How to easily identify genuine and fake hybrid rice seeds? Check the uniformity of hybrid rice seeds. Hybrid rice seeds mixed with other rice grains are irregular in grain shape. For example, if the mixed male parent can be used, other can rice seeds are obviously more slender than hybrid rice seeds. plump, while japonica rice is rounder. Second, look at the chaff color. The chaff of hybrid rice seeds has slightly uneven yellowish-brown and other physiological variegations, while the color of the grains of the male parent maintainer line is relatively uniform. The grains of the maintainer line and other hybrid rice seeds are more transparent than hybrid rice seeds. The shell is smoother than hybrid rice seeds. Third, look at the stigma marks. Non-hybrid rice grains are mostly self-pollinated, and the stigma marks of the pistil are left inside the chaff. When the chaff is peeled off, a light black stigma mark can be seen on the top of the rice grains. Hybrids are cross-pollinated and have exposed stigmas. If you carefully observe the gap between the inner and outer lemma of the grain, you can find a small black mark that is not obvious, which is the mark of the stigma. This is an important basis for identifying hybrid rice seeds and other rice grains. The method for measuring the staining is to cut the rice husk embryo in half lengthwise, wash half of each kernel and soak it in red ink diluted to 60 times. After 1 hour, take it out and rinse it with clean water. If the embryo is not stained, If the dyeing is lighter, it proves that the seeds are viable; if the dyeing is darker, it proves that the seeds have lost their vitality. This will allow you to identify spoiled seeds in hybrid seeds that do not germinate. 5. Check the purity of the seeds. Take a look at the seeds with your hands. If there is fine powdery substance on your fingers, it proves that the purity of the seeds does not meet the national standards (99%). Sixth, the simple way to check the moisture content of seeds is to bite the grains with your teeth. If there is a sharp and crisp sound, the content is basically normal; if there is no sharp and crisp sound or the grain cross section is uneven, the moisture content of the seeds is generally higher than the normal standard (13 %). Cottonseed cotton is cut. The oil spots on the cut surface are green, the embryo is white, and the cotyledons are moist and plump. This indicates that the seeds are intact. The oil spots are dark brown, the radicle is yellow or brown, and the cotyledons are shriveled, indicating that the seeds have been damaged. Go bad. The seed coat and shell of wheat varieties are fresh and shiny, and the embryo is full. When the embryo is cut open and observed, the cut surface of the embryo and the radicle are light yellow, oily and elastic, indicating that they are viable seeds. The shell is dull and dull, the embryo is shriveled or yellow-brown, and the radicle is dark yellow or brown when the embryo is cut. The dry and brittle seeds are lifeless seeds. Soybean seeds are easy to lose oil. The vitality of oil-free seeds is lost. The sign is that the color of the seed coat becomes dull or oily, and the two cotyledons appear dark yellow or brown when bitten open, and the color of the edge of the watercress is particularly obvious. There is water vapor adhering to the seed coat and it appears smooth in color. The testa of normal seeds is yellow and shiny, and the two cotyledons are fresh and bright yellow. There is no water vapor adhering to the testa after breathing, and there is no special smooth color. Good peanut seeds are generally full and plump, with a sharp embryonic top, protruding bud disc, pink seed coat, and a white umbilicus at the top. The seed coat is easily separated from the seed by rubbing it with your hands; while the surface of peanut seeds that have lost their vitality is shrunken and the seed coat is white. It turns into yellowish brown or dark red, and the hilum and cotyledons at the top appear oily. After soaking in water for 2 hours, the seed coat has water-soaked spots, and the cotyledons are easy to separate. Identification of counterfeit and inferior pesticides 1. Pesticides generally do not have clumping, delamination, precipitation, leakage, etc. If these conditions occur, they are mostly expired or substandard products. 2. Registered trademarks and pesticide registration certificates, production licenses, and product standard codes. Generally, counterfeit products do not have registered trademarks and related certificates and one number. 3. Validity date and production batch number, which can be used to calculate the production date and validity period of the pesticide. 4. Factory address, factory name and detailed related company information. Generally counterfeit products do not have these or the information is inaccurate. And the information on the packaging is clearly marked on the label. How to correctly identify true and false fertilizers Packaging identification method: 1. Inspection mark: Relevant national departments stipulate that fertilizer packaging bags must be marked with product name, nutrient content, grade, trademark, net weight, standard code, factory name, factory address, and production license number sign. If there is no above mark or the mark is incomplete, it may be counterfeit or inferior quality fertilizer. 2. Check the seal of the packaging bag: Pay special attention to fertilizers with obvious signs of unpacking on the packaging seal. This phenomenon may be adulterated. Shape and color identification method: Urea: white or light yellow, granular, needle-shaped or prismatic crystals, no powder or little powder. Ammonium sulfate: white crystal. Ammonium chloride: white or light yellow crystal. Ammonium bicarbonate: in the form of white or other dyed powder or granular crystals. There are also individual manufacturers that produce large particles of oblate spherical ammonium bicarbonate. Superphosphate: It is off-white or light gray powder. Heavy superphosphate: dark gray, off-white particles or powder. Potassium sulfate: white crystal or powder. Potassium chloride: white or light red particles.

Odor identification method: If the liquid has a strong pungent ammonia smell, it is ammonia water; the particles with a strong pungent ammonia smell are ammonium bicarbonate; the fine powder with a sour smell is double superphosphate. If the superphosphate has a very pungent sour smell, it means that waste sulfuric acid is probably used in the production process. This kind of chemical fertilizer is very toxic and can easily damage or burn crops, especially rice seedling ponds that cannot be used. It should be reminded that although some chemical fertilizers are real, their content is very low, such as inferior superphosphate, with an effective phosphorus content of less than 8% (the minimum standard should be 12%). These fertilizers are of inferior quality and have little fertilizer effect. You should ask professionals to identify them when purchasing. 1. Identification from the packaging: 1. Check the mark. Relevant national departments stipulate that fertilizer packaging bags must be marked with product name, nutrient content, grade, trademark, net weight, standard code, factory name, factory address, production license number and other marks; if the above marks are missing or incomplete, they may be fake. Chemical fertilizers or poor quality fertilizers. 2. Check the seal of the packaging bag. Special attention should be paid to fertilizers with obvious signs of opening on the packaging bag seal. Such fertilizers may be adulterated. 2. Identification based on shape and color: 1. Urea: white or light yellow, granular, needle-shaped or prismatic crystals. 2. Ammonium sulfate: It is white crystal. 3. Ammonium bicarbonate: It is in the form of white or other variegated powder or granular crystals. Some manufacturers produce large particles of oblate spherical ammonium bicarbonate. 4. Ammonium chloride: It is white or light yellow crystal. 5. Ammonium nitrate: It is white powdery crystal or white or light yellow particles. 6. Ammonia: It is a colorless or dark liquid. 7. Lime nitrogen: gray-black powder. 8. Superphosphate: It is gray-white or light-skinned powder. 9. Heavy superphosphate: in the form of dark gray, off-white granules or powder. 10. Calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer: It is gray-brown or dark green powder. 11. Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer: It is gray-brown or dark green powder. 12. Phosphate rock powder: gray, brown or yellow drizzle powder. 13. Nitrophosphate fertilizer: It is gray-white particles. 14. Potassium sulfate; it is white crystal or powder. 15. Potassium chloride: white or light red particles. 16. Monoammonium phosphate: It is gray-white or dark gray particles. 17. Diammonium phosphate: It is white or light yellow particles. 3. Identification based on the smell: The liquid with a strong pungent ammonia smell is ammonia water; the fine particles with a strong pungent ammonia smell are ammonium bicarbonate. The fine powder with a sour smell is heavy superphosphate, and the one with a special fishy smell is lime nitrogen. If superphosphate has a pungent and strange sour smell, it means that waste sulfuric acid is likely used in the production process. This inferior chemical fertilizer is very toxic and can easily damage or burn crops. 4. Identification method of adding water to dissolve: Take 1 gram of fertilizer, put it in a clean glass tube (or glass cup, white porcelain bowl), add 10 mg of distilled water (or clean cold boiled water), shake it thoroughly to see how it dissolves. What is completely dissolved is nitrogen fertilizer or potassium fertilizer. What is soluble in water but has residue is superphosphate; what is soluble in water with no residue or little residue is heavy superphosphate; what is soluble in water but has a strong ammonia smell is ammonium bicarbonate. ; Lime nitrogen is insoluble in water, but produces bubbles and smells like calcium carbide chlorine. 5. Burning identification method: Put a small spoonful of fertilizer on red-hot charcoal and burn it violently. Observe the situation carefully. If there is smoke and fire, the smell of ammonia is ammonium nitrate; if there is a popping sound and no ammonia smell, it is chloride. Potassium; no violent reaction, those with ammonia smell are urea and ammonium chloride; those with a little ammonium sulfate but no ammonia smell are phosphate rock powder. 6. Qualitative identification by laboratory test: When identifying superphosphate and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizers, take out a small amount of the two fertilizers, dissolve them in a small amount of distilled water, and use pH test paper to identify them. The acidic one is superphosphate, and the neutral one is calcium magnesium. Phosphate fertilizer. When identifying potassium chloride or potassium sulfate, 5% barium chloride solution can be added, and the white precipitate produced is potassium sulfate; when 1% silver nitrate is added, the white floc produced is potassium chloride. Finally, we need to remind you that although some fertilizers are real, their content is very low, such as superphosphate, if the effective phosphorus content is less than 8% (the minimum standard should be 12%), it is a low-quality chemical fertilizer and has little effect on crops. If you encounter such a situation, you can collect some samples (about 500 grams) and send them to the relevant local agriculture, chemical industry or standards departments for identification. A simple method to identify fake and inferior feeds commonly used for livestock and poultry 1. Identification of feed mixed with sand Sand mixed with feed is commonly found in fish meal, soybean cake, bone meal and other raw materials, and can be identified by sedimentation and flotation methods. (1) Add clean water to the device, put the feed sample to be tested into the water, stir while settling, and then filter out the floating objects. After several times of repetition, filter out all the floating objects, and then you can identify the sediment at the bottom of the water.

(2) Put saturated salt water in the container, discard the floating matter and salt water as mentioned above, and identify the sediment. If the sample to be tested is weighed before inspection, the percentage of sediment can also be estimated. 2. Identification of fishmeal adulteration. Common adulterants in fishmeal include blood meal, meat and bone meal, feather meal, cottonseed meal, cottonseed shells, sawdust, peanut shells, soy sauce and vinegar residue, shell powder, sediment, etc. They can be identified by the following methods. . (1) Sensory identification method: High-quality pure fish meal is light yellow or tan, has the aroma of grilled fish or fishy smell, is loose to the touch, and has uniform particles. Inferior fish meal is dark brown and has a bad fish sauce smell and a fishy smell; the fish meal mixed with soy sauce residue or salted fish has a salty taste; the hand-twisted fish meal mixed with bone meal and leather powder is softer, the particle size is uneven, and it is mixed with cottonseed shells. , cottonseed cake has a velvety feel when hand-twisted and can be twisted into balls. In addition, use a piece of smooth, dark-colored hard paper to spread the fish meal sample evenly in a thin layer, and observe whether the color is consistent under bright light. If there are white crystal particles, it means that it is mixed with urea or salt. (2) Using the combustion method, take a small amount of fish meal sample and put it into a heat-resistant container such as an iron spoon and heat it. If there is an aromatic or burnt smell after dry-fried grains, it means that it is mixed with plant seeds, etc.; if there is a smell of burning hair, it is pure Fishmeal may be adulterated with animal substances. (3) Alkaline boiling method: Take a container, add the fish meal sample and a quantitative 10% potassium hydroxide solution, mix it, set it on fire and boil it. The fish meal will be dissolved, and the plant substances will be undissolved. (4) Litmus paper test method is similar to the combustion method. After heating over a fire and smoking, use litmus paper to test. If the test paper turns blue, it means it is mixed with plant substances. If the test paper turns red, it means it is pure fish meal. (5) Color measurement method: Put the fish meal sample into a clean glass, add 90% alcohol to soak it, and then add 1-2 drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid. If it turns dark red, it indicates that it is mixed with sawdust, etc. This substance will float in water after adding water. surface. (6) Magnetic rod stirring method If you suspect that the fish meal is mixed with iron filings, you can stir it with a magnetic rod, and the iron filings will be adsorbed on the surface of the magnetic rod. 3. Identification of adulterated soybean meal. Common adulterants include corn flour, corn germ cake, fine sand, etc. The doping method is to mix impurities directly into soybean meal; or mix soybean meal and corn germ cake. Corn germ is a by-product of corn oil extraction, and its crude protein content is about twice that of corn. It is also sold directly as soybean meal. There are two ways to identify it. (1) Soaking method: Take a clean glass cup, put 30-50g of the sample into the cup, add about 100ml of water to soak, and stir it with a wooden stick after absorbing water and swelling. If it is corn germ cake, it will be like porridge, while soybean meal will be like porridge. The water can be separated after a while and it will not be porridge-like. (2) Alkali solution color identification method: Take 0.5g of alkali, 1g of alkalized potassium, and 100ml of water. Dissolve to form alkali solution. Put it into a dark glass bottle for later use. You can also use 2% medical alkali liquor directly. Take a small amount of the sample cake and place it flat on a glass sheet, add 2-3 drops of alkali solution, and observe with your eyes or under a magnifying glass. The bean cake particles are brown and the corn particles are blue or blue-brown. 4 Identification of wheat bran adulteration Common adulterants include sawdust, rice bran, etc. These adulterants are generally visible to the naked eye and feel hard and rough when twisted by hand. Wheat bran, on the other hand, is soft and smooth. 5. Identification of fake bone meal The main types of bone meal on the market include degummed bone meal, steamed bone meal and raw bone meal. Degummed bone meal has removed bone marrow and fat due to high temperature, so it is not easy to deteriorate; while steamed bone meal and raw bone meal are not degummed, so they are highly susceptible to deterioration during storage. In particular, raw bone meal is not suitable for feeding livestock and poultry because it has not been sterilized by high temperatures and can easily contain disease-causing microorganisms. The main adulteration and counterfeit substances in bone meal include stone powder, shell powder, etc. In terms of counterfeiting techniques, there are granular fake bone powder, or fine grinding stones mixed into bone powder. The following identification method can be used. (1) Observation method: Pure bone meal is yellow-brown or even off-white, and the particles are honeycomb-shaped. Inferior bone meal is generally earthy yellow. The adulterated bone meal is generally finely crushed and has few honeycomb particles, while the fake bone meal is off-white and has no honeycomb particles. (2) Water soaking method: Real bone meal particles will not decompose when soaked in water, while fake bone meal particles can be decomposed into powder by water. After being mixed with water, they will settle quickly after being left standing. The fine powder of steamed bone meal and fine bone meal can float on the surface of clean water and will not sink when stirred, while the floating matter of degummed bone meal is very small. (3) Saturated salt water floating method: Pure bone meal particles can float on the surface of concentrated salt water; while fake bone meal particles cannot float on the surface of concentrated salt water and quickly sink to the bottom of the water.

(4) Incineration method: Put a small amount of bone meal sample into a test tube or a metal container (such as a small spoon), and place it on a flame to incinerate. The pure bone meal first produces steam, and then produces a pungent singeing smell; while the steam produced by adulterated bone meal There is relatively little odor and odor; fake bone meal produces no steam and odor; undegummed deteriorated bone meal has an odor. The ashes of degummed bone meal are gray-black; the ashes of steamed bone meal and raw bone meal are dark black; and the ashes of fake bone meal are gray-white. (5) Dilute hydrochloric acid dissolution method: Dilute the hydrochloric acid solution and water at 1:1 or 1:2 and pour it into a test tube or wine glass. Take a small amount of bone meal sample and put it into the dilute hydrochloric acid solution for observation. If there is a slight and short "sanding" sound, bubbles are continuously generated on the surface of the particles, and finally all are basically dissolved and the liquid becomes turbid, it is real bone powder. The hydrochloric acid solution of steamed bone meal and raw bone meal has more organic matter floating on the surface, while degummed bone meal has very few insoluble floating matter; if there is a clear, long-term sound and a large amount of foam, it may be mixed with shell powder , stone powder, etc. If there is no above dissolution phenomenon, it is fake bone powder. Anything that does not dissolve or dissolves quickly in dilute hydrochloric acid solution is not bone meal. How to Identify Fake and Substandard Veterinary Drugs my country’s veterinary drug industry started relatively late and needs to be gradually standardized. Since the Ministry of Agriculture began to enforce the "Good Manufacturing Practice for Veterinary Drugs" (hereinafter referred to as GMP) in 2002, so far, veterinary drug manufacturers across the country have basically completed GMP certification. Judging from the situation in Beijing, the number of veterinary drug manufacturers in the city has dropped from 89 to the current 42. Veterinary drug manufacturers that have passed GMP strictly follow the veterinary drug quality requirements. The quality of veterinary drugs has been significantly improved, and the quality of veterinary drugs in the production process has been significantly improved. However, because the "Quality Management Standards for Veterinary Drug Operations" have not yet been implemented, compulsory certification for veterinary drug operating enterprises has not yet been implemented, and the quality of veterinary drug marketing personnel is low, this has caused chaos in the veterinary drug sales market to a certain extent. Therefore, the majority of breeders must fully master the knowledge of identifying fake and substandard veterinary drugs, so that they can avoid purchasing fake and substandard veterinary drugs. Breeders can identify the authenticity of veterinary drugs by asking the veterinary drug sellers for relevant materials about the products. (1) A copy of the veterinary drug production license issued by the Ministry of Agriculture (2) A copy of the veterinary drug GMP certificate of the veterinary drug production enterprise (3) A copy of the veterinary drug product approval number issued by the Ministry of Agriculture (4) The enterprise shall file with the Ministry of Agriculture as required Copies of the veterinary product instructions and labels. In addition, farmers should check the purchased products according to the instructions and medicines to see if there are any abnormalities. How to identify fake and shoddy agricultural machinery products. Nowadays, there are many varieties of agricultural machinery on the market, many of which are fake products. The main manifestations of these fake and inferior agricultural machinery are as follows: 1. Fake logos: products are counterfeiting or forging the trademarks and logos of other companies. Mislead users. It is usually found in hosts and parts with relatively simple structures and easy processing and manufacturing, such as rotary tiller blades, pulverizer hammers, screens, etc. These products differ greatly from each other in terms of appearance, size, paint color, etc. When purchasing, you can use methods such as comparing multiple samples, comparing with genuine products, and weighing to identify them. 2. Fake packaging: Using someone else’s unique name, packaging, and decoration to achieve the purpose of counterfeiting. Most of these counterfeit products are agricultural machinery spare parts, such as diesel engine connecting rods, crankshafts, and fuel injectors. Therefore, when purchasing, users should not only look at the packaging, but also look at the product's technical documents and the product's appearance, color, etc. If necessary, ask for a product identification certificate or take a sample for testing. 3. Fake certificates: pasting product promotion licenses, production licenses, product certifications, award certificates, etc. on uncertified products; forging award-winning products to induce and deceive users. When purchasing products, consumers must check the relevant certificates of the products. If necessary, they can consult the relevant departments and make sure they are clear before buying. 4. Fake advertising: First, some companies advertise their products as “high technology,” “new technology,” and “new products”; second, they exaggerate the scope of application, sales area, and sales volume of the products; third, they exaggerate the products. The fourth is to use the words in the advertisement to remind users to identify and prevent counterfeiting to deceive users' trust. In fact, the quality of these products is often not guaranteed. When purchasing, do not listen to one-sided words from companies and distribution units. Remember to ask for relevant quality certification documents from the company and check carefully against the products. Things you should pay attention to when purchasing agricultural supplies: 1. Go to regular agricultural supplies stores to purchase.

That is to say, go to an agricultural input business unit with a fixed location and complete certificates to buy. Don’t trust salesmen who go from village to house. It is best to buy from a large company or agricultural service agency with a good reputation and good after-sales service. At the same time, check whether the products are qualified. certificate, registration certificate, factory name, factory address, trademark logo, production date, shelf life and instructions for use, etc. Do not buy agricultural inputs from mobile vendors and unlicensed or unlicensed businesses. 2. Do not buy unpacked bulk seeds, pesticides, fertilizers and other agricultural inputs. The active ingredients and scope of use of bulk agricultural inputs cannot be identified, and the correct usage method cannot be obtained; the active ingredients of bulk agricultural inputs are highly volatile, and improper storage may easily cause poisoning accidents for humans and animals; bulk agricultural inputs can be adulterated at any time during the production and operation process. If it is false, it will create an opportunity for some lawless people to take advantage of it. 3. Don’t be greedy for cheap. When purchasing agricultural inputs, you must overcome the mentality of trying to save trouble, being afraid of spending regardless of good or bad, or choosing the cheapest. While considering the price, you must also pay attention to the intrinsic quality of the product, and buy genuine agricultural inputs from merchants with complete licenses. . 4. Beware of false advertising and deception. Don't trust merchants' advertisements. Nowadays, there are all kinds of advertisements overwhelming, and false advertisements emerge in endlessly. When buying agricultural inputs, don't be fooled by dazzling advertisements. Some criminals use the signs of "agricultural technology promotion station" and "new product base" to conduct deceptive sales by sending letters, distributing small advertisements, etc.; at the same time, they excessively exaggerate the product efficacy, such as the quality, service, efficacy, and scope of application of agricultural commodities. , and even deceptive slogans, making false propaganda to deceive and mislead. We must strictly guard against fraud under the banner of "bringing science and technology to the countryside, alleviating poverty and supporting agriculture, and special distribution agents". Therefore, when purchasing agricultural supplies, do not be misled by these various "advertisements" and buy products from regular manufacturers with high credibility. 5. Improve the ability to identify fakes. Some farmers are unable to identify fake and shoddy goods when purchasing agricultural inputs, and their identification level is low. To this end, it is recommended that farmers should make full use of various channels to learn the basic knowledge of identifying genuine and fake agricultural inputs, and improve their ability to identify and distinguish fakes. 6. Pay attention to saving the consumption vouchers after purchasing agricultural inputs. That is, the invoice is uniformly printed by the national taxation department and is required to clearly indicate important information such as purchase time, product name, quantity, grade, specification, model, price, etc. Do not accept receipts or receipts signed by individuals. Pay attention to retaining the outer packaging and a small amount of original products such as seeds, pesticides, fertilizers and other agricultural inputs, and save vital original documents to better clarify responsibilities and effectively resolve disputes in case of problems. . 7. Once quality problems with agricultural inputs are discovered, you must promptly collect and bring relevant evidence to complain to the relevant local departments, or call the local complaint hotline.