1. Varieties of wine grapes

Grapes belong to the (Ampelidecese) family, and all wine grape varieties belong to the (Vitis) family among the 10 families and genera of (Ampelidecese), among which The Vitis Vinifera variety is the most important, because 99.99% of the world's wines are made from the Vitis Vinifera grape variety. (Vitis Vinifera) is the variety currently used to make fine wines in Europe. There are more than 8,000 grape varieties that can make wine in the world, but there are only about 50 grape varieties that can make good wine, which can be roughly divided into two types: white grapes and red grapes. White grapes, colors include green, yellow, etc. Mainly used to brew sparkling wine and liquor. The colors of red grapes include black, blue, purple-red, and deep red. Some have dark flesh, and some have colorless flesh like white grapes. Therefore, white-fleshed red grapes can be peeled and squeezed to make white wine, such as (Pinot Noir). ) can be used to brew champagne and liquor.

1. Cabernet Sauvignon

English name (Cabernet Sauvignon) Cabernet Sauvignon. Also known as Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Sauvignon. Formerly known as Chevalier and Sauvignon. Originating in France, it is a traditional red wine variety in the Bordeaux region of France. Countries that produce wine in the world all have large areas of cultivation. Our country was first introduced by Yantai Changyu Company in 1892. It is the red grape variety with the largest cultivated area in my country. This variety is easy to grow and brew, has strong adaptability and excellent wine quality. It can brew rich and heavy red wine, suitable for long-term storage. However, it must be blended with other varieties (such as Merlot) and stored in oak barrels to obtain high-quality wine. Together with Cabernet Franc and Cabernet Franc, it is also known as the "Three Pearls" in my country. Changli in Hebei has the largest planting area and the grapes perform best.

2. Cabernet Franc

English name (Cabenet Franc) Cabernet Franc. Also known as Carmenette and original species Cabernet. Originating in France, it is an ancient winemaking variety in Bordeaux and Loire, France. It is the sister variety of Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Sauvignon. Our country was first introduced to Yantai, Shandong Province in 1892 from Western Europe. This variety is a world-famous and ancient red wine variety. It is rich in fruity aroma, lighter and softer. Most of it cannot be stored for a long time. Its wine quality is not as good as Cabernet Sauvignon, and its adaptability is not as good as that of Cabernet Sauvignon. Usually paired with Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot. California has also seen an increasing number of Cabernet Franc single-varietal wines in recent years.

3. Merlot

English name (Merlot). Also known as merlot juice. Originating in France, it is combined with other famous varieties (such as Cabernet Sauvignon) in the Bordraux region of France to produce excellent dry red wine. Our country was first introduced to Yantai, Shandong Province from Western Europe in 1892. This variety is an ancient French wine-making variety, used as a blend to enhance the fruity aroma and color of the wine.

4. Carignane

English name (Carignane). Also known as Carignan, French Red, Cabernet, and Fine Wine. Originating in Spain, it is one of the ancient fine wine-making varieties in Western European countries. Our country was first introduced to Yantai, Shandong Province in 1892 from Western Europe. The wine produced is ruby ??red, has a good taste and good aroma, and is suitable for blending with other varieties. After peeling, it can be brewed into white or pink wine. It is easy to cultivate and has a high yield. It can be used for blending red wine and making brandy.

5. Pinot Noir

English name (Pinot Noir) Pinot Noir. Also known as Pinot Noir, Pinot Noir, Pinot Noir, etc. Originating in France, it is an ancient wine-making species. Our country first introduced it from Western Europe to Yantai, Shandong in 1892, and from Japan to Changli, Hebei in 1936.

This variety is the main variety famous for making champagne and rosé wine in France. It matures early, has thin skin, low pigment and low yield. It is suitable for colder areas. It has strict soil and climate requirements. It can be used to brew dry white and liquor after peeling and fermentation. And very good sparkling wine, it is one of the most important grape varieties of Champagne. The wine produced is not dark in color and is suitable for long-term storage. This is a grape variety that is very difficult to grow and brew. In California wineries, it is called a troublesome grape. This delicate noble grape variety is best grown in Burgundy, where it performs best. At the same time, red wine from Burgundy may be the most luxurious and expensive wine in the world. It has a rich aroma when young. It has a rich fruity aroma (some people jokingly call it the smell of horse urine) and berry flavors such as strawberry and cherry. After aging and maturing, it is full of changes, with spices, animal and leather aromas, and matures and ages. It has a sweet and very pleasing taste. In Germany, it is called late Burgundy variety (Spatburgun der) and is mainly used to produce light, soft-colored, early-ripening red wine. It also performs well in California, Ohio, Austria, and New Zealand in the United States.

5. Snake and Dragon Ball

English name (Cabernet Gernischt). Originally from France, introduced in 1892.

6. Carignan

English name (Carignan). It was once brewed with famous wine. Originally from France, introduced in 1915.

7. Sinsaut

English name (Sinsaut). Originally from France, introduced in 1980.

8. Gamay

The English name (Gamay) is Jiamei or Jiamei. It used to be called Heijiamei and Hongjiamei. Originated in France, introduced in 1978. It is an important grape variety in the southern Burgundy and Loya River regions of France, accounting for more than half of Burgundy's red wine production. Generally, it should be drunk fresh. However, if it is produced in the Braujolais Cru region (Braujolais Cru) such as (Moulin-A-Vent), there is an exception. The red wine produced in this area can also be aged. It is characterized by low tannin, rich fruit aroma and beautiful light purple color. It often has the aroma of pear and violet flowers, especially Braurjolais Nouveau, which often has the aroma of pear, banana and bubble gum. It is One of the best choices for beginners, it has low astringency, high fruity aroma, and is easy to drink after cooling.

9. Grenache

English name (Grenache). Formerly known as Glenn Nash. Originally from Spain, introduced in 1980.

10. Merlot

English name (Merlot). Originally from France, introduced in 1892. It is one of the great red wine varieties of Bordeaux. It has a large yield and is ripe early. It is rich in fruit aroma, has low acidity and soft tannins. It can be drunk early or stored for a long time. It is quite suitable for drinkers with a more impatient personality.

11. Yayoi

English name (Mission). Native to Spain.

12. Nebbiolo

English name (Nebbiolo) Nebbiolo. Formerly known as Nabbiolo. Originally from Italy, introduced in 1981. It is a variety with high fruit acid, high pigment, high tannin and late ripening. Mainly distributed in Piedmont, Italy, of which Barolo and Barbaresco are the most famous production areas. The quality of the wine produced is comparable to first-class Bordeaux red wine. The color of the wine is as dark as Sihar, with rich aroma and strong taste. It has the aroma of clove, pepper, licorice, plum, prune, rose and bitter chocolate. It is very suitable for long-term storage.

13. Petit Verdot

English name (Petit Verdot). He used to be named Emperor Wei. Originated from France. Introduced in 1892.

14. Gem

English name (Ruby Cabernet). The famous gem Baina was once used. Originated in the United States and introduced in 1980.

15. Sangiovese

English name (Sangiovese) Sangiovese. Originally from Italy, introduced in 1981. Mainly planted in central Italy (Tuscany), among which Chianti, Brunello di Montalcino and Vino Nobile di Montepulciano are the most famous. With less pigment, high acidity and high tannin, the wine can be simple and refreshing, or it can be strong and full-bodied, with the taste of tobacco and spices.

16. Syrah

English name (Syrah/Shiraz) Xiha. Originally from France, introduced in 1980. Mainly grown in the Rh?ne region of southern France, it is also the most important variety in Australia. Suitable for warm climates, it can produce wines with deep black color, rich aroma and firm and spicy taste. When young, the aroma is mainly floral (especially violet) and berry. When mature, pepper, clove, leather, and animal aromas will appear. The aging ability is no less than that of Cabernet Sauvignon.

17. Zinfandel

English name (Zinfandel) Zinfandel. Originally from Italy, but found in the United States and introduced in 1980. Only California in the world has developed it to its full potential. It can be said that things have "used up" their usefulness. In California, it can produce many different types of wine, from light pink wine (White Zinfandel) with fresh fruity aroma and sweetness, to high-quality, long-lasting, strong tannin, rich and rich red wine. It can be found in wines ranging from sparkling to non-bubbly, and even sweet red wines. It can be said to be the performing arts among grapes.

2. Types, classification and nutritional value of wine

Wine is made from fresh grapes or grape juice through yeast fermentation with an alcohol content of not less than 7 ( V/V) is a general term for all types of wine. According to the color of the wine, wine is divided into three categories: red wine, white wine, and rose wine, but it is difficult to see rose wine on the market. According to the sugar content of wine, it is divided into dry red wine, semi-dry red wine, semi-sweet red wine and sweet red wine. According to the carbon dioxide pressure of wine, wine includes still wine, sparkling wine, fortified alcoholic wine, sparkling wine and fortified wine.

French wine quality is divided into: ordinary daily table wine (Vins de Table), country wine or regional table wine (Vins de Pays), fine quality table wine (VDQS: Vins Deimites de Quealite Supenieure), Table wine controlled in the legal area of ??origin (AOC: Appellation d, ongin Controlee).

German wine is divided into: daily drinking table wine (Landwein & Tafelwein), quality wine (Qualitatswein bestimmter Anbaugebiete) referred to as QbA, and high-end quality wine (Qualitatswein mpt Pradikat) referred to as QmP.

American wine is divided into: accessory category, proprietary brand wine (Proprietary Wine), and grape brand name table wine (Varietal Wine).

Burgundy wine is classified into: regional wine, which only indicates the production area such as (Bourgogne), and village-level wine, which will indicate the village name on the wine label, such as: (Chablis Macon Village), (Cham bolle- Musigny), first-class wine, the name of the village and vineyard will be marked on the wine label or ("ler Gru"), ("Premier Cru"), special wine, such wine will not be marked with the name of the village, and sometimes it will not be marked with (" "Grand Cru"), usually only the name of the vineyard is marked, such as: (Montrachet), (Musigny), (La Tache).

The levels of Italian wine are divided into: general daily wine (Vind da Tavola), regional wine of origin control (DOC: Denominazione de Origine Controllate), regional wine of origin guaranteed wine (DOCG: Denominazione de Origine Controllate Garantita) ).

Wine is a beverage made from fermented grape juice (pulp). In addition to the nutrients of grape fruits, it also contains beneficial ingredients produced during the fermentation process. Research has proven that wine contains more than 200 nutrients that are beneficial to the human body, including sugar, organic acids, amino acids, vitamins, polyphenols, inorganic salts, etc. These ingredients are necessary for the human body and are essential for maintaining normal growth and development of the human body. Metabolism is essential. In particular, the phenolic substance resveratrol contained in wine has been studied in recent years. It has antioxidant, anti-aging, coronary heart disease prevention, and anti-cancer effects. People who drink moderate amounts of wine every day are 30% more likely to die from heart disease than non-drinkers, and 25% more likely to suffer from dementia and progeria than non-drinkers.

3. Wine color and aroma varieties

Excellent varieties for brewing color (dyed) wines include Yan 74, Late Red Honey, Red Juice, and Baco wait. Among them, Yan 74 is native to China. It was bred by Changyu Company in 1966 by crossing Zibei Sai and Hamburg Musk. It is now cultivated in Jiaodong Peninsula. Yan 74 is currently the best color-mixing variety. It is deep and bright in color and does not easily settle after long-term aging. The red juice is also native to China and is bred by crossing Merlot and Verdot. The finished wine is deep ruby ??red, with a mellow and pure taste. The pigment is not easy to precipitate after aging, and the aftertaste is good. It is especially suitable for color mixing.

4. Naming of wine

1. Regional nomenclature

Most of the ancient wine-producing areas in Europe are named in this way. For example: France's Bordean region and its famous production areas Medoc, St. Emilion, Pomero, Sauterens, and Grayes ), Burgundy and its Chablis, Beaujolais, Nuits-St-George,

and Barro in Italy Brolo, Barbaresco, Asti, CHIANTI, Germany's Piesporter, Johannisberg, etc.

2. Grape variety nomenclature

The wines in many countries are named after grape varieties, which makes them easier to identify. This naming method is mostly adopted by emerging wine-producing areas such as Australia, California, America and other places, such as: Fume Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon,

Pinot· Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, of course, European wine-producing areas are also named after grape varieties. For example, wines in Alsace, France are named after grape varieties, such as Riesling. wait.

3. Winery or wine merchant naming method

Some wineries name their wines after their own factory names, such as (Ch. Margaux), (Ch. Lafite. Ch. Latour), (Ch. Montelena), (Niebaum Coppala Rubicon), (Dominus), (Opus one).

4. Trademark (exclusive brand) nomenclature

Many wine merchants create their own brands based on their goodwill and history, such as Pigalle in France (De Luze) , (Mommessin)

(Cuvee Saint Piere), (Crrusei) (Selection), (Opusone) Antinori, (Antinori) (Tignanello), (Solaia), Goja ) of (Rossj-Bass), (Gaja & Rey), (Damagi), (Frescobaldi) of (Montesodi), (Stag's Leap) of (Cask 23), etc.

5. Other naming methods

Generic wines, such as California, Australia, Spain and other places, use famous European wine-producing areas on their wine labels, such as (Burgundy) ,

(Chablis), (Rhine), etc., and named by their colors, such as (Rose), (Claret), etc. These wines are affordable and large-volume daily table wines.

5. China’s Grape Producing Areas and the World’s Grape Producing Areas

China’s Grape Producing Areas

In the vast area of ??250 to 450 degrees north latitude in my country, there are various types of grape producing areas. It is a unique grape and wine producing area. However, since grape growth requires a specific ecological environment, and the degree of economic development in the region is also different, these producing areas are small in scale and scattered, and most of them are in eastern China.

1. Northeast origin

Including the foothills of Changbai Mountain and the Northeast Plain south of 45°C north latitude. The winter here is severely cold, with temperatures ranging from -30°C to 40°C. The annual active accumulated temperature is 2567~

2779°C, the precipitation is 635~679mm, and the soil is chernozem, which is relatively fertile. In the cold climate conditions of winter, European grapes cannot survive, but wild mountain grapes have become the main varieties cultivated here due to their strong cold resistance.

2. Bohai Bay origin

Including Changli in the northern half of North China, Jixian hills and mountains, Tianjin coastal area, northern hills of Shandong Peninsula and Daze Mountain. Due to its proximity to the Bohai Bay and the influence of the ocean, it is rich in heat and rainfall. The annual active accumulated temperature is 3756~4174℃, the annual precipitation is 560~670mm, and the soil types are complex, including sandy soil, seaside saline-alkali soil and brown soil. The superior natural conditions make this place the most famous wine grape producing area in my country, including Changli’s Cabernet Sauvignon, Tianjin Binhai’s Rose Fragrance, Shandong Peninsula’s Chardonnay, Guiren Fragrance, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot

Grapes such as Merlot, Carignan, and Ugni Blanc are all famous in the country. The Bohai Bay production area is the production area with the largest wine grape planting area and the best varieties in my country. Wine production accounts for 1/2 of the country's total production.

3. Shacheng origin

Including Xuanhua, Zhuolu and Huailai in Hebei. It is located to the north of the Great Wall, with sufficient sunlight, moderate heat, large temperature difference between day and night, cool summers, dry climate, less rainfall, annual active accumulated temperature of 3532℃, annual precipitation of 413mm, soil is brown soil, sandy texture, and hilly and mountainous land , very suitable for the growth of grapes. Longan and milk grapes are specialties here. In recent years, world famous wine varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot have been promoted.

4. Qingxu production area

Including Fenyang, Yuci in Shanxi and the northwest mountainous area of ??Qingxu. The climate here is warm and cool, with sufficient sunlight, and the annual active accumulated temperature is 3000~3500℃. The precipitation is 445mm, and the soil is loam, sandy loam, and gravel. The grapes are grown in mountainous areas and have extremely deep coloring. Qingxu's longan is a local specialty, and in recent years, cabernet sauvignon and merlot have also begun to be used in winemaking.

5. Yinchuan production area

Including the vast alluvial plain at the eastern foot of Helan Mountain, where the climate is arid, the temperature difference between day and night is large, the annual active accumulated temperature is 3298~3351℃, and the annual precipitation is 180~ 200mm, the soil is sandy loam, containing gravel, and the soil layer is 30~100mm. This is the largest newly developed wine grape base in the northwest region, with the world’s wine varieties Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot mainly planted.

6. Wuwei Origin

Including Wuwei, Minqin, Gulang, Zhangye and other counties and cities in Gansu Province on the edge of the Tengger Desert. It is also an emerging area on the Chinese Silk Road. Wine origin. The climate here is cool and dry, with an annual active accumulated temperature of 2800~3000℃ and an annual precipitation of 110mm. Due to the lack of heat and cold winters, it is suitable for the growth of early and mid-ripening grape varieties. In recent years, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Chardonnay and other varieties have been developed.

7. Turpan origin

Including Shanshan and Hongliu River in the Turpan Basin, which is 300 meters below sea level. It is surrounded by mountains, with frequent hot winds and extremely high temperatures in summer.

Reaching above 45℃, the annual active accumulated temperature is 5319℃; rainfall is scarce, only 16.4mm throughout the year. This is my country’s seedless white grape production and drying base. More than ten years ago, the famous wine expert Guo Qichang experimented with planting Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Grenache, Syrah, Lilac and other wine grapes here. Although the glucose content is high, the acidity is low, the aroma is insufficient, and the quality of the dry wine is not good. The sweet wine produced has the characteristics of the Western Regions and is of good quality.

8. Origin of the Old Course of the Yellow River

Including Xiao County of Anhui Province, Lankao County, Minquan County of Henan Province, etc., where the Yellow River flows 800mm or more, and concentrated in summer, so the grapes grow vigorously, suffer serious diseases, and have low quality. In recent years, some wineries have newly developed winemaking bases. By introducing late-ripening varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon and improving cultivation techniques, the prevalence of diseases has been basically controlled, and grape quality is expected to be improved.

9. Yunnan Plateau production areas

Including Maitreya, Dongchuan, Yongren and Panzhihua on the Jinsha River at the junction of Sichuan and Yunnan at an altitude of 1,500 meters. The soil is mostly red soil and brown. Soil. The climate here is characterized by sufficient sunlight, abundant heat, and timely precipitation. There is an obvious dry season from October to November of the previous year to June of the following year, with precipitation of 329mm (Mile, Yunnan) and 100mm (Panzhihua, Sichuan). Suitable for the growth and ripening of wine grapes. Taking advantage of the natural advantages of the unique microclimate in the dry season to cultivate Eurasian grapes has become a major feature of southwest grape cultivation. The above nine producing areas have been gradually formed after decades of development. They form the basic framework of my country's wine grape producing areas in the 21st century.

World’s Grape Producing Regions

1. FRANCE, France

Bordeaux: Someone once said: “If you don’t drink Bordeaux wine, you can’t become a winemaker. Wine expert. "Bordeaux wine is famous all over the world. The red wine is neither strong nor light, delicate but not too alcoholic. The color is mostly beautiful ruby ??color, and the best red wine has the characteristics of getting better with age. The main producing areas are: Medoc, St-Emilion, Pomerol, Graves, and Sauterne.

Burgundy/Bourgogne: The difference from Bordeaux is that Bordeaux wines are mostly made from several different grape varieties, while Burgundy wines are almost always made from the same grape variety. Brewed from grape varieties; in addition, in the Bordeaux region, the so-called (Grang Cru) Grand Cru wine is formulated by the 1855 Medoc Grang Cru classification system (of course St-Emilion and Graves also formulate so-called Grang Cru), while the Burgundy Grand Cru wine It is formulated according to the vineyards in the production areas.

The main production areas are: Chablis, the golden hillside (Cote dor is divided into Cote de Nuit, Cote de Beaune), Maconnais, and Beaujolais

2. Italy ITALY

The most famous and productive regions in Italy are: Piemonte, of which (Barolo Barbaresco) is the most famous; Veneto (Veneto), with (Amarone Valpolicella) , (Soave) is its representative; Tuscany (Tosecana) and straw bag wine Chianti (Chianti) are its signatures. Famous representatives are (Vino Nobile di Montepulcaino) and (Brunello di Monta-lcino).

3. SPANISH

Spain is the country with the largest grape planting area in the world, but the smallest average area of ??grapes. Its wine production ranks third in the world. Spanish wine gives the world the impression that it is as "popular" as Italian wine. Only in the 1970s did Spain have its own "AOC", namely: (Instituto Nacional de Denominacioe de Origen), referred to as DO, which stipulates the origin and quality of wine. Rioja is the "Bordeaux" of Spain. Due to the aphid attack in the 19th century, many grape growers originally in the Bordeaux region left their homes and came to Rioja to rebuild vineyards and make wine again. Therefore, this place mainly produces Bordeaux-type wine, but only the grape varieties It’s just different with how the wine ages. In 1991, DOC (Denomination de Origen Calificada), which was more stringent than the DO regulations, was established.

4. Australia (AUSTRALIA)

Australia has good soil conditions and a stable climate, making it an excellent emerging production area. Its wine production accounts for 2% of the world's total, about 55 million cases, and nearly 30% is exported. Originally, it mainly produced fortified alcoholic wines, but in the past thirty years it has changed to mass production of non-sweet general table wines. Because it is located in the Southern Hemisphere, the seasons are exactly opposite to those in the Northern Hemisphere. The grape harvest period is in February and March every year. Therefore, wines from European and American production areas are on the market half a year earlier. It is not surprising if you buy the Australian wine of that year. . The most distinctive wine in Australia is Blend Wine, which is innovative and bold in using blending methods that have never been tried before, such as blending Caberent and Syrah to create excellent wines. in addition. It also produces good fortified alcoholic wines, and of course it also produces many excellent wines, such as Syrah, the most famous one (Grange Hermitage), others such as Cabernet, Sauyignon, Chardonnay, Semillon, etc. also had outstanding performances.

5. GERMANY, Germany

There are 13 specific grape-growing areas in Germany***, most of which are in the southwest. They are grape-growing areas located at higher latitudes with insufficient sunshine. Because of the short time, 80% of the vineyards are located on the hillside facing the river to absorb more sunlight. The main specific vineyards are concentrated in the Mosel and Rhen regions. Generally speaking, wines from Moser are more acidic and refreshing; wines from the Rhine are richer.

6. AMERICA

The United States is the largest wine-producing country in the Americas and a technological powerhouse in wine. With its unique geographical location, stable climate, advanced technology and With superb marketing techniques, it has become an emerging high-quality wine-producing area in the international market in just thirty years. Among them, the wine produced in California ranks first in the United States in terms of quality and quantity.

California wine accounts for about 90% of the U.S. wine production. Its grape plantings are mainly distributed in the Central Valley and the south coast. Among them, the Napa Valley and Sonoma Valley on the north coast are the most famous. Most of the famous wineries (Boutique Winery) are located here. In recent years, the United States has also formulated a set of so-called legal grape growing areas with reference to European regional control laws.

7. SOUTH AMERICA (omitted)

6. Matching of wine and wine glasses

To appreciate the color, aroma and taste of wine, one should use the right wine glass The right wine glass is very important and depends on delivering the wine to your mouth. A good wine glass should be thin, patternless, colorless and transparent, and should have tall legs. At the same time, in order for the wine to breathe comfortably, the capacity of the cup must be large enough; on the other hand, when the wine is shaken, the aroma can be concentrated at the mouth of the cup. To drink red wine, use a Bordeaux glass (like a tulip bulb or a newly blooming lotus) or a Burgundy glass (with a narrow mouth, like a plant bulb). The goblet used for wine tasting should be colorless and transparent. The body of the cup should be in the shape of a tulip. The mouth of the cup should be slightly retracted. The cup should have a thin wall. The long handle allows the fingers to grasp it gently without damaging the hand. The pattern printed on the cup body affects the transparency of the wine and also prevents the temperature of the hand from being transferred to the cup.

The diameter of the rim of a standard wine glass is 46±2mm, the diameter of the widest part of the cup body is 65±2mm, the length of the cup body is 100±1mm, the diameter of the cup wall is 0.8±1mm, and the length of the cup handle is 49 ±1mm, the cup bottom diameter is 65±2mm.

7. Pairing of wine and food

Wine is a kind of table wine, especially dry wine, which is usually consumed during meals or banquets. Due to the different characteristics of wine types, they can be scientifically matched with dishes to more perfectly reflect the sensory style of the wine. Dry red wine is ruby ??red in color, beautiful and pleasing to the eye, with rich aroma and full body. Because it contains certain phenolic substances and high dry extract, it will be paired with braised pork, steak, chicken, duck and other meat dishes. Get better enjoyment. On the one hand, dry red wine can relieve the greasiness of meat and make the taste of dishes richer. At the same time, due to the beautiful color of dry red wine, it adds to the festive atmosphere of friends' gatherings. Pairing red wine with red meat follows the rules of gastronomy itself, as the tannins in the wine combine with the proteins in the red meat to start digestion almost immediately. While fresh salmon, swordfish or tuna pair well with light-bodied red wines due to their rich natural oils, red wines don’t pair well with certain seafood, such as Dover sole fillet. High levels of tannin can wreak havoc on the taste of seafood, and the wine itself can even have an unpleasant metallic taste. Various salads usually do not have an impact on the style of the wine, but if vinegar is mixed in, it will blunt the experience in the mouth, making the wine lose its vitality and the taste becomes dull and flat. Lemonade is the best choice because the citric acid in it harmonizes with the character of the wine. Cheese and wine are a natural pairing, just be careful not to pair spicy cheese with light wine or vice versa. Pairing spicy or strong-flavored food with wine may be difficult, but pairing it with spicy or fruity wine can be considered the right partner. Chocolate can sometimes have an adverse effect on wine taste, and some claim success with aged Cabernet Sauvignon wines. Banfebache

Torde Acqui wine pairs well with chocolate, especially dark chocolate, which is a delight. This Italian wine has a delicate and crisp fruity aroma, and just the right amount of natural acidity to balance the richness and sweetness of chocolate while keeping your mouth comfortably fresh and clean.

There is no hard and fast rule that a certain kind of wine must be paired with a certain kind of food, but if it can be properly matched with the food, it will really complement each other, because the wine can clear the taste buds and induce the delicious taste of the food. And the right food can make the beauty of wine more vivid, which is really a taste enjoyment.

The general rule of thumb is to pair red meat with red wine and white meat with white wine, but occasionally you can make new discoveries by making some bold attempts. Generally speaking, dishes with strong flavors must be paired with strong-flavored wines. It does not necessarily follow the principle of pairing red meat with red wine and white meat with white wine. Sometimes, strong-flavored braised fish can also be paired with light red wine. Poultry food can also be paired with rich white wine and lighter red wine.

The order of drinking wine is: drink light wine first, then drink rich wine. Drink the non-sweet wine first, then the sweet wine. Drink white wine first, then red wine. Drink young wine first, then drink mature old wine.

8. Wine labels

Label contains a lot of information about wine. According to national and regional regulations, some content must be written, especially when it comes to the grade of wine, for example: whether it is table wine or wine recognized by the Appellation Authority (AOC), place of origin, alcohol content, manufacturer The name and address are waiting. The year of production is not required, but high-quality wines always indicate it. The back label contains more information than the label, including an accurate description of the wine and the region where it was produced. In some countries, some annotations are required, for example: the alcohol content must be printed on the back label, and importers and sellers need to translate these into local languages ??to adapt to different market needs.

The wine label (Winelabel) is equivalent to the wine’s ID card, which includes the name of the winery, the name of the wine (or not required), the variety of the wine, the capacity of the wine, the alcohol content, and which country it is from. Production, year of growth, where it was bottled, etc., as well as patterns. In the past, these were mostly the logo of the winery, especially the aristocratic logo passed down from feudal society, the royal logo, or the scenery and scenery of the winery. Buildings etc.

1. French wine label: including the certificate of origin area control, bottling wine merchant, year of establishment, wine merchant’s location, bottling capacity, wine merchant’s name, wine name, owner’s factory emblem, Alcohol content percentage

2. French Bordeaux (Margaux) wine label: including wine name, grape production year, bottling capacity, wine quality classification, bottling wine merchant, and origin area control certificate

3. German wine label: including wine name, alcohol content percentage, wine quality classification, bottling capacity, grape variety and grade, grape production year, production area, and producer location

4. American wine labels: producer and bottler winery name, wine name, grape production year, production area, alcohol content percentage, country of origin

5. American (Napa) wine labels: factory name, wine Name, alcohol content percentage, producer and bottler and their location, production area

6. Legal content on the label

All wine labels must indicate the country of origin. Alcohol content and net content must also be stated. The net content of imported wine is marked in standard metric and is consistent with the recognized specifications. All labels must indicate the name and address of the importer and manufacturer. California wine must be marked with the name and address of the bottler, as well as the production license number