said: "The dynasty I most yearn for is the Song Dynasty!" Even Deng Guangming once said, "The height of material civilization and spiritual civilization achieved in the Song Dynasty can be said to be unprecedented in the historical period of the whole feudal society!" . Yes, the culture of the Song Dynasty attracted countless literati, which was really unprecedented in the historical period of the whole feudal society!
Chronology of song, southern and northern dynasties
Chronology of northern song dynasty
Year number, temple number, enthronement time, enthronement age
The years of death
Comments on age and descent
, Gander, (960) 34 17 50 Father is Zhao.
After the official arrived in the Zhou Dynasty, he was tired of military service and was inspected before the temple, in charge of the imperial army. In January of the seventh year (960), Emperor Gong showed his virtue and led troops to Chen Qiaoyi. Together with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, he instigated a mutiny and became Emperor with the title of Song.
Kaibao, Taiping Xingguo, Yongxi, Duangong, Chunhua, Zhidao Taizong Zhao Guangyi (976) 38 22 59 Taizong's brother.
Acceded to the throne, the predecessor KaiFengFu, Yin, secretariat, and Wang Yin, ranking above the Prime Minister. Taizu pawn, heir
Zhidao, Xianping, Jingdezhen, Dazhong Xiangfu, Tianxi and Ganxing Zhenzong Zhao Heng (997) 30 26 55 The third son of Taizong was succeeded by the Crown Prince.
Gan Xing, Tian Sheng, Ming Dow, Jing You, Bao Yuan, Kangding, Li Qing, Huang You, He Zhi and Jiayou Renzong Zhao Zhen (1022) 13 42 54 The sixth son of Zhenzong was succeeded by the Crown Prince.
Jiayou, Zhao Shu, Zhiping Yingzong (1063) 32 5 36 Zhao Yunrang thirteen sons, aged four, who were raised by Renzong in the palace and later became the Crown Prince, and he succeeded him.
Zhiping, Xining and Yuanfengzhao (1067) 20 19 38 The eldest son of Yingzong was succeeded by the Crown Prince.
Yuan Feng, Yuan You, Shao Sheng and Fu Yuanzhe lived in Zhao Xu (1085) 9 16 24 Zongshen's sixth son was succeeded by the Crown Prince.
Fu Yuan, Jianzhong Guo Jing, Chongning, Daguan, Zhenghe, Zhonghe, Xuanhe Huizong Zhao Ji (1100)19 2654 Zongshen's eleventh son.
The king ascended the throne before the end of the year. Zhezong died and succeeded. In the second year of Jingkang (1 127), he was captured by the Nomads and died in Wu Guocheng.
Xuan He Jing Kang Qin Huan (1 126) 27 Er 62 eldest son.
In the fifth year of Zheng He (1 1 15), he was established as the Crown Prince. In the seventh year of Xuanhe (1 125),1February, Father Chan proclaimed himself emperor. In the first year of Jingkang (1 126), 165438+ October, the army of nomads from the Jin army attacked Bianjing. In February of the following year, Qin Zong was abolished by Jin and Jin Guo died in the Northern Song Dynasty. The emperor reigned for one year and four months.
Chronology of southern song dynasty
Year number, temple number, enthronement time, enthronement age
The years of death
Comments on age and descent
The ninth son of Zhao Gou (1127) 213681Hui Zong.
His name was Kang Wang before he acceded to the throne. In April of the second year of Jingkang (1 127), Jin Bing captured Hui and Qin. In May, Kang Wang was in Nanjing (Shangqiu, Henan).
Shaoxing, Longxing, main road, Xichun Xiaozong Zhao Shen (1 162) 36 28 68 Fang De, grandson of Zhao Kuangyin VII and youngest son of Taizu Qin. Father Ji Wang Zhao Ziluo
The emperor had no children, so Zhao Shen thought he was the heir in the palace and later became the crown prince. The emperor died and acceded to the throne.
Xi Chun and Shao Xi Guangzong Zhao Dun (1 189) 43 6 54 The third son of Xiaozong was succeeded by the Crown Prince.
Shao Xi, Qingyuan, Jia Tai, Kathy and Jia Ding Guangzong Zhao Kuo (1194) 27 3157 Guangzong's second son was succeeded by the Crown Prince.
Jiading, Baoqing, Shaoding, Duanping, Jiaxi, Chunyou, Baoyou, Kaiqing and Ding Jingning were the sons of Zhao Yun (1224) 20 4 1 60, the tenth grandson of Taizu, and his father was Zhao Xilu.
In the seventeenth year of Jiading (1224), Ningzong was critically ill, and the right minister called Shi Zhaozhao, and another imperial clan named Guicheng as a prince, renamed Yun. In August of the same year, Ningzong died, Shi Li Zhao Yun was the heir, and the original prince was abolished.
Ding Jing, grandson of Xi 'an Chun (1264) 251kloc-0/35, nephew of Li Zongzhi. Father and Rui
No children, Ji as a prince, death, Ji as an heir.
Xian Chun, the youngest son of Zhao Di Xian (1274) IV III.
Degree of death, the right phase Jia Sidao made Emperor Zhao Xian, and the younger brother Zhao Shi couldn't stand it. In the second year of Deyou (1276), the Mongolian army was trapped in Lin 'an, and Zhao Xian was captured and returned to the north.
Zhao Shi (1276) 9 3 1 1 Duanzong's eldest son.
Emperor Gong was captured by the Mongolian army, and Lu Xiufu made Zhao Shi, the king of Fengyi, the grand marshal of Wenzhou military forces. In the second year of Deyou (1276), Zhao Shi proclaimed himself emperor again, that is, in Fuzhou, the Yuan army advanced and the emperor fled and died.
Xiangxing Zhao Bing (1278) 8 2 9 Degrees Zongzi
After Duanzong died of illness, Lu Xiufu and Zhang Shijie named Wang Wei Zhao Bing as the Song Lord and moved to Yashan. /kloc-in the first month of 0/279, the Yuan army attacked the cliff mountain, and in February, Lu Xiufu, the negative emperor of Zhao Bing, jumped into the sea and died. The Death of Southern Song Dynasty
Zhao Gou was also a wise monarch. When the Song Dynasty was dying, he saved the day and revived the country, which lasted for hundreds of years. When the country was in danger, the sage Qin Gui helped the wise monarch, saved our country of the Han people and made immortal contributions.
Zhao Gou is definitely not a bad king. After Emperor Qin Hui was exiled, he served as a marshal of military forces, supporting half the country to compete with gold. After the resurgence of the Southern Song Dynasty, he passed on the throne to young people as soon as possible, and he himself was the "Tai Shang Huang" for fifteen years, and he was the longest reigning emperor in the history of China. In the ninth year of Shaoxing in Song Dynasty (1 1 19), Song and Jin reached a peace treaty. The following year, a coup took place in Jinfang, and the main peace faction was killed. The warring factions gained power and invaded the southern confrontation alliance. Song Shuai, Han Shizhong, Wu Jun, Yue Fei and other five military forces came out together, forcing the Jin people to return to the negotiating table, thus forming a peaceful situation. The emperor of the Song Dynasty was the commander-in-chief of the three armed forces, and the special envoy of the Privy Council was equivalent to the commander-in-chief of the three armed forces. With the bureaucratic system of the Song Dynasty, the army could never act without the order of the supreme commander and the command of the three armed forces. Although there may be different views on historical materials, there is only one fact. The fact is that Ren Jin was defeated and returned to the negotiating table obediently. The bureaucracy of Song Dynasty and this fact show that the war was fought by Emperor Zhao Gou, and the commander-in-chief and coordinator was Privy Council Special Envoy Qin Gui. Zhao Qi promoted peace through war. Neither of them is a coward. I would like to ask, at that time, besides Zhao Qi, who else could mobilize the five military forces to compete for gold? Is it that Zhang, Han and others contacted themselves to participate in the war?
Obviously, they are saving their strength.
In addition, you can also compare the late Ming dynasty. If some sons like Zhao Gou came to save the country after the death of Emperor Chongzhen, would the Ming Dynasty perish so soon?
Qin Gui has a famous economic strategy: "China people eat and wear clothes, and Xu Tu is prosperous". This means that the people of China should concentrate on developing economy and national strength, solve the problem of food and clothing, and then seek the great rejuvenation of the nation. The goal needs to be achieved step by step, not in one step. Song Dynasty was the most prosperous dynasty in ancient times. It was finally destroyed by Mongolia. After all, no one in the world can stop the rise of Mongolia.
Emperor song dynasty
Song Taizu
Song Taizu (927-976) was Zhao Kuangyin. Founder of the Song Dynasty (960-976). Zhuozhou (now Zhuoxian County, Hebei Province) was born in Luoyang, Henan Province. It turned out to be an inspection in front of the Hou Zhou Temple.
In the first year of Stegosaurus (960), Chen Qiao mutiny was launched, and the regime of the Hou Zhou Dynasty was seized, and the Song Dynasty was established in Kaifeng, which was called the Northern Song Dynasty in history. Self-built for three years
From 1963, the unified strategy of "south first and then north" was adopted to attack and destroy the separatist regimes in the south, such as Jingnan, and to station troops in important locations in the north. He also used a glass of wine to release the military power and other strategies to cut off the military power of imperial generals and buffer regions. Reform the official system, and civil servants serve as state and county governors. The central government has added a deputy minister (to participate in politics), and let the Tang dynasty and the three divisions divide the army and money to share power. When he was in power, he strengthened centralization and ended the separatist situation in the buffer region. However, his policy of valuing literature over martial arts and "guarding the weak inside" had a great influence on the poverty and weakness in the Song Dynasty.
Song Taizong
Song Taizong
(939-997) Emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty (976-997). My name is Zhao Xuan. Mao's younger brother, formerly known as Kuang Yin, later changed his name and changed his name to Guan after he acceded to the throne. He took part in the mutiny in Chen Qiaoyi and made his younger brother emperor. He inherited Mao's policy of "breaking the separatist regime one by one", forced Yue to cede territory, and personally conquered the Northern Han Dynasty, trying to recover sixteen states of Youyun. However, after two defeats against Liao, they adopted the policy of passive defense. Internally, we will further strengthen centralization, expand the system of taking scholars in imperial examinations, and build Chongwen Academy to compile Taiping Yulan. He paid attention to building water conservancy projects and reclaiming wasteland, which intensified the exploitation in the later period of his rule and aroused the uprisings of Wang Xiaobo and Li Shun. He betrayed the "Golden Chamber Alliance", killed his younger brother and left his eldest son Yuan for the people. He died in Bianjing Wanshoutang in 997 at the age of 59.
Song Zhenzong
Song Zhenzong
(968- 1022) Emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty (997- 1022). Zhao Heng, formerly known as Zhao Dechang, was the third son of Emperor Taizong. He was once named Hanwang, Xiangwang and Shouwang. Later, he became a prince. During the early reign of Xianping and Jingdezhen,
Economic development is called ruling the world. However, in the first year of Jingdezhen (1004), Liao invaded Zhou Qiguo, and the battle of Qiyuan established an alliance under the city, which set a precedent of seeking peace and exchanging things for peace in that year and increased the burden on the people. The subsequent appointment of Qin Wang.
If Daxing is auspicious, Mount Tai is sealed in the east, Fenyang is worshipped in the west, and Buddhist temples are widely built, it will waste people's money and lead to intensified social contradictions. He died in Yanqing Hall of Beijing Palace in 2002 at the age of 55 and was buried in Yongding Mausoleum for 25 years.
Song Renzong
Song Renzong
(1010-1063) Emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty (1022-1063). Zhao Zhen, formerly known as Welfare. When Zhen Zongzi acceded to the throne, he was only thirteen years old, and the empress dowager Zhang Xian listened to politics. Ten years later, he came to power and his rule began to be more frugal. However, after repeated defeats in the Xixia War, he was forced to sacrifice his "old age."
Silver, silk and tea compromised, and Liao also made peace by increasing the annual currency. Land annexation, redundant palaces, redundant soldiers, and redundant expenses are becoming more and more serious. Although Fan Zhongyan and others were used for reform, the result failed. But generally speaking, during the reign of Injong, the country was relatively stable. 1063, Injong died in Funing Hall in the palace at the age of 54. According to the History of Song Dynasty, his mother Shi Li was stolen as her own son by Liu Defai after giving birth to Renzong. After Injong acceded to the throne, he still recognized Queen Liu as his biological mother, and Li dared not recognize mother and son when he died. After the death of Queen Liu, Injong knew the inside story and made Li the Queen Mother. Later generations wrote "Civet cats for princes" according to this history.
Song Yingzong
Song Yingzong's name is the great-grandson of Taizong and the son of Pu. Injong had no children, and Injong was raised by Injong in the palace when he was young, and was named Zongbao. /kloc-in 0/050, he was appointed as the ambassador of Yongyue State, and later as the defense ambassador of Qin Zhou. 1055 made him an heir. During the reign of Emperor Yingzong, Han Qi, an old minister, was unwilling to reform, but there was no war with Liao and Xixia. 1067, died in Funing Hall in the palace. He was buried with Gao Hou, Di Qing and Yang in Yu Ling for four years.
Song Zhezong
Song Zhezong Zhao Xu, formerly known as Med, is Zongshen's sixth son. He was once named King of Yan 'an County. Zongshen was made a prince when he died. After Zhezong ascended the throne, he was only nine years old and was ruled by the empress dowager. 1093 after taking office, he appointed ministers who advocated political reform to crack down on the old school and the middle school. Chasing Sima Guang, and putting people from Su Like in Lingnan. Restoration of exemption law, garbo law, young crops law, etc. Terminate the negotiations with Xixia, strengthen the border defense, and repeatedly defeat the West, forcing them to make peace. 1/kloc-died in bianjing in the first month of 0/00, reigned for fifteen years, and was buried in Yongtai mausoleum at the age of 24.
Song Huizong
Song Huizong (1082- 1 135) was the emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty. My name is Evonne. During his reign, Cai Jing, Tong Guan and other treacherous court officials were castrated in large numbers, and they were corrupt and violent.
Plunder people's wealth. He also respected Taoism and claimed to be the founder of Daojun Emperor. Daxing wooden soil, extensive construction of palaces and courtyards, and the establishment of bureaus to collect exotic flowers and stones are called "Flower Stone Class". The construction of "Genyue" in the capital led to peasant uprising. In the seventh year of Xuanhe (1 125), he was transferred to Emperor Zhao Huan. In the second year of Jingkang (1 127), he was captured by Jin Bing and went north to Wu Guocheng (now Yilan, Heilongjiang), where he could not return until his death. He is engaged in painting and calligraphy, and is famous for flower-and-bird painting and "thin gold book" calligraphy. Xue Ji, a beginner in calligraphy, and Huang Tingjian, a calligrapher. Regular script is thin, vigorous and beautiful, and has the reputation of "bending iron to break gold". It has its own system and is known as "thin gold body" internationally. Handed down from ancient times are True Grass Thousand Characters and Xie Lin Lanting Silk Edition.
Song Qinzong
Song Qinzong
(1100—1156) Emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty. My name is Zhao Huan. In the seventh year of Xuanhe (1 125), the nomads from the army went south, and their father, Hui Zong, ascended the throne. The following year, he was forced to use the hawkish Li Gang to resist gold and behead the deposed Cai Jing party. But I still promised to pay compensation and cut Taiyuan for peace. After Bianjing City was broken, gold fell and the Northern Song Dynasty perished. Jingkang two years
(1 127) and Hui Zong were nomads from the north and imprisoned in Wu Guocheng (now Yilan, Heilongjiang). 1 16 1 year, Qin Shihuang Zhao Huan was trampled to death by a horse in the state of Jin. He is 57 years old and his burial place is unknown.
Song Gaozong