Characteristics of the era:

① The formation of two opposing classes. Since the Spring and Autumn Period, due to the promotion and use of iron tools and cattle farming, a large amount of wasteland was reclaimed, and some slave owners turned newly reclaimed fields into In this way, two classes of landlords and farmers emerged.

② The needs of feudal economic development. During the Warring States Period, the emerging landlord class abolished the privileges of the old aristocracy Shiqing Shilu, established feudal rule, and developed Feudal economy, various countries have launched reform movements one after another.

③The need for various countries to compete for hegemony. At that time, the competition among vassal states was very fierce. In order to be in a favorable position in the struggle for hegemony and not to be annexed by other countries, various countries competed to carry out reforms. Reforms to enrich the country and strengthen its army.

④ In order to enhance the strength of the Qin State, Qin Xiaogong introduced talents and implemented reforms to become stronger. So Shang Yang was reused.

Same:

1. Reform must be in line with the interests of the people - "Those who win the hearts of the people win the world".

2. Reforms conform to the trend of social development and keep up with the development of the times.

3. They are all started from the top Next, the reform was supported by the emperor.

Conclusion:

(1) Reform must conform to the objective trend.

(2) Reform must have strong support Measures are guaranteed.

(3) Reform is the driving force for social progress. Only reform can a country be prosperous and strong.

(4) Reformers must use both law and morality and should not arbitrarily tighten criminal laws. .

(5) Reform is tortuous and full of resistance. It will encounter obstruction and opposition from all kinds of old forces and old customs, and a heavy price will be paid. Only by persevering and overcoming many obstacles can we succeed. .