The first computer (ENIAC) was born in the United States in February 1946. American mathematician von Neumann proposed program storage. With the support of the United States War Department, the development of ENIAC began in 1943 and was completed in 1946. 1. the birth of mechanical computer 16 14: John Napier, a scot (1550 ~ 16 17), published a paper, in which he mentioned that he had invented an exquisite device that could perform four operations and square root operations. 1623: Wilhelm Schickard (1592 ~1635) made a "computational clock", which can add and subtract within 6 digits and output the answer by ringing. This device is operated by turning a gear. William Oughtred (1575 ~ 1660) invented the slide rule. 1668: Samuel Moore, an Englishman (1625 ~ 1695) made a non-decimal addition device, which is suitable for counting coins. 167 1 year: Gottfried Leibniz, a German mathematician, designed a calculation tool that can perform multiplication and the final answer can reach 16 digits. 1822: Charles Babbage, an Englishman (1792 ~ 187 1) designed a difference unit and an analyzer. The design theory is very advanced, similar to the electronic computer one hundred years later, especially the design using card to input programs and data was adopted by later generations. 1834: Babbage conceived to build a general analyzer to store programs and data in a read-only memory (punched card). Babbage continued his research work in the future. In 1840, the operand was increased to 40, which basically realized the idea of control center (CPU) and stored program. The program can jump according to conditions, perform general addition in a few seconds and multiply and divide in a few minutes. 1848: British mathematician george boole founded binary algebra, which paved the way for the development of modern binary computers nearly a century earlier. 1890: The US Census Department hopes to get a machine to help improve the efficiency of census. Herman hollerith (later his company developed into IBM) borrowed Babbage's invention, used punched cards to store data, and designed a machine. Results It took only six weeks to get accurate demographic data (if manual method is used, it will take about 10 years). 1896: herman hollerith founded the predecessor of IBM. Second, the advent of electronic computers 1906: Lee De Forest, an American, invented the electron tube, which laid the foundation for the development of electronic computers. February 1924: IBM was founded and an epoch-making company was born. 1935: IBM introduces IBM 60 1. This is a punched card computer that can calculate multiplication in one second. This machine plays an important role in both natural science and commercial application, and about 1500 sets have been manufactured. 1937: Allen m turing of Cambridge university (19 12 ~ 1954) published a paper and put forward a mathematical model called "turing machine" by later generations. 1937: george stibitz of Bell Laboratories shows a device that uses relays to represent binary. Although it is only a monitor, it is the first binary electronic computer. 1940 65438+1October: Samuel Williams and Stibitz of Bell Laboratories successfully built a computer that can perform complex operations. The machine uses a large number of relays, draws lessons from some telephone technologies and adopts advanced coding technology. 194 1 Summer: atanasoff and student Berry completed a computer which can solve linear algebraic equations, named "ABC", with capacitors as memory and punched cards as auxiliary memory. Those holes are actually burned out, the clock frequency is 60Hz, and it takes one second to complete an addition operation. 1943 65438+1October: the Mark I automatic sequence control computer was successfully developed in the United States. The whole machine has a length of 5 1 foot, a weight of 5 tons and 750,000 parts. This machine adopts 3304 relay and 60 switches as mechanical read-only memory. The program is stored on paper tape, and the data can come from paper tape or card reader. Mark I is used to calculate the ballistic firing table of the US Navy. 1September, 943: Williams and Stibitz completed the "relay interpolator", which was later named "Type II relay calculator". This is a programmable computer, which also uses paper tape to input programs and data. It runs more reliably, each number is represented by 7 relays, and it can perform floating-point operation. 1946: ENIAC (Electronic Digital Integrator and Computer) was born, which is the first real digital electronic computer. 1943 started research and development, and 1946 completed research and development. The leaders are John W. Mockley and J. Presper eckert, weighing 30 tons. They use 18000 electron tubes with a power of 25 kW, which are mainly used to calculate ballistics and develop hydrogen bombs. Third, the development of transistor computers 1947: William B. shockley, john bardeen and Walter H. Blatin of Bell Laboratories invented the transistor, which opened a new era of the electronic age. 1949: Wilkes of Cambridge University and his team have made a computer that can store programs, and the input and output devices are still paper tape. 1949: EDVAC (electronic discrete variable automatic computer)-the first computer using magnetic tape. This is a breakthrough, the program can be stored on tape many times. This machine was put forward by john von neumann. 1950: Yoshiro Nakamats of imperial university in Tokyo, Japan invented the floppy disk, and its sales right was obtained by IBM. Thus, a brand-new storage era was born. 195 1 year: Grace Murray Hopper completed the high-level language compiler. 195 1 year: univac-1-the first commercial computer system was born, and the designers were J. Presper eckert and John Mochili. It was used by the U.S. Census Bureau for census, which indicated that computers entered the era of commercial application. 1953: The magnetic core memory was successfully developed. 1954: john backus of IBM and his research team began to develop FORTRAN (formula translation), which was completed in 1957. This is an advanced computer language suitable for scientific research. 1957: IBM successfully developed the first dot matrix printer. IV. Integrated circuits pave the way for modern computers1958 September 12: Under the leadership of robert noyce (founder of Intel), integrated circuits were born and microprocessors were invented soon. However, because the technology of Japanese companies was used for reference when the microprocessor was invented, Japan did not get the benefits it deserved, so it did not recognize its patent. It took Japan 30 years to admit it, allowing Japanese companies to get some profits from it. But by 200 1, this patent will be invalid. 1959: Grace Murray Hopper started to develop COBOL (Common Language for Business), which was completed in 196 1. 1960: ALGOL-the first structured programming language released. 196 1 year: Kennth Iverson of IBM introduces APL programming language. 1963: DEC Company introduced the first small computer-PDP-8. 1964: IBM publishes PL/ 1 programming language. 1964: release the first series of IBM 360 compatible computers. DEC releases PDB-8 minicomputer. 1965: Moore's Law announced that the number of transistors in the processor doubled every 18 months, and the price dropped by half. 1965: Lofty Zade founded fuzzy logic to deal with approximation problems. 1965: Thomas E.Kurtz and John Kemeny have completed the development of the Basic (general code of structure within symbols for beginners) language. It is especially suitable for computer education and beginners and can be widely popularized. 1965: Douglas Englebart put forward the idea of mouse, but did not study it further. It was not until 1983 that it was widely adopted by Apple Computer Company. 1965: The first supercomputer CD6600 was successfully developed. 1967: niklaus wirth began to develop PASCAL language, which was completed in 197 1. 1968: robert noyce and several of his friends founded Intel corporation. 1968: Seymour Paper and his research team developed the logo language at MIT. 1969: ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) is launched, which is the embryonic form of modern Internet. 1April 7, 969: The first network protocol standard RFC was launched. 1970: The first RAM chip was introduced by Intel with a capacity of 1KB. 1970: Ken Thomson and dennis ritchie begin to develop UNIX operating system. 1970: The fourth generation programming language has been developed. 1970: ARPANet, the embryonic form of the Internet, was basically completed and began to open to non-military departments. 197 1 year 1 month 65438+5th: Marcian e hoff successfully developed the first microprocessor 4004 in Intel corporation, which contains 2300 transistors, with a word length of 4 bits and a clock frequency of 1 000. Computers after 1972: 1972 are customarily called the fourth generation computers. Based on LSI and later VLSI. Computers in this period were more powerful and smaller. At this time, people began to doubt whether computers can continue to shrink, especially whether the problem of calorific value can be solved. At the same time, people began to discuss the development of the fifth generation computer. 1972: The development of C language is completed. Its main designer is Dennis Ritche, one of the developers of UNIX system. This is a very powerful language, especially popular. 1972: HP invented the first handheld calculator. 1 April, 9721day: Intel launches 8008 microprocessor. 1972: ARPANet began to go global, and the Internet revolution began. 1973: released by Pong, arcade game, which is very popular. The inventor is nolan bushnell (founder of Atari). 1974: The first CLIP-4 with parallel computer architecture is introduced. 5. Contemporary computer technology is gradually becoming brilliant. Before that, it should be said that computer technology mainly focused on the development of mainframes and minicomputers. With the development of VLSI and microprocessor technology, the technical barrier for computers to enter ordinary people's homes has been gradually broken. Especially after Intel released the microprocessor 8080 for individual users, this wave finally surged, and a large number of trend leaders in the information age, such as Steven Jobs, were born. 6? 1 Jobs), Bill Gates (Bill? 6? 1 door), etc. They still play a decisive role in the development of the whole computer industry. During this period, Internet technology and multimedia technology have been applied and developed unprecedentedly, and computers have really begun to change our lives. 1 974 April1day: Intel releases its 8-bit microprocessor chip 8080. 1975: Bill Gates and paul allen completed the first BASIC program running on the Altair computer at MIT. 1975: Bill Gates and paul allen founded Microsoft (which has become the largest and most successful software company in the world). After three years, the income was $500,000, and the number of employees increased to 15. 1992 reached $2.8 billion, with 10000 employees. 198 1 year, Microsoft developed an operating system for IBM's PC, and has since established its leading position in the field of computer software. 1976: Stephen Wozinak and Stephen Jobs founded apple computer company and launched its Apple I computer. 1June 8, 978: Intel released its 16-bit microprocessor 8086. In June, 1979 was launched with quasi 16-bit 8088 to meet the market demand for low-cost processors and was adopted by IBM's first generation PC. The clock frequency of this processor is 4.77MHz, 8MHz and 10MHz, and it integrates about 300 instructions and 29,000 transistors. 1979: The low-density floppy disk was born. 1979: Seeing that the PC market was occupied by computer companies such as Apple, IBM decided to develop its own personal computer. In order to launch its own products as soon as possible, IBM entrusted a lot of work to a third party (among which Microsoft undertook the development of the operating system, which laid the foundation for the subsequent rise of Microsoft), and launched IBM- PC on August 198 12. 1980: "As long as there is 1 megabyte of memory, it is enough for DOS execution", Microsoft said in the early days of developing DOS. How do you feel after hearing this sentence today? 198 1 year: Xerox began to develop graphical user interfaces, icons, menus and pointing devices (such as mice). As a result, the research results were used for reference by Apple, and Apple later accused Microsoft of copying their designs and developing Windows series software. 1981August 12: MS-DOS 1.0 and PC-DOS 1.0 were released. Microsoft was commissioned by IBM to develop DOS operating system. They bought a program called 86-DOS from Tim Patterson and improved it. The version sold by IBM is called PC-DOS, and that sold by Microsoft is called MS-DOS. Microsoft and IBM cooperated to DOS 5.0 of 199 1. The original DOS 1.0 was very simple, and each disk had only one root directory. Subdirectories were not supported until version 2.0 of 1983. MS-DOS is an IBM-PC compatible operating system before 1995. After Windows 95 was introduced and quickly occupied the market, its last version was named DOS 7.0. 1982: The Internet based on TCP/IP protocol has begun to take shape. 1February, 982: 80286 was released, the clock frequency was increased to 20MHz, the protection mode was increased, 16MB memory was accessible, virtual memory exceeding 1GB was supported, 2.7 million instructions were executed per second, and 134000 transistors were integrated. 1spring of 983: IBM XT was released, adding 10MB hard disk, 128KB memory, a floppy drive, a monochrome display, a printer and an 8087 digital coprocessor. The price at that time was $5,000. 1March, 983: MS-DOS 2.0 and PC-DOS 2.0 added a management form similar to UNIX hierarchical directory. 1984: DNS (domain name server) domain name server is released, and there are more than 1000 hosts running on the Internet. At the end of 1984, Compaq began to develop IDE interface, which can transmit data at a faster speed and has been adopted by many peers. Later, an EIDE interface with better performance was developed on this basis. 1985: Philips and Sony jointly launch optical drives. 1985101October 17: 80386 DX was launched. The clock frequency reaches 33MHz, it can address 1GB memory, execute 6 million instructions per second, and integrate 275,000 transistors. 1985165438+1October: released by Microsoft Windows. The operating system needed DOS support, which was similar to Apple's operating interface, so that it was sued by Apple, and the lawsuit was not terminated until August 1997. 1985 65438+February: MS-DOS 3.2 and PC-DOS 3.2 were released. This is the first system that supports 3.5-inch disks, but it only supports 720KB. Version 3.3 only supports 1.44 MB 1987: Microsoft Windows 2.0 release. 1988: establishment of eisa standard. 1989: Tim Berners Lee of CERN discovered the prototype of the World Wide Web. Novices can also browse the Internet easily through hypertext links. This has greatly promoted the development of the Internet. 1March, 989: EIDE standard was formulated, which can support hard disks exceeding 528MB and can reach the transmission speed of 33.3MB/s, and is adopted by many optical disks. 1989 April 10: 80486 DX released. The processor integrates1.20 thousand transistors, and the clock frequency of subsequent models reaches 100MHz. 1989165438+1October: the sound blaster card was released. 1May 22nd, 990: Microsoft released Windows 3.0, which is compatible with MS-DOS mode. 1990165438+1October: the first generation of MPC (multimedia personal computer standard) was released. The standard requires that the processor should be at least 80286/ 12MHz (later increased to 80386SX/ 16MHz) and the transmission rate of the optical drive should be at least 150 kb/ sec. 199 1 year: ISA standard issued. 1991June: MS-DOS 5.0 and PC-DOS 5.0 were released. In order to promote the development of OS/2, Bill Gates said that DOS5.0 is a DOS terminator and will not spend any energy on it in the future. This version has exceeded the basic memory limit of 640KB. This version also marks the end of the cooperation between Microsoft and IBM on DOS. 1992: released by Windows NT, with 2GB of addressable memory. April 1992: Windows 3. 1 released. 1993: The Internet began to be commercialized. 1993: The classic game Doom was released. 1March 22, 993: Pentium released, integrating more than 3 million transistors. The core frequency of the early version is 60 ~66MHz, and 65438+ billion instructions are executed per second. 1May, 993: MPC standard 2 was issued, which requires that the optical disc transmission rate should reach 300KB/s, and 15 frames of images can be played per second in a window of 320 ×240. 1March 7, 994: Intel released 90 ~ 100 MHz Pentium processor. 1994: Netscape 1.0 browser release. 1994: Command &；; To conquer (command and conquer) and release. 1March 27th, 995: Intel released the Pentium processor of 120MHz. June 1995 1: Intel released 133MHz Pentium processor. 1August 23rd, 995: Windows 95, a pure 32-bit multitasking operating system, was released. This operating system is very different from the previous version, completely divorced from MS-DOS, but still retains the DOS mode to take care of users' habits. Windows 95 has achieved great success. 1 995165438+1October1:released by Pentium Pro, with a main frequency of 200MHz, 440 million instructions per second and 5.5 million transistors integrated. 199565438+February: Netscape releases its JavaScript. 199665438+1October: Netscape Navigator 2.0 released. This is the first browser that supports JavaScript. 199665438+1October 4th: Intel released 150 ~ 166 MHz Pentium processor, which integrated 310 ~ 3.3 million transistors. 1996: Windows 95 OSR2 was released, which fixed some bugs and extended some functions. 1997: The release of well-known game software, such as Heft Auto, Thor Hammer 2 and blade runner, has led to the rapid rise of 3D graphics accelerator cards. 1997 65438+1October 8th: Intel released Pentium MMX CPU, which enhanced processor games and multimedia functions. April 1997: IBM's deep blue computer defeated Kasparov, the world champion of human chess. 1May 7, 997: Intel released Pentium II, adding more instructions and caches. 1June 2, 997: Intel released 233MHz Pentium MMX. 1February, 998: Intel released the Pentium II processor with 333 MHz, which was manufactured by 0.25 micron process, with higher speed and lower calorific value. 1June 25th, 998: Microsoft released Windows 98, and someone tried to dismember Microsoft. Microsoft retorted that it would harm the national interests of the United States. 199965438+1October 25th: Linux kernel 2.2.0 is released, and people have high hopes for it. 1Feb. 22, 999: AMD released K6-3 400MHz processor. June 65438+July 0999: Pentium III released. At first, the clock frequency was above 450MHz, the bus speed was above 100MHz, it was manufactured by 0.25μm process, supported SSE multimedia instruction set, and integrated a secondary cache above 5 12KB. 1999101October 25th: The Pentium III processor codenamed Coppermine was released. The size of copper chip manufactured by 0. 18 micron process is further reduced. Although 256KB full-speed on-chip L2 cache and 28 million transistors are integrated internally, its size is only 106 mm2. March 2000: Intel released a new generation of Celeron processors with the code name "Coppermine 128". The most significant difference between the new Celeron processor and the old Celeron processor is that it adopts the same Coppermine kernel and the same FC-PGA packaging method as the new P ⅲ processor, and supports SSE multimedia extended instruction set. April 27, 2000: AMD announced the official launch of Duron as the trademark of its new cheap processor, in order to launch a greater impact on Intel at the low end. At the same time, Thunderbird for the high-end was also released the next month. July 2000: AMD released the Athlon processor of 1GHz before Intel, and then released the Athlon processor of 1.2 GHz. July 2000: Intel released and developed the Pentium 4 processor code-named Willamette with 423 or 478 pins. Its internal chip integrates 256KB L2 cache, and its external frequency is 400MHz. Manufactured in 0. 18 micron process, using SSE2 instruction set and integrated heat sink, the main frequency started from 1.4GHz. On May 38+0, 2004, AMD released Athlon 4 processor for notebook computers. The processor is manufactured in a 0. 18 micron process, with a front-end bus frequency of 200MHz, a second-level cache of 256KB and a first-level cache of 128KB. 2001may 2 1 day, through the release of C3 processor. The processor is manufactured by 0. 15 micron process (the core of the processor is only 2mm), including 192KB full-speed cache (128KB first-level cache and 64KB second-level cache), and adopts Socket370 interface. Support 133MHz front-end bus frequency and 3DNow! MMX multimedia instruction set. On August 5th, 20001,VIA announced that its P4 chipset P4X266 compatible with DDR and SDRAM memory will be shipped in large quantities. The memory bandwidth of the chipset reaches 4GB, which is twice that of the i850. On August 27th, 20001year, Intel released a P4 processor with a main frequency of up to 2GHz. The wholesale price per thousand tablets is $562.

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