Section 1 Scientific Common Sense

1. Science

Science has several explanations, and each explanation reflects the essential characteristics of a certain aspect of science. Moreover, science itself is also developing, and people's understanding of it is constantly deepening. It is difficult to give science an eternal definition. We have summarized many scientific definitions and pointed out a common concept acceptable to most people, which is the unity of scientific knowledge, scientific research activities, and scientific social institutions.

2. Technology

Technology is a complete system in which humans use knowledge, experience and skills, and use material means to achieve the purpose of utilizing, controlling and transforming nature. It is a process in which people's knowledge and abilities are combined with material means to transform nature.

3. The definition and essence of technological innovation

Technological innovation is defined as the research and development, design, manufacturing and commercial application of new products, new processes or equipment. Other business activities. It includes product innovation, process innovation and service innovation. Simply put, technological innovation refers to the introduction of a new product, new process, and new service into the market.

4. China’s five major science and technology awards

The National Highest Science and Technology Award, the National Natural Science Award, the National Technological Invention Award, the National Science and Technology Progress Award, the People’s Republic of China and the National International Science and Technology Cooperation Award.

5. Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize is the most famous and academically prestigious international award in the world. The Nobel Prize was established with part of the estate of the famous Swedish chemist Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833-1896). The Nobel Prize includes a gold medal, certificate and bonus check.

6. "863" Plan

In March 1986, under the active initiative of four famous old scientists Wang Daheng, Wang Ganchang, Yang Jiaqi, and Chen Fangyun, our country formulated the "High Technology Research Plan" Development Plan Outline", referred to as the "863" plan.

7. Biomimicry

It is a borderline discipline between biological science and technical science that has been developed in the past one or two decades. It involves physiology, biophysics, biochemistry, physics, mathematics, cybernetics, engineering and other subject areas. Biomimicry studies the functional principles and mechanisms of various biological systems as biological models, hoping to utilize these principles and mechanisms in technological development. The final goal is to realize new technological designs and create better new instruments. , machinery, etc. Various colorful functions in the biological world have extremely complex and exquisite structures, which are far more wonderful than all man-made machines so far. Therefore, in the further development of engineering science, it is very important for people to seek inspiration and simulation from living things. Natural.

8. Agricultural Technology

(1) White Agriculture

White agriculture is a change in agriculture that uses sunlight as direct energy and uses green plants to produce human food through photosynthesis. , the traditional method of animal feed, developed using high technology, relying on artificial energy and not subject to weather and seasonal restrictions, can be produced on a large scale in factories all year round, saves soil, water, does not pollute the environment, and is a microbial industry with recyclable resources. type of agriculture.

(2) Biological agriculture

Biological agriculture is the use of natural conditions, using a variety of crop rotation to fertilize fields, natural insecticides, biological diversity and other scientific methods to grow crops without applying chemical fertilizers. No pesticides are sprayed, and agricultural products that are close to natural plants are produced.

(3) Sustainable Agriculture

The development of sustainable agriculture requires the coordination of agricultural production and environmental protection. While developing agricultural production, we must pay attention to maintaining and attaching importance to the long-term development of agriculture. The basis is to avoid extensive use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, deforestation, overgrazing, destructive farming, and abuse of land, which may lead to farmland soil degradation, soil erosion, or even salinization, desertification, and reduction of biological resources, so as to ensure the sustainable development of agriculture.

(4) Ecological agriculture

Ecological agriculture is a complex natural, social, and economic complex. It is a principle and system of biological production and material recycling regeneration using the ecological system. Engineering methods and contemporary scientific and technological achievements, based on local resource conditions, rationally combine the equivalent relationships between agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, and processing industries to achieve a new agricultural system that unifies the three major benefits of economy, ecology, and society.

(5) Green food and logo

Green food refers to pollution-free, safe, high-quality and nutritious food that has been recognized by a specialized agency and is allowed to use the green food logo. The Green Food Mark is a quality certification trademark officially registered by the China Green Food Development Center at the State Administration for Industry and Commerce. The green food logo consists of three parts, namely the sun above, the leaves below and the bud in the center. The logo is a perfect circle, which means protection.

9. Hybrid rice

In the 1970s, Yuan Longping was the first to develop hybrid rice that could be widely planted, bringing revolutionary changes to China's rice cultivation and greatly improving increased output.

10. Steam engine: promoted the development of the entire industrial revolution

Traditional horsepower or water power could not provide the power needed for the industrial revolution. The development of steam engine energy brought a new kind of power to the world. More effective and powerful power. Although the ancients had already begun exploration in this area in the 2nd century BC, it was not until the advent of Watt's steam engine that the commercial value of the steam engine was truly opened. Many historians consider the development of the steam engine to be one of the most important inventions of the Industrial Revolution, as it led to the development of the metallurgy, coal mining, and textile industries. The emergence of the steam engine and the mechanization of the textile industry increased the amount of iron used in industry. Since Britain is rich in iron ore and coal mines, the increase in demand stimulated improvements in iron smelting technology and coal mining, while accelerating the pace of industrialization. The steam engine train that appeared in 1804 and the steam engine ship that appeared in 1807 greatly improved transportation conditions and assisted the development of the Industrial Revolution.

11. Telephone: Opening a new chapter in the history of human communication

"Mr. Watson, please come here immediately, I need help!" This is the invention of the telephone on March 10, 1876 The first sentence successfully transmitted by Alexander Bell through the telephone, the telephone was born, and a new chapter in the history of human communication was opened.

Humanity’s dream of wireless communication was realized in 1973 in New York, USA. At that time, the world's first practical mobile phone was large in size and weighed 1.9 kilograms. It was a veritable "big brother". Today, 26 years later, the world's smallest mobile phone was born. It is only as big as a pager and much lighter than the first generation mobile phone.

The year 1964 was another important turning point in the history of human communications. This summer, thousands of viewers around the world watched the live satellite broadcast of the Tokyo Olympics in Japan for the first time. This is the first time in human history that people can watch things happening thousands of miles away at the same time through TV screens. In addition to sighing at the wonderful and spectacular opening ceremony and various competitions of the Olympic Games, people are also amazed at the progress of science and technology. This is all thanks to the geostationary satellite invented by Harold Rosen.

In the summer of 1969, the prototype of the international Internet appeared in the United States. It consisted of four computer websites, one at the University of California and the other three in Nevada. In 1972, experimenters sent the first email on the experimental network for the first time, which marked the beginning of the integration of the international Internet with communications. In the 1990s, the international Internet began to be used for commercial purposes. In 1995, the development of the Internet reached its first climax, and this year was called the International Year of the Internet. Driven by the wave of electronic commerce, the impact of the international Internet on human society will be even more profound in the 21st century.

12. Mobile phones

The first mobile phone was born in 1985. At that time, there was no such word as "mobile phone". Because it had to be carried like a backpack, it was called a shoulder phone, and it weighed up to 3 kilograms. A mobile phone with a similar shape to today was born in 1987.

13. Color TV

In 1928, British engineer Bader made a color TV picture tube. On May 17, 1957, color television was broadcast publicly in the United States with good results.

14. Artificial satellite

It was developed and successfully launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957.

15. The birth of robots

The history of robots is not long. In 1959, Ingeberg and DeVore in the United States created the world’s first industrial robot. History really begins.

Ingeberg studied servo theory in college, a theory that studies how moving mechanisms can better track control signals. Devore had invented a system in 1946 that could "replay" the movements of recorded machines. In 1954, Devol obtained a patent for a programmable manipulator. This kind of manipulator works according to the program and can prepare different programs according to different work needs, so it is versatile and flexible. Both Engelberg and DeVore are studying robots and believe that the automotive industry is most suitable for using robots because heavy machines are used to work and the production process is relatively fixed. In 1959, Ingeberg and DeVore teamed up to create the first industrial robot.

16. Credit card

In 1950, McNamara, a 35-year-old credit expert in Manhattan, invented the credit card.

17. Laser

In 1960, Charles Tonis of Bell Labs and his colleagues successfully launched an extremely narrow laser with huge energy over a distance of 25 miles. A beam of light, which is 100 times brighter than sunlight, is a laser. At present, lasers are widely used in medicine, printing, recording and other industries.

18. Computer network

A computer network refers to a system composed of multiple independent computers that are geographically dispersed and interconnected through communication lines. Computer networks can be divided into local area networks and transport networks.

19. Information technology

Information technology refers to the acquisition, transmission, processing and other technologies of information. It is the forerunner of high technology. Information technology is based on microelectronics technology, including communication technology, automation technology, microelectronics technology, optoelectronics technology, light guide technology, computer technology and artificial intelligence technology.

20. Information Superhighway

The information superhighway, or highway information network, simply put, uses multimedia as a vehicle and optical fiber as a road to connect government agencies, Users such as enterprises, institutions, schools, libraries, hospitals, and families are connected and apply the ATIM transmission mode to quickly transmit data, sounds, and images in an interactive manner through a high information flow information network.

21. Nanotechnology

Just like millimeters and microns, nanometers are a concept of scale, one billionth of a meter, and have no physical connotation. When a substance reaches the nanometer scale, approximately in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers, the properties of the substance will mutate and special properties will appear. This kind of material is composed of special properties that are different from the original atoms and molecules as well as macroscopic substances. It is a nanomaterial. If it is only a material with a scale of nanometers and no special properties, it cannot be called a nanomaterial. In the past, people only paid attention to atoms, molecules or the universe, and often ignored this intermediate field. This field actually exists in nature in large quantities, but the performance of this scale range was not recognized before. The first to truly realize its performance and reference the concept of nanometers were Japanese scientists. In the 1970s, they used evaporation methods to create ultrafine ions, and by studying its properties, they discovered that a copper and silver conductor is electrically and thermally conductive. After being made into nanoscale, it loses its original properties and shows that it neither conducts electricity nor heat. The same is true for magnetic materials, such as iron-cobalt alloy. If you make it about 20 to 30 nanometers in size, the magnetic domain will become a single magnetic domain, and its magnetism will be 1,000 times higher than the original. In the mid-1980s, people officially named this type of material nanomaterials.

Nanotechnology is a production method and working method in the nanoscale space, and it understands nature and creates a new skill in the nanoscale space.

The connotation of nanotechnology is very broad. It includes the manufacturing technology of nanomaterials, the technology of applying nanomaterials to various fields (including high-tech fields), and the construction of a device in nanospace to realize the transformation of atoms and molecules. Cutting, operating, and understanding of new laws of material transmission and energy transmission in nanoscale areas, etc.

22. Solar System

The celestial system composed of the sun, planets and their satellites, asteroids, comets, meteors and interplanetary matter is called the solar system.

In the solar system, the sun is the central celestial body, and other celestial bodies revolve around the sun under the gravitational pull of the sun. Its main members are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

23. Milky Way

The Milky Way is a huge celestial system composed of stars and diffuse matter. The Milky Way is the star system in which our earth and sun are located. It is a giant system with one to two hundred billion stars, except for the Andromeda Galaxy.

24. Earth

The Earth has a history of approximately 4.6 billion years and is always in constant change and movement. In a series of evolutionary stages, a dynamic equilibrium is maintained. The earth rotates from west to east while revolving around the sun. The Earth is one of the nine planets in the solar system, the third in order from closest to the sun. The interior of the Earth has core, mantle, and crust structures, and the exterior of the Earth has the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and magnetosphere, forming a jacket surrounding the solid Earth. The Earth and its natural satellite, the Moon, form a celestial system, the Earth-Moon system.

25. Light-year

Light-year is a commonly used unit of distance in astronomy. The distance traveled by light in a vacuum in one year is called a light-year. One light year is equal to 9,465 billion kilometers, or 63,240 astronomical units, or 0.307 parsecs.

26. Three Laws of Thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics is the law of energy conservation and transformation. Its content is: In any isolated system, no matter what changes occur, no matter what the energy The total energy of a system is conserved when converted from one form to another, or from one part of matter to another.

Contents of the second law of thermodynamics: The transfer of heat energy is irreversible, that is, in the absence of external action, heat energy will only transfer from a hot body to a cold body, but not from a cold body to a hot body. body.

The third law of thermodynamics is that the entropy of a system is zero at absolute zero, that is, there is no disorder.

27. Electromagnetic theory

Electromagnetic theory believes that changing electric fields are accompanied by changing magnetic fields, and changing magnetic fields are also accompanied by changing electric fields. The empirical laws of electricity and magnetism that are the basis of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory include: Coulomb's law of electrostatics, laws involving magnetism, Ampere's law regarding the magnetism of electric current, and Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. Maxwell synthesized these four laws and derived Maxwell's equations, which predict that the changing electromagnetic field propagates into space in the form of waves.

28. Combustion Theory

Combustion is generally a complex chemical process triggered by external factors such as heat, light or sparks. In 1772, France's Lavoisier proposed that weight gain was the result of the combination of reactants and air, which initially revealed the essence of combustion. In 1777, he proposed the theory of combustion and oxidation in "General Theory of Combustion". His correct explanation of combustion is based on the law of the immortality of matter, which has become a pillar of the development of modern science.

29. Periodic law of elements

The periodic law of elements reveals that the properties of elements change periodically as the atomic number of the elements increases.

30. Protein

Twenty kinds of amino acids with different results constitute thousands of proteins of varying sizes and different functions according to their composition and order. Protein is the main component of cells, a highly complex substance present in all living organisms, and has important biochemical functions.

31. Heredity and variation

The phenomenon of similarity between biological offspring and parents is called heredity. There are more or less differences between the offspring of organisms and their parents, as well as between different individuals of offspring. This difference is called mutation. Variations caused by changes in genetic material are called heritable mutations, and variations caused by environmental conditions without changes in genetic material are called non-heritable mutations.

Biological organisms have heredity and variation, which can not only maintain the relative stability of species, but also promote the continuous evolution of organisms.

32. Cells

Cells are the basic unit of structure and development of all biological organisms. The outermost part of the cell is the cell membrane, and inside the membrane is the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm contains the nucleus, as well as organelles such as mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus.

Cell theory: German botanist Schleiden proposed that cells are the basic units of all plant mechanisms. German zoologists extended this view to the animal kingdom and formally established the cell theory. The establishment of the cell theory was one of the three greatest discoveries of the 19th century. It achieved another level of synthesis of biological knowledge and proved the unity of biology in structure and development.

33. Nucleic acid

Nucleic acid is a large acidic chain molecule containing phosphate, pentose sugar, purine or pyrimidine bases. There are two types of deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA and ribonucleic acid, RNA.

34. Biological evolution

The general trend of biological evolution is: species from few to many, living environment from aquatic to terrestrial, body structure from simple to complex, from low to high . Darwin, the famous British biologist in the 19th century, proposed a theory of biological evolution based on the theory of natural selection, laying the scientific foundation for the theory of evolution. Engels listed Darwin's theory of evolution as one of the three major discoveries in natural science in the 19th century.

35. Metabolism

Metabolism is one of the basic characteristics of living things. Organisms constantly obtain the nutrients necessary for survival from the outside world, turn these nutrients into the biological substances themselves, and at the same time excrete the waste produced in the body. The process of replacing old substances with new substances is called metabolism. Metabolism includes assimilation and dissimilation, which are both contradictory and interrelated. Dissimilation releases energy, assimilation requires energy, and the energy required for assimilation is released by dissimilation.

36. Genes

Each protein, enzyme, peptide hormone and cytokine in an organism has its own specific genetic information, which is stored in the chromosome chain. The segment that carries the complete genetic code for a particular protein is called a gene.

37. Internet

The birthplace of the Internet is the United States. Tracing back to the origin of the Internet in the United States, we can start with the Soviet Union's first rocket launch of the first artificial earth satellite Spunik 1 in 1957. At that time, the Soviet Union launched the artificial earth satellite ahead of the United States, which greatly stimulated the US government and opposition parties and prompted a comprehensive review of the country. science and technology policies and education in order to catch up. At that time, US President Eisenhower decided to establish an agency to develop science and technology called ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency). It was this agency that later provided funding to establish the earliest Internet, called ARPANET.

38. Technology

"Clone" originally means asexual reproduction, which does not rely on sex cells but the somatic cells of organisms for reproduction.

On February 23, 1997, scientists from the Roslin Institute in Scotland announced that their research team had successfully "cloned" a baby with the same genetic structure as the donor using goat somatic cells. Sheep "Dolly". What's special about Dolly is that it was born without sperm. The researchers first sucked out the genetic material from a sheep egg cell and turned it into an empty shell. Then they took out a mammary gland cell from a 6-year-old ewe and injected the genetic material into the empty shell of the egg cell.

The result is an egg cell that contains new genetic material but has not been fertilized. The modified egg cell divided and multiplied to form an embryo, which was then implanted into the uterus of another ewe. With the successful delivery of the ewe, "Dolly" came to the world. On February 15, 2003, Dolly, the world's first cloned sheep, died.

If you have a lot of relevant knowledge, it is recommended that you read more popular science books and browse related websites. Work hard! It’s just about accumulation