Lycium barbarum, also known as Lycium barbarum, Lycium barbarum, Lycium barbarum, Lycium barbarum, Lycium barbarum, Lycium barbarum, Lycium barbarum, Lycium barbarum, Lycium barbarum, Lycium barbarum, Lycium barbarum, Lycium barbarum, Lycium barbarum, Lycium barbarum, Lycium barbarum, Lycium barbarum, Lycium barbarum, Lycium barbarum, Lycium barbarum, Lycium barbarum, Lycium barbarum, Lycium barbarum, Lycium barbarum, Lycium barbarum, Mainly produced in Ningxia Autonomous Region, all cultivated. In recent years, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region has also produced good quality products. In addition, Gansu, Xinjiang and other places also have a small amount of production. Introduced and cultivated in northern provinces and Zhejiang, it is an important commonly used Chinese medicine and export commodity, and has a long history of cultivation in China. The fruit of the same plant, Lycium barbarum. , sometimes used as medicine. If the fruit is used as medicine, so is the root bark. The fruit mainly contains carotene, vitamins A and B 1, B2 and C, sweet grass alkali, 18 amino acids, fatty oil, protein and sugar. Pharmacological tests show that it can enhance human immunity, inhibit the growth of cancer cells and increase blood. Sweet, flat. It has the purpose of nourishing liver and kidney and benefiting shrewdness. Indications: dizziness, dizziness, tinnitus, decreased vision, fatigue, cough, backache, nocturnal emission, diabetes, etc. Lycium barbarum root bark is called Lycium barbarum bark, which is mainly used to treat yin deficiency, fatigue and fever, hemoptysis due to lung heat and night sweats due to bone steaming.
I. Morphological characteristics
The plant height is 0.5-2m, the bark is grayish brown, longitudinally split into strips, the upper branches of the stem are slender, the fruiting branches droop or rise obliquely, the branch length is 10-80cm, and the leaves in the lower part of the long branches are often clustered with 2-3 leaves, which are large in shape, and the short branches or the top leaves of the long branches alternate, which are small in shape, narrowly lanceolate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate. Flowers solitary or 2-8 in clusters in leaf axils; Calyx cup-shaped, usually 2-3-lobed, with cilia at the top of lobes, corolla purple-red, funnel-shaped, 5-6 mm long at the top, shorter than corolla tube, and rolled back. 5 stamens, filaments of different lengths, white pilose near the base; Ovary superior, 2-loculed, style slightly shorter than stamens; Berries are reddish or red when they are ripe, and they are oval, oblong, cylindrical or nearly spherical in width, 0.5-3cm long, 0.5-1.5-3cm in diameter, and contain 20-50 seeds. The seeds are flat, kidney-shaped and light yellow (Figure 15-50). Chromosome x= 12.
Figure15-50 Morphological diagram of Lycium barbarum L.
1. Fruit branch 2. flower
Second, biological characteristics
(1) growth and development
Lycium barbarum seeds can germinate in 4-5 days at 20℃, and emerge in 7- 10 days after summer sowing. In light soil and sandy loam with sufficient water and fertilizer, seedlings grow rapidly. 1 year-old seedling root is 0.5- 1.2 cm thick, tree height is 60- 1 10 cm, and crown width is 56 cm; . The root neck diameter of the 2, 3 and 5-year-old trees is 3.2 cm, 9 cm and 5.5cm respectively, the tree height is 134cm, 154cm and 165cm respectively, and the crown width is 100cm, 120cm respectively. , respectively. In 6-30 years, the growth of trees is affected by artificial pruning. Generally, the height of the tree remains 150- 170 cm, and the crown width 160-200 cm, and the root neck thickening growth slows down year by year. /kloc-the rooting neck will increase by 0.6-0.7 cm in 0/0-20 years and by 0.4-0.5 cm in 20-25 years. After 35 years, the growth of root neck basically stopped, and the growth of branches also declined. The larger main branches and lateral branches began to die, resulting in fewer branches, large gaps in the crown and gradually narrowing the crown diameter. After 40 years, the tree declined, the main branches and lateral branches died in large numbers, and the roots, necks and hearts rotted.
Lycium barbarum has strong germination ability. From April to August every year, many new branches will be sent out from different parts of the tree, and roots will also grow.
It takes about 65,438+0-2 years for Lycium barbarum to blossom and bear fruit for the first time. At this time, the growth potential of branches is gradually enhanced, and the roots and crowns are rapidly expanding outward, which is a vegetative growth period. Under better cultivation conditions, it began to bear fruit in the second year and entered a large number of fruit-bearing periods in the sixth year. The yield of 10-25 was the highest, and gradually decreased in 30-40 years. The output in 40-50 years is very low. If the cultivation conditions are poor, Lycium barbarum will grow slowly, bear fruit late and have a short life, but some plants can still bear fruit after about 100 years.
The flower buds of Lycium barbarum are mixed buds, axillary, bearing fruit on 1 annual branches and also bearing fruit on 2-3-year-old branches.
(2) Phenology
The phenological period of Lycium barbarum varies with climate, cultivation management and varieties. Take Lycium barbarum, the main cultivated variety in Luhuatai, Yinchuan, as an example, its phenology is as follows:
Root growth period: from the end of March to the end of 10, starting from soil thawing.
Germination period: the average temperature reached above 8℃ in early April.
In mid-April, the temperature began to be above 12℃.
Extension and growth of branches in spring: the temperature starts at 65438 04℃ in late April and ends in the first half of June.
Germination stage: the temperature is above 14℃ in late April and ends at 17℃ in early September.
Flowering: The temperature is above 17℃ in early May and ends at 13℃ in mid-September.
Maturity: the temperature is above 20℃ in mid-June, and it drops to110℃ in early October.
Deciduous period:1The temperature drops to 1 1℃ in late October.
Dormancy period:165438+1late October to late March of the following year.
(3) Environmental requirements
1. temperature
The average annual temperature in the natural distribution area of Lycium barbarum is 5.4- 12.5℃, 10/3.7-3.3℃, and the average annual temperature in July is 17.2-28.2℃. The average annual temperature in Zhongning County, Ningxia, which is the main producing area, is 9.2℃ and 6544. Accumulated temperature ≥ 10℃ is 335 1.0℃. The first frost period is 65438+1October 4th, the last frost period is 2 1, and the frost-free period is 165 days. In recent years, the introduction to Zhejiang, Hubei, Sichuan and other provinces has also grown well. Therefore, Lycium barbarum has wide adaptability to temperature and strong cold tolerance, and there is no freezing injury when it overwinters at -25.6℃.
Step 2: Moisture
Lycium barbarum is drought-resistant. Wild Lycium barbarum can still grow in loess plateau and arid desert land with annual rainfall of only 2,565,438+0.5mm. Because of its developed root system, Lycium barbarum can go deep into the soil layer for 5-6m to absorb water. At the same time, its leaves are equilateral, the palisade tissue on the front and back is developed, and the cell gap is small, thus controlling the evaporation of water on the leaves, which is beneficial to maintaining water and enhancing drought resistance. But in terms of production, it is an important condition to ensure water supply in order to obtain higher output. An agricultural proverb says, "Lycium barbarum cannot live without water, but it is also afraid of water." This shows that it requires high water content, especially in the flower and fruit period, and it is better to ensure sufficient water content. The humidity of soil topsoil is about 15- 18%. If water is lacking, the flowers and fruits will fall off, and the fruit will have small grains, poor quality and low yield. In order to improve the yield and quality of Lycium barbarum, it is generally necessary to pick a canopy of fruit (a batch of red ripe fruits can be harvested every 6-7 days) and then water it once. Sometimes water is poured on the crown to increase the water absorption of the whole tree and flowers. However, in the low-lying land with long-term water accumulation, it grows poorly, even leading to root rot and tree death. Therefore, Lycium barbarum should be planted in places with high terrain and convenient irrigation and drainage. During the growing season of Lycium barbarum, the air humidity should be kept at about 50-60%. Excessive humidity or continuous rain can easily lead to powdery mildew and black fruit disease.
lamplight
Lycium barbarum is a strong positive tree, which likes light, grows rapidly in full light, develops healthily, and grows poorly in shade. The branches in the crown grow weakly, are easy to age and die, and rarely or even bear fruit. The branches in the lower part of the crown grow well, with many flowers and fruits, but the branches in the middle and upper part of the crown grow best, where the lighting conditions are the best, the branches grow vigorously, with the most flowers and fruits, large fruit grains and the highest sugar content. Lycium barbarum, shaded by the shade under the big tree, can only grow weakly and rarely blossom and bear fruit.
4. Land
The soil in the distribution area of Lycium barbarum is mostly alkaline earth, sandy soil and light soil, but also middle earth and heavy soil. Lycium barbarum can grow on alkali wasteland with thin soil layer and poor fertility. Saline-alkali tolerance, can grow on the ground with soil salt content of 0.3% or even 1% and pH value of 10. However, in production, in order to improve the yield and quality of Lycium barbarum, deep and fertile soil is needed. According to the analysis, at the depth of 1-40 cm, the pH value is 8-8.5, the total salt content is below 0.2%, the total nitrogen content is 0.03-0.23%, the total phosphorus content is 0.04-0. 12%, and the total potassium content is1.55.
Third, cultivation techniques.
(1) variety
There are about 80 species of Lycium barbarum, most of which are distributed in North and South America. There are about 10 species in continental Europe and 7 species and 3 varieties in China, which are mostly distributed in northwest and north China. At present, there is only one kind of Lycium barbarum used as medicine in Ningxia. After long-term artificial cultivation, it has formed three types, with more than 10 varieties. At present, the excellent varieties in production are hemp leaves and hemp leaves.
The fruit of Lycium barbarum L. is very large, with a longitudinal diameter of 1. 16-2.76 cm, a transverse diameter of 0.8- 1.06 cm, a blunt or flat apex, angular fruiting bodies, 440-500 fresh fruits 1000, and high yield. Under better conditions, the highest yield of fresh fruit per plant can reach 14. Leaves are dark green, fruit branches are 10-60 cm long and 0.2-0.3 cm thick, drooping and growing with few thorns.
Lycium barbarum is similar to Lycium barbarum, but the fruiting body is round and the top is sharp. The longitudinal diameter is 0.98-2.18cm, the transverse diameter is 0.50-0.97cm, and the 1000-grain weight is 350-400g. The yield was lower than that of Lycium barbarum, and the highest fresh fruit yield per plant was 12.2 kg. The leaves are green, the fruit branches are10-55cm long and 0.2-0.3cm thick.
(2) Breeding methods
There are two kinds of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction.
1. Sexual reproduction
That is, seed propagation can cultivate a large number of seedlings in a short time, but the disadvantage is that the seedlings vary greatly and it is difficult to maintain the excellent characteristics of the original varieties.
(1) seed preparation
The fruits of fine varieties are mashed, washed with water, dried and stored for later use.
(2) Nursery preparation
Choose sandy soil or light loam with flat terrain, convenient irrigation and fertile soil, with pH around 8 and soil salt content below 0.2%. First, the land is leveled, and 4000-4500 kilograms of manure is applied per mu in combination with ploughing, and then the seedbed is made according to the scale of 60-100 m2.
(3) sowing
Sowing can be done in spring, summer and autumn, but mainly in spring. Spring sowing is from late March to early April. Autumn sowing is in early and middle August. Due to the tiny seeds of Lycium barbarum, it is generally sown100-150g per mu. According to the row spacing of 40cm, drill 1.5-3 cm, and cover 1-3 cm after sowing.
(4) Nursery management
(1) Irrigation If the soil moisture is not good after sowing and the seeds cannot germinate, irrigation should be used to promote seedlings. After the seedlings are unearthed, the roots are shallow, so we should pay attention to the soil moisture, often irrigate shallowly, and irrigate less after August.
(2) Loosening soil and weeding. When the seedlings grow to 1.5-3 cm, loosen the soil and weed once, and then loosen the soil and weed once every 20-30 days.
(3) In order to get enough nutrients and more space for the growth of seedlings, we should give time to the weak seedlings that grow too densely and have poor quality, and choose high-quality seedlings with straight and strong growth ends. When the seedling height is 3-6-9 cm, the first spacing is about 6-9 cm, and when the seedling height is 6-9 cm, the second spacing is 12- 15 cm, and about1-12,000 plants are left per mu.
(4) Topdressing combined with irrigation, applied in May, June and July for three times, with 7-8kg urea per mu each time.
⑤ In order to ensure the growth of seedlings, the lateral buds of seedlings growing below 40cm above the ground should be erased in time. When the seedling height is 60cm, the core should be removed to accelerate the growth of the trunk and upper branches. When the root neck reaches 0.7cm thick, it can be transplanted out of the nursery.
2. Asexual reproduction
That is, asexual reproduction, its advantage is that the variation of offspring is small, which can better maintain the excellent characteristics of the mother tree, followed by rapid seedling growth and early fruiting. Lycium barbarum can be propagated by cutting branches, tillering, layering and grafting. Transplanting is more common. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, collecting lignified annual branches of more than 0.3cm from excellent mother trees, cutting into cuttings with the length of 18-20 cm, tying them into small bundles and standing in a pot, soaking them in 15 ppmα- naphthylacetic acid for 24 hours, or soaking them in 100 ppmα- naphthylacetic acid for 2-3 hours, and then cutting. Cutting time can be carried out before germination in early April or in autumn. First, dig a cutting ditch with a depth of 15cm and a ditch spacing of 40cm on the seedbed. Put the cuttings in the ditch at a spacing of 6- 10 cm, fill the soil and tamp, and leave 1-2 knots at the upper end of the cuttings above the ground. After transplanting in spring, it is best to cover with plastic film to keep moisture and raise the ground temperature to accelerate germination and growth. When the new branches grow to 3-6 cm, only the upright and strong branches are left, and all other buds are erased.
(3) Planting
From late March to early April. The planting row spacing is 2×2.5m or 1.2× 1.6-2m, the latter can not only increase the yield quickly, but also increase the early yield. Before planting, dig holes at fixed points according to row spacing, with a depth of 30-40 cm and a length of 30-40 cm. When planting, 2.5-3.0 kg of decomposed manure is applied to each pit and fully mixed with wet soil. Put the seedlings in into the pit, let the roots spread around, then fill the pit with wet soil, lift the seedlings slightly, then fill the core soil, and finally cover with some loose soil to keep moisture. The best planting depth is that the root neck of the seedling is flush with the ground.
(4) Site management
1. Cultivation of young trees
Young Lycium barbarum trees grow fast, especially in the case of good fertilizer and water conditions, with flourishing leaves and rapidly expanding crown. At this time, the trunk is thin and can't support the heavy crown and bend. In addition, after irrigation, it is blown by strong winds, sometimes even lying on the ground, which affects growth. At this time, the soil under the curved surface of the trunk can be loosened slightly to straighten the tree, and then a mound with a diameter of 50-60 cm and a height of 20-30 cm can be built at the base of the trunk to support the young tree. Excessive crown can also be thinned or cut off to reduce the upper weight of the tree and make it grow straight.
2. Turning over the garden and weeding in intertillage
Turn over the spring garden from mid-March to early April, loosen the soil, cut off the capillaries, keep moisture and warm, thus promoting the root activity and tree growth of Lycium barbarum. At the same time, sunlight can also be used to kill weeds and some pests. The excavation depth between rows is 10- 15 cm, which can be shallower under the canopy. In the middle and late August, the autumn garden was plowed, and the garden was trampled because of long-term fruit picking and other labor, which was not conducive to root growth. Deep ploughing can loosen the soil, improve the physical structure and ventilation performance of the soil, turn weeds to the ground and increase soil fertility. The depth of the autumn garden should be 18-22 cm, and the place near the trunk should be shallow to prevent injury. In May, June and early July, intertillage weeding was conducted once, and the depth was about 10cm.
fertilize the soil or land
From late October of 10 to early October of 1 165438 10, apply base fertilizer, and then carry out winter irrigation. The base fertilizer can be sheep manure, pig manure, manure, cake manure, etc. Fertilization amount: Generally, adult Lycium barbarum is applied with 3000 kg sheep manure and 260 kg oil residue per mu. Generally, the fertilization amount of young Lycium barbarum trees is 1/3- 1/2 that of adult trees. The method is to open an annular ditch below the edge of the tree crown, which is 20-25 cm deep and about 40 cm wide. In addition, it is very necessary to have sufficient fertilizer in the vigorous growth period of Lycium barbarum, especially in the case of insufficient base fertilizer, it is necessary to supplement some quick-acting fertilizers in time. Generally, urea is chased once in early May; In early June and from late June to early July, ammonium phosphate compound fertilizer should be chased once each. Big trees are once 15-20k g/ mu, and young trees are about 6kg. Because early May is the period when the spring branches grow and the old eye branches (fruiting branches that are more than two years old) blossom and bear fruit, early June is the period when the seven-inch branches (fruiting branches that grew in the spring of that year) blossom and bear fruit and the old eye branches grow and develop, and late June is the period when the seven-inch branches grow and develop, and it is also the period to lay the foundation for autumn fruit production. Therefore, there should be sufficient fertilizer in these three periods. Fertilization methods include covering soil with holes or rings, and then irrigation to accelerate the absorption of fertilizer by roots. You can also spray fertilizer on the crown to prepare 0.5% nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer water. Spraying the crown during the flowering and fruiting period of Lycium barbarum can improve the fruit yield and 1000-grain weight.
irrigate
According to the water demand of Lycium barbarum, the irrigation of Lycium barbarum garden is divided into the following three periods:
(1) Late April to early June
This is the growth, flowering and fruiting period of the new branches of Lycium barbarum, so it is necessary to replenish water in time. Generally, water is poured for the first time in early May and for the second time in early June.
(2) From mid-June to mid-August
At this time, the weather is hot and the evaporation of water is large, so the growth of a large number of flowers and fruits needs more water. Generally, Guo Peng should be watered every time he picks it.
(3) Late August to 1 1.
At this time, Xia Guo has harvested, which is the growing period of autumn fruits and branches. Irrigation can be done once in early September, and once in late June to early June 1 1 after applying base fertilizer.
Lycium barbarum often needs water during its growth, but it should not be irrigated too deeply or accumulated for a long time. Excessive water should be discharged in time, otherwise it will cause root rot and death.
(5) shaping and pruning
1. Young tree shaping
After planting, Lycium barbarum will be dried at a height of 50 cm from the ground. In the autumn of that year, 3-5 vigorous branches will be selected as the main branches, and they will be cut off at about 20cm. When a new branch grows on this branch in the next spring, it will be pruned at 20-25 cm as the main branch. In the third and fourth years, we will continue to use the long branches on the backbone branches, and expand, increase and enrich the crown skeleton as in the second year. After several years of plastic training, the main branches and backbone branches at all levels of the lower layer have been basically established. At this time, it is necessary to speed up the expansion of the fruit area of the crown. Therefore, after planting for 5-6 years, the upright branches near the center of the crown are selected, and the core is picked at 30-40 cm to make them grow new lateral branches, which can form the upper crown skeleton. After 5-6 years of plastic culture, the crown is basically formed and enters the tree-forming stage.
2. Pruning of adult trees
It can be done in spring, summer and autumn. Pruning is carried out during the period from the germination of Lycium barbarum to the early growth of new buds in spring, mainly to cut off dead branches. Prune in summer from May to June, and cut off long branches. However, when there is a gap or baldness in the crown, it is necessary to keep the clustered branches and pick the core at an appropriate height to make them make side branches, which can fill the gap or fill the top. Prune in autumn from August to September. If the fruiting period is long, the pruning period can be postponed. It is mainly to cut off the long branches and old, weak, horizontal and pest branches around the crown. Remove the bundle, old and weak branches in the crown chamber to achieve smooth crown branches up and down, uniform density distribution, ventilation and light transmission.
(6) Pests and diseases and their control
1. Lycium barbarum fruit fly
[Asian sea mulberry]
Larvae destroy fruits. A large number of overwintering adults emerged when Lycium barbarum germinated, and laid eggs on the seed epidermis of young fruits after 4-9 days. Generally, each fruit lays an egg, and larvae feed on the pulp. At night, the mature larvae drill holes near the fruit stalks, bounce into the soil, and pupate 3-6 cm below the soil, which has three generations a year and overwinters in the soil as pupae. In the first and second generations, some pupae also dormant in the soil and appeared in the second year. Control method: (1) When overwintering adults emerge, spray 3kg/ mu of 5% carbaryl powder on the ground of Qiyuan Garden; (2) remove maggots and bury them; (3) irrigate or turn over the soil in autumn and winter to kill the overwintering pupae in the soil.
2. Chinese wolfberry
(Ma Le Dimputa Weiss)
It is an important pest of medicinal plants such as Lycium barbarum, Belladonna and Nepenthes. There are five generations a year in Beijing, in which adults and larvae overwinter in rhizosphere soil with soil cocoons, and adults overwinter mainly. April -65438+ 10 month. Adults lay eggs on young leaves, and the egg pieces are arranged in a herringbone shape. Larvae and adults are harmful to leaves, causing thousands of windows and holes, and only leaves veins in severe cases. Control methods: (1) Irrigate the soil in spring, destroy its wintering place and kill some overwintering insect sources; (2) Do a good job in the prevention and control of overwintering generation, and spray 5% carbaryl powder (1kg mixed fine soil 5-7 kg) on the ground of Qiyuan Garden in mid-April to kill overwintering generation adults; (3) Spraying 40% omethoate 1000 times solution as early as possible in the occurrence period.
3. Lycium barbarum gall mite
(Acer)
Harm to the leaves, tender stems, young fruits and fruit stalks of Lycium barbarum can produce purple-black nevus and gall, which will deform the tissues. During the leaf development stage of Lycium barbarum, a large number of insect mites that were stung moved from the wintering place to the new leaves to lay eggs, and the newly hatched young mites drilled into the leaf tissue to cause galls. Prevention and control methods: (1) clear the garden in winter and burn the dead leaves intensively; (2) Spraying 0.5kg of 50% dimethoate or 20% amitraz 1000 times in the leaf-spreading period in spring and the drainage period in autumn can control aphids, thrips and psyllids. (3) Spraying Pomei 3 stone sulfur mixture to kill wintering mites in autumn and winter.
4. Aphids
There are peach aphids and aphids. It is harmful to stems, leaves and fruits. See safflower for prevention and control methods.
5. Lycium barbarum)
Larvae mainly feed on fruits to make them fall off easily, and then drill shoots or growing points to wither new shoots or feed on shoots and flower organs. In Ningxia, the main producing area, there are 3-4 generations a year, and in the middle and late stage of 10, the larvae overwinter in the bark seam of the trunk. Control method: (1) control overwintering insects in trunk skin seam in winter; (2) Spraying 90% trichlorfon 800- 1000 Fucheng solution in early and middle April to control the damage of the first generation larvae.
6. Lycium barbarum black fruit disease
〕 Common Gloeosporium (Berk). ) Tum
It is an important disease of Lycium barbarum cultivated in Hebei, Shandong, Shaanxi and other places. It mainly harms fruits, followed by flowers, buds, stems and leaves. It is very popular in the rainy season. When the air humidity is high, orange mucus (pathogen conidia) can be seen at the diseased site. Bacteria spread through rain and overwinter on the remaining diseased fruits and branches. Control methods: (1) Strengthen water and fertilizer management in winter and spring. Light pruning in autumn and winter promotes early maturity and fruitful spring fruit; Control water and fertilizer in summer, prune again and give up fruit; Strengthen water and fertilizer management in autumn and strive for autumn fruit. (2) Clean the garden thoroughly before winter, collect dead leaves and diseased fruits, and burn or bury them deeply. (3) Spraying1∶1∶120-160 bordeaux solution or 50% carbendazim 1000 times solution at the initial stage of the disease. (4) artificial immunity. Spraying non-pathogenic kenaf anthracnose or hanging branches in the field to make it immune to black fruit disease.
Others include Lycium barbarum. ), Chinese wolfberry gall midge (Jaapiella sp.) and Chinese wolfberry naked thrips (Psilothrips indicus Bhafti).
Fourth, harvesting and processing.
From June to June, the fruits will gradually mature-165438+ 10, and should be harvested in time or dried in the sun. After the fruit is dried, pedicels are removed, impurities are removed, and classified and packaged.