Introduction

Origin: Tangshan, Hebei, China. Tangshan Ceramics

Variety: Products include tableware, tea sets, wine sets, bottles, plates and other daily fine porcelain and furnishings, with more than 500 types. Decoration methods are constantly innovating, such as new colors, spray paint, gold carving, carving gold and color, crystallized glaze, etc. In addition, there are industrial porcelain, building sanitary porcelain and arts and crafts porcelain. Features: Tangshan ceramics are characterized by novel shapes, colorful decorations, complete varieties, and deliberate innovation. Ceramics Ceramics produced in the Tangshan region of Hebei Province, China. The Tangshan area is rich in coal deposits, refractory bauxite as the raw material for ceramics, hard and soft (plastic) clay, and inorganic non-metallic mineral resources such as quartz and feldspar, making it an ideal ceramic production area.

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During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, residents from Jiexiu in Shanxi Province and Zaozhuang in Shandong Province successively immigrated to Tangshan, bringing vat-making technology with them and clustering in the two areas northeast of the city. A lot of land, using local raw materials and fuel to produce cylinder products. The two places were named Donggang Kiln and Xigang Kiln respectively. During the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, coarse brown-glazed bowls began to be produced, and white porcelain with a gray body and a small amount of antique porcelain applied with clay became available on the market. Later, under the influence of modern industry, Qixin Porcelain Factory, Desheng Porcelain Factory and East and West Tank Kiln porcelain factories successively adopted mechanical equipment and new technologies. In the 1920s, Qixin Porcelain Factory began to produce white porcelain without clay, and exported various floor tiles and ceramic tiles. In 1935, sanitary porcelain began to be sold to Singapore, Malaysia and other places. Tangshan's ceramic industry declined in the 1940s, but recovered in the 1950s, forming a comprehensive ceramic production system and entering the ranks of large-scale ceramic production bases in the country. Daily ceramics began to be exported in 1956. A major earthquake occurred in Tangshan on July 28, 1976, and the ceramic industry was completely destroyed. However, with the support of the state and various localities, production was quickly restored soon. In 1979, Tangshan porcelain began to enter the international market. Tangshan porcelain belongs to the K2O-Al2O3-SiO2 series. In addition to locally produced high alumina bauxite, hard clay, soft clay (purple wood knot, etc.), quartz, feldspar, the raw materials used are also raw materials produced in this province and other provinces. Kaolin, porcelain stone and other raw materials, such as Tangshan Ceramics

Zhangcun soil, Kuancheng soil, Xushui soil, Hengshui soil, Datong sand and gravel, magnesia raw materials and Haicheng talc, etc. Tangshan successfully developed twice-fired bone china and white jade porcelain. After the 1950s, large-scale ceramic products were produced, such as bathtubs, electroplating tanks, etc. In the 1980s, the plastic extrusion ceramic molding method was adopted, and a new technology of microcomputer automatic firing in tunnel kilns was successfully trial-produced. The decoration technology and style of Tangshan ceramics had a great influence on northern ceramics. It pioneered the carving and gold decoration of etching patterns with hydrofluoric acid and then filling them with gold, and the spray-painted decoration of painting with an airbrush or airbrush. It has a history of tens of thousands of years in China and is generally made of a kind of fusible clay. In some cases clinker or sand can also be added to the clay to reduce shrinkage. The firing temperature of these products varies widely, depending on the nature and amount of impurities contained in the chemical composition of the clay. When making bricks and tiles with it, if the porosity is too high, the freeze resistance of the body will be poor, and the fork will not easily catch the mortar if it is too low, so the water absorption rate should generally be maintained between 5 and 15%. The color of the green body after firing depends on the content of colored oxides in the clay and the firing atmosphere. It is mostly yellow or red when fired in an oxidizing flame, and cyan or black when fired in a reducing flame. The green bricks in my country's building materials are made of yellow or red clay containing Fe2O3 as raw materials. They are calcined with a reducing flame when the fire is approaching to stop the fire, so that the Fe2O3 is reduced to FeON and becomes cyan. The pottery can be divided into ordinary pottery (cmmon, pottery) and fine earthenware (Fineearthenware). Ordinary pottery refers to clay pots. Pots, jars, urns. As well as products with porous colored bodies such as refractory bricks. Summary of Tao surname: Tao Chengtao, Tang Dynasty, Yu Shun, Origin of Taoqiu Yucheng

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Ceramics is a traditional characteristic industry of Tangshan. Tangshan ceramics has a long history. It is the porcelain capital of northern China and one of the main ceramic production areas in my country. According to historical records, the production of pottery pots and pottery sets began as early as the Warring States Period. By the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, Tangshan ceramics had reached a certain scale. At that time, most of them were small workshop-style production methods based on labor combinations. With the development of production, especially the construction of Kailuan Coal Mine and the entry of foreign capital at the beginning of the last century, by the end of the 1930s, machines and electricity were widely used in ceramic production and manufacturing, and Tangshan Ceramics gradually prospered.

After liberation, with the country's socialist transformation of national industry and commerce, Tangshan Ceramics has made great progress, the scale of enterprises and productivity levels have begun to increase significantly, and enterprise production has gradually been included in the national plan. In the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, nearly 20% of the employees were killed in the earthquake, more than 90% of the factory buildings were damaged, and more than 70% of the kiln equipment was damaged. The Tangshan ceramic industry suffered a devastating blow, but the heroic efforts With the strong support of the Party Central Committee, the State Council and the people of the whole country, the people of Tangshan quickly resumed production and produced products one month after the earthquake. During the post-earthquake restoration and construction, the process layout and technical equipment were redesigned in a timely manner, and the degree of mechanization was improved, so that the production capacity quickly reached the pre-earthquake level. After the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Tangshan Ceramics Industry shifted its focus to strengthening management, improving quality, striving for famous brands, saving energy, reducing consumption, and increasing efficiency. The entire industry has developed rapidly and continues to grow. Up to now, there are nearly 100 ceramic companies in the city. Daily-use porcelain is mainly Chinese and Western tableware, coffee sets, tea sets, and hotel porcelain, with an annual output of more than 500 million pieces. Sanitary ceramics include various toilets and basins. Mainly, the annual output is about 15 million pieces. Tangshan Ceramics

The area of ??architectural ceramics is about 40 million square meters. There are more than 100,000 employees. Together with coal, cement, railways and locomotives, it has become a historical witness of Tangshan’s industrial development. Tangshan Ceramics Co., Ltd. is a key enterprise in Tangshan ceramics industry. It inherits the long history and advanced technology of Tangshan Ceramics, integrates tradition and modernity, science, industry and trade, production, supply and marketing. It is a key manufacturer and exporter of ceramic products in my country. The company currently has more than 20,000 employees and total assets of 1.1 billion yuan. It has five holding subsidiaries, five branches and one research institute. Its leading products are daily porcelain, sanitary ceramics, special ceramics, architectural ceramics, and craft ceramics. Fine art ceramics and refractories. Among them, the annual production capacity of daily-use porcelain is 160 million pieces. "Red Rose" brand high-end lead-free bone china is currently the only Chinese famous brand product among high-end porcelain in the same industry nationwide. The production capacity of sanitary ceramics is 2 million pieces. The annual production capacity of special ceramics is 10 million pieces. 200,000 tons of refractory materials. The annual export earnings are US$60 million. It is an important ceramic production and export base in northern my country. It is one of the only large-scale comprehensive ceramic enterprises in the country. [1]

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The stage of free development before liberation (before 1949)

From the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty to the eve of liberation, although China The porcelain making industry in Tangshan is extremely developed, but the ceramic manufacturing industry in Tangshan only has more than 10 handicraft workshops such as Tianjiayao, Qinjiayao, and Zhaojiayao, with more than 200 agricultural workers, distributed on both sides of the current Gangyao Road, and their products are all Stoneware, stoneware. After the Opium War, stimulated by Western industrial technology, especially after the Kailuan coal mine produced coal, some new ceramic workshops appeared one after another. By the 1920s and 1930s, the application of machines and electricity improved production efficiency and the quality of products. The output and quality have been greatly improved, and daily white porcelain, electrical porcelain devices, sanitary ceramics, etc. have been produced. The prototype of Tangshan ceramics industry was formed. Among them, sanitary ceramics are the first in China, and Tangshan is the cradle of China's sanitary ware production.

The period of steady development after liberation (1949-1976)

After liberation, the party and government led the majority of ceramic workers to quickly treat war wounds and put Tangshan ceramic production on the right track. It has gone through stages such as the implementation of public-private partnership, the Great Leap Forward, and the Cultural Revolution. Products have gradually moved from domestic sales to both domestic and foreign sales, and Tangshan Ceramics has become a major foreign exchange earner in Tangshan. Tangshan Ceramics has developed into an important part of the local economy. The rise of Tangshan ceramics is inseparable from the care of the older generation of proletarian revolutionaries. In October 1961, the Tangshan Municipal Government held the Tangshan Ceramics Exhibition at the Working People's Cultural Palace in the capital. The exhibition period is 29 days. Chairman Zhu De visited the exhibition in person and wrote an inscription: "Make full use of your favorable conditions in resources and technology to produce better and more porcelain for domestic and industrial use, meet the needs of domestic sales and exports, and become the second Jingdezhen." The 11th session The period of rapid development after the Third Plenary Session of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (after 1977). After the Eleventh Plenary Session of the Party, Tangshan Ceramics ushered in new development opportunities and withstood new tests.

In the early days of reform and opening up, on the one hand, the focus of the party's work shifted, and the country entered a period of large-scale economic construction. The supply of sanitary porcelain and architectural porcelain exceeded demand. Tangshan Ceramics Factory and Tangshan Architectural Ceramics Factory were booming, with production at a rate of 20%-30%. Growth, on the other hand, due to the start of economic system reform, especially the reform of the foreign trade system, daily-use porcelain manufacturers that have relied on foreign trade exports for many years were forced to endure the suspension of foreign trade receipts, and a large number of exporting porcelain manufacturers had to turn to domestic sales, and the domestic market The balance of production and sales has been affected, and a large number of products are backlogged. This made Japanese ceramics manufacturers experience the bitter consequences of not being able to face the market independently during the period when the planned economy was just transitioning. With the deepening of economic system reform and the promulgation of various national reform policies, the Tangshan ceramic industry has boldly explored and practiced boldly. It was the first industrial enterprise in the city to win the right to operate foreign trade, completely changing the situation of relying on foreign trade companies for many years and directly facing the international market. It was the first to establish a Sino-foreign joint venture among Tangshan municipal enterprises, introducing foreign capital into traditional industries for the first time and injecting new vitality. It was the first to implement the contract management responsibility system among industrial enterprises in the city. In the product structure of daily-use porcelain, there are the Red Rose brand bone china known as the "Four Golden Flowers", the White Jade brand white jade porcelain, the Magnolia brand Yulan porcelain and the Bailan brand Bailan porcelain. At the same time, Tangshan Ceramics Industry has carried out large-scale technical transformation in a timely manner, which has improved the equipment level to a certain extent. [2]

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Tangshan ceramics began in the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty and has a history of nearly 600 years. The long history of development has created Tangshan’s rich ceramic cultural resources. The ceramic products are rich in categories, mainly including daily-use porcelain, architectural porcelain, sanitary porcelain, industrial Tangshan Ceramics

Physical and chemical porcelain, high-tech porcelain, art display porcelain, etc., with more than 500 varieties. Among them, complete sets of porcelain products include: tableware, tea sets, coffee sets, wine sets, stationery, smoking sets, remote hanging plates for display and viewing, porcelain plate paintings, various vases, flower arrangements; various porcelain sculptures and carvings; Practical ceramics and artistic ceramics such as large tile murals for architectural decoration. Among them, bone china is the most famous for its moist, lustrous and clean texture, and delicate texture, while white jade porcelain is delicate for its porcelain texture, smooth glaze, and white with a bluish tint. The main decoration techniques of Tangshan ceramics are gold carving, spray painting, underglaze painting, etc., which form the unique style of Tangshan ceramics. The development of new technologies has enabled Tangshan Ceramics to have a series of brilliance: "Red Rose", the first brand of daily-use ceramics in China; "Huida" sanitary porcelain, which also has the three titles of China's Well-known Trademark, China's Famous Brand, and National Inspection-Free Product ; "Ronda" bone china, special porcelain for the Shanghai APEC meeting; "National Torch Plan Ceramic Materials Industry Base" adds brilliance to Tangshan; lead-free bone china breaks through technical barriers to international trade and develops high-end daily-use porcelain world market. my country's bathroom porcelain and bone china were first born in Tangshan. After years of hard work, they have been pushed to a new peak today. In 1960, 1979 and 1988, Tangshan Ceramics went to Beijing for three exhibitions, which were successful and had a wide impact. Tangshan is also a city that launched ceramic professional education and ceramic research relatively early. In 1958, Hebei Light Industry School was established, with majors in ceramic art, ceramic craftsmanship, and ceramic machinery. In 1999, it was merged into Hebei University of Science and Technology to establish the School of Art, which further developed the traditional ceramics major. In 1958, Tangshan Ceramic Research Institute was established (now renamed Tangshan Ceramic Research Institute), specializing in the development and research of ceramic technology and art