in p>1971, when INTEL was still in the development stage, it introduced the world's first microprocessor 44. This is not only the first 4-bit microprocessor used in calculators, but also the first computer processor that individuals can afford! ! 44 contains 23 transistors, its function is quite limited, and its speed is still very slow. It was despised by the blue giant IBM and most commercial users at that time, but it was an epoch-making product after all. Since then, INTEL has forged an indissoluble bond with microprocessors. It can be said that the historical development course of CPU is actually the development course of INTEL X86 series CPU, and we will start our CPU history journey through it.
in p>1978, Intel led the trend again, and produced a 16-bit microprocessor for the first time, named i886, and also produced a mathematical coprocessor i887. These two chips used compatible instruction sets, but some instructions specially used for mathematical calculation such as logarithm, exponent and trigonometric functions were added to the i887 instruction set. Because these instruction sets are applied to i886 and i887, people also call them X86 instruction sets. Although Intel produced more advanced and faster new CPUs such as the second generation and the third generation, they were still compatible with the original X86 instructions, and Intel followed the original X86 sequence in naming subsequent CPUs, until later, due to trademark registration problems, it gave up the continued naming with Arabic numerals. As for other companies that developed later, such as AMD and Cyrix, the CPU before 486 (including 486) was named after its own X86 CPU, but by the time of 586, the market competition became more and more fierce. Due to the trademark registration problem, they could no longer use the same or similar naming as Intel's X86 CPU, so they had to name their own 586 and 686 compatible CPU.
in p>1979, INTEL introduced the 888 chip, which is still a 16-bit microprocessor, containing 29, transistors, with a clock frequency of 4.77MHz and an address bus of 2 bits, and can use 1MB of memory. The internal data bus of 888 is 16 bits, the external data bus is 8 bits, and its brother 886 is 16 bits.
in p>1981, 888 chip was first used in IBM PC, which created a brand-new microcomputer era. It was also from 888 that the concept of PC (personal computer) began to develop all over the world.
in p>1982, INTE has launched the latest epoch-making product, Zao 8286, which has made a leap forward compared with 86 and 888. Although it is still a 16-bit structure, there are 134, transistors in the CPU, and the clock frequency is gradually increased from the initial 6MHz to 2MHz. Its internal and external data buses are all 16 bits, its address bus is 24 bits, and it can address 16MB of memory. Since 8286, CPU has evolved into two working modes: real mode and protection mode.
in p>1985, INTEL introduced the 8386 chip, which is the first 32-bit microprocessor in the 8X86 series, and the manufacturing process has also made great progress. Compared with the 8286, the 8386 contains 275, transistors, and the clock frequency is 12.5MHz, and then it is increased to 2MHz, 25MHz and 33MHz. The internal and external data buses of 8386 are 32 bits, and the address bus is also 32 bits, which can address up to 4GB of memory. In addition to real mode and protected mode, it also adds a working mode called virtual 86, which can provide multi-task capability by simulating multiple 886 processors at the same time. In addition to the standard 8386 chip, that is, 8386DX, which we often talked about before, for different market and application considerations, INTEL has successively introduced some other types of 8386 chips: 8386SX, 8386SL, 8386DL and so on.
8386SX, introduced in p>1988, is a chip positioned between 8286 and 8386DX. The difference between it and 8386DX is that the external data bus and address bus are the same as 8286, which are 16 bits and 24 bits respectively (that is, the addressing ability is 16MB). Both 8386 SL and 8386 DL introduced in 199 are low-power and energy-saving chips, which are mainly used in portable computers and energy-saving desktops. The difference between 8386 SL and 8386 DL is that the former is based on 8386SX and the latter is based on 8386DX, but both of them have added a new working mode: system management mode (SMM). When entering the system management mode, the CPU will automatically reduce the running speed, control the display screen, hard disk and other components to stop working, or even stop running and enter the sleep state, so as to achieve the purpose of energy saving.
in p>1989, the well-known 8486 chip was introduced by INTEL. The greatness of this chip lies in that it actually broke the boundary of 1 million transistors and integrated 1.2 million transistors. The clock frequency of 8486 is gradually increased from 25MHz to 33MHz and 5MHz. 8486 integrates 8386, mathematical coprocessor 8387 and an 8KB cache in one chip, and RISC (Reduced Instruction Set) technology is adopted for the first time in 8X86 series, which can execute one instruction in one clock cycle. It also adopts the burst bus mode, which greatly improves the data exchange speed with the memory. Because of these improvements, the performance of 8486 is four times higher than that of 8386DX with 8387 math coprocessor. Like 8386, 8486 has several types. The original type introduced above is 8486DX.
In p>199, 8486SX was introduced, which is a low-priced model of 486 type. The difference between it and 8486DX is that it has no mathematical coprocessor. The 8486 DX2 slave uses clock frequency doubling technology, which means that the operating speed inside the chip is twice that of the external bus, that is, the internal chip runs at twice the speed of the system clock, but still communicates with the outside world at the original clock speed. The internal clock frequencies of 8486 DX2 mainly include 4MHz, 5MHz and 66MHz. 8486 DX4 is also a chip with clock frequency doubling technology, which allows its internal units to run at twice or three times the speed of the external bus. In order to support this improved internal working frequency, its on-chip cache is expanded to 16KB. The clock frequency of 8486 DX4 is 1MHz, and its running speed is 4% faster than that of 8486 DX2 at 66MHz. 8486 also has SL enhancement type, which has system management mode and is used for portable computers or energy-saving desktops. After reading this, I believe everyone will have a preliminary understanding of the development of CPU. As for the CPU introduced by other companies, such as AMD and CYRIX, the name is the same as INTEL's, so I won't repeat it.
today's CPU development starts with Pentium (commonly known as 586) and ends with the latest K7 released just a few days ago. This period of time is simply the Warring States period of CPU development. The market is booming, the situation is abrupt, the competition is extremely fierce, and new technologies appear at a very fast speed. We can let our friends know more by introducing INTEL products, and we can also get some enlightenment from it.
INTEL: when it comes to CPU, of course, we can't help but mention this big brother who has been leading the new trend of CPU manufacturing. It is because of INTEL that the computer took off its noble coat and came to our side, becoming a real personal computer. Today, when we use the computer to play games, watch movies, listen to CDs and even surf the Internet, you must remember INTEL's contribution!
Pentium: INTEL, which inherited the great success of 8486 and made several times of money, launched a new generation of high-performance processor Pentium in 1993. Because the competition in the CPU market is becoming more and more fierce, INTEL thinks that AMD and other companies can no longer use the same name to grab their jobs, so it puts forward trademark registration. Because it is impossible to register in Arabic numerals in American law, INTEL plays tricks and registers trademarks in Latin. Pentium means five in Latin. INTEL also gave it a very nice Chinese name Pentium. The manufacturer code name of PENTIUM is P54C. The number of transistors in Pentium is as high as 3.1 million, and the clock frequency is increased from 6MHZ and 66MHZ to 2MHZ. Just the original version of PENTIUM microprocessor with 66MHZ, its computing performance is more than 3 times higher than that of 8486 DX with 33MHZ, while PENTIUM with 1MHZ is 6 to 8 times faster than that of 8486 DX with 33MHZ. That is, from PENTIUM, we all have overclocking, a good way to exchange as much performance as possible with as little money as possible. As the world's first 586-level processor, PENTIUM is also the first processor with the most overclocking. Due to the excellent manufacturing technology of Pentium, the floating-point performance of the whole series of CPUs is also the strongest among CPUs, and the overclocking performance is the largest, thus winning most of the market of 586-level CPUs.
Pentimu Pro: INTEL, which initially occupied a part of the CPU market, did not stop. While other companies were still catching up with their Pentium, in 1996, it launched the latest generation of the sixth generation X86 series CPU P6. P6 is just its research code, and P6 has a very resounding name Pentimu Pro after listing. Pentimu Pro contains as many as 5.5 million transistors, and its internal clock frequency is 133MHZ, which is almost twice as fast as that of PENTIUM with 1MHZ. Pentimu Pro's first-level (on-chip) cache is 8KB instruction and 8KB data. It is worth noting that in a package of Pentimu Pro, besides Pentimu Pro chip, there is also a 256KB secondary cache chip. The two chips are interconnected by a high-bandwidth internal communication bus, and the connection line between the processor and the cache is also placed in this package, so that the cache can run at a higher frequency more easily. The L2 CACHE of Pentium Pro2MHZ CPU runs at 2MHZ, that is, it works at the same frequency as the processor. This design of Pentium Pro achieves the highest performance. The most striking thing about Pentimu Pro is that it has an innovative technology called dynamic execution, which is another leap after PENTIUM's breakthrough in superscalar architecture. The working frequency of Pentimu Pro series is 15/166/18/2, and the primary cache is 16KB, while the first three have 256KB secondary cache. As for the CPU with the frequency of 2, there are three versions, the difference is that their built-in caches are 256KB, 512KB and 1MB respectively. With such powerful performance, it is no wonder that many server systems have adopted Pentimu Pro or even dual Pentimu Pro systems!
Pentium MMX: Perhaps INTEL thinks that the Pentium series still has great potential to be tapped. At the end of 1996, it introduced an improved version of the Pentium series with the manufacturer code P55C, which is what we usually call Pentium MMX. MMX technology is a multimedia enhanced instruction set technology newly invented by INTEL, and its English full name can translate multimedia extended instruction set. Therefore, MMX is a new technology adopted by Intel Corporation in 1996 to enhance the application of Pentium CPU in audio, video, graphics and communication. It adds 57 MMX instructions to CPU, which not only adds MMX instructions to the instruction set, but also increases the L1 cache in CPU chip from the original 16KB to 32KB(16K refers to life +16K data). Compared with ordinary CPU, MMX CPU has improved its multimedia processing ability by 6%. MMX technology is not only an innovation, but also creates a new era of CPU development. At present, what KNI, 3D NOW! It also evolved from MMX. Pentium MMX can be said to have the highest share of CPU products in the computer market until 1999, and many people still use MMX CPU today. Pentium MMX series has three main frequencies: 166/2/233, the first-level cache is 32KB, the core voltage is 2.8v, and the frequency multiplication is 2.5, 3 and 3.5 respectively.
Pentium Ⅱ: In May, 1997, INTEL introduced a product at the same level as Pentium Pro, which is the most influential CPU Pentium Ⅱ. Some people say that Pentium II is a product developed to make up for the defects in Pentium Pro and then add MMX instructions. They have their reasons. I will analyze Pentium II for you: Pentium II CPU has many branches and series of products, and the first generation of products is PentiumⅡKlamath chip. As the first generation chip of PentiumⅡ II, it runs on 66MHz bus with four main frequencies: 233, 266, 3 and 333. PentiumII adopts the same core structure as Pentium Pro, thus inheriting the excellent 32-bit performance of the original Pentium Pro processor. Although Pentium II adopts the same core structure as Pentium Pro, it accelerates the writing operation of segment registers and adds MMX instruction set to speed up the execution of 16-bit operating system. Because it is equipped with a renamable segment register, PentiumⅡ II can guess the write operation and allow it to be used.