I. Cotton fiber and hemp fiber
Cotton fiber and hemp fiber burn as soon as they get close to the flame, which is yellow and emits blue smoke. The difference between the smell of burning and the ashes after burning is that cotton burns with paper flavor and marijuana burns with plant ash flavor; After burning, cotton has little powder ash, which is black or gray, while hemp produces a little gray powder ash.
Second, wool fiber and silk.
Hair smokes when it meets fire, bubbles when it burns, and burns slowly, giving off the burning smell of burnt hair. Most of the ashes after burning are shiny black spherical particles, which will be broken when a finger is pressed. Silk shrinks into a ball when it meets fire, and the burning speed is slow, accompanied by hissing, giving off the smell of burning hair. After burning, dark brown spherical ash is formed, which will be broken by hand twisting.
Three, nylon and polyester
Polyamide fiber, nylon in scientific name, quickly curls and melts into white gel when it is close to the flame, and drops and bubbles when it melts in the flame. When burning, it is difficult to continue burning without flame, emitting celery flavor, and the light brown melt is not easy to grind after cooling. Polyester fiber, the scientific name of polyester fiber, is easy to ignite and melt near the flame. When burning, it emits black smoke while melting, showing a yellow flame and emitting an aromatic smell. After burning, the ash is a dark brown lump that can be crushed with your fingers.
Four. Acrylic fiber and polypropylene fiber
Polyacrylonitrile fiber, the scientific name of acrylic fiber, softens and melts when it meets fire, and emits black smoke and white flame after fire. After leaving the flame, it burns quickly, giving off the bitter taste of burnt meat. The ash after burning is an irregular black block, which is fragile by hand twisting. Polypropylene fiber, the scientific name of polypropylene fiber, is flammable when it melts near the flame. It burns slowly away from the fire, emitting black smoke. The upper end of the flame is yellow and the lower end is blue, giving off a smell of oil. After burning, the ash is hard, light yellow-brown particles and fragile by hand twisting.
Verbs (abbreviation for verb) vinylon and chloroprene
Polyvinyl formal fiber, the scientific name of vinylon, is not easy to ignite and melts and shrinks near the flame. When it burns, there is a little flame at the top. When all the fibers melt into gel, the flame becomes bigger, thick black smoke comes out, and there is a bitter taste. After burning, small black beads will be left, which can be crushed with your fingers. The scientific name of PVC fiber is PVC fiber, which is difficult to burn. It goes out immediately after leaving the fire. The flame is yellow, and the lower end is green and white smoke, emitting pungent, pungent and sour taste. The burnt ash is dark brown and irregular, which is not easy to be broken by fingers.
Six, spandex and fluorine fiber
Polyurethane fiber, scientific name spandex, burns when it melts near a fire. When it burns, the flame is blue. When it left the fire, it continued to burn, emitting a special pungent smell. The burnt ash is soft and fluffy black ash. The scientific name of fluorine fiber is polytetrafluoroethylene fiber, and ISO organization calls it fluorite fiber. It only melts near the flame, but it is difficult to ignite and does not burn. The edge flame is blue-green carbonization, melting and decomposition, and the gas is toxic. The melt is hard round black beads. In the textile industry, fluorine fiber is often used to make high-performance sewing thread.
Seven. Viscose fiber and cuprammonia fiber
Viscose fiber is flammable, burning fast, the flame is yellow, giving off the smell of burning paper. After burning, the ash is less, smooth and twisted, and it is light gray or gray-white fine powder. Copper ammonia fiber, commonly known as tiger kapok, burns near flame, with fast burning speed, yellow flame and acid ester. There is little ash after burning, only a small amount of gray-black ash. Bamboo fiber is a natural material with the following characteristics.
1, look-crystal clear.
Hold the bamboo fiber towel in a well-lit place, and observe the surface of the towel from all angles. The terry is smooth and delicate, the color is crystal clear and bright, and the terry is arranged evenly and orderly.
2, touch-soft and comfortable
Touch it with your hands, and it feels soft, smooth (velvet) and elastic. Stick a bamboo fiber towel on your cheek and feel it quietly. You will fully feel that she is as delicate, soft, smooth and comfortable as a baby's skin, such as satin. How does it feel to touch the ordinary towel again? It must be hard, dry and rough. The unique silk-like forging effect of bamboo fiber towel represents the development trend of the industry.
3, shaking-hanging straight
Hold the bamboo fiber towel at one side and two corners with both hands and lift it into the air, and gently shake it a few times. You will see its good dynamics and verticality, just like a beautiful woman's fragrant hair, silky and smooth. Shake the ordinary towel again, you can only feel the light floating, and it is difficult to sag. Let go of your hands, let these two towels fall freely on the bed or table from the air, and then look at their respective shapes. You will find that bamboo fiber towels are all piled together softly, without "bones". While the ordinary towel quilt is rigidly formed into a certain geometric shape.
4, burning-absolutely natural
Take out one or two yarns from the bamboo fiber towel, light them with fire, and observe the burning phenomenon carefully. Bamboo fiber burns quickly and thoroughly, with the smell of burning plants, and the ashes turn into gray powder, which is not pilling. However, the towel containing chemical fiber has a pungent smell when burning, and the ash turns black, resulting in pilling.
5, washing-self-cleaning and self-cleaning
Wet the bamboo fiber towel (in order to fully activate bamboo fiber molecules), then pour soy sauce and cooking oil on the towel respectively, and then take it under the water pipe for scrubbing without adding any detergent. You will see a magical phenomenon. Soy sauce and edible oil were completely washed away by clean water, and bamboo fiber towels were still as bright as new. This is because bamboo fiber has super decontamination, oil repellency and self-cleaning ability. If you still question the decontamination ability of bamboo fiber towel, you can use it as a rag to wipe the tableware and let it toss in the oil for a week to further understand its magical decontamination effect. And if an ordinary towel is used to clean tableware in a few days, it must be dirty and messy, extremely difficult to clean, and finally it will be moldy, sticky and smelly.
6. Wu-neither bad nor smelly
Wet a bamboo fiber towel and an ordinary towel with water, put them into two plastic food bags and leave them in an environment of about 30 degrees Celsius for a few days. Then open the bag, have a look and smell. How do you feel? Bamboo fiber towels are still fresh as new, without peculiar smell. Ordinary towels are moldy, sticky, smelly and even black. The reason why bamboo fiber towels have such strange functions is entirely derived from the antibacterial properties of bamboo fiber itself. Bamboo is never infected with pests and diseases during its growth, because it contains antibacterial and acaricidal substances-bamboo Kun. The national textile inspection agency has confirmed that the death rate of bacteria on bamboo fiber is above 73%, which is completely absent from other textile fibers.
7. Use-refreshing and comfortable
Spray water on your face, soak the bamboo fiber towel in water, gently wring out the water and wipe your face. You will find the water on your face easy to wipe off. At the same time, the face feels fresh, soft and comfortable. Even if you don't use facial cleanser, soap and other cleansing products, you will feel the same. This is entirely determined by the special structure of bamboo fiber itself. Bamboo fiber is a kind of porous fiber, and its cross section is covered with large and small oval pores, which can absorb a lot of water in an instant, and the water absorption rate is 1.5 times that of cotton. Pure wool fabric is natural and soft in color, and has good thermal insulation effect. It is the first choice for making high-grade suits and coats. There are more and more wool-like fabrics. With the improvement of textile processing, it has reached a level that is difficult for most customers to identify, but the color, warmth and hand feel are far less than pure wool fabrics. Here are several ways to identify pure wool fabrics for your reference when choosing clothes and fabrics.
First, touch. Pure wool fabrics usually feel smooth, long hair fabrics feel smooth along the wool, and the anti-wool has a tingling sensation. And blended or pure chemical fiber products, some are not soft, some are too soft and loose, and have a sticky feeling.
Second, look at the color. The color of pure wool fabric is naturally soft and bright, and there is no old feeling. In contrast, blended or pure chemical fiber fabrics have a dark luster or a sense of flashing color.
Third, look at flexibility. Hold the object tightly with your hands, and then let it go immediately to see the elasticity of the cloth. Pure wool fabric has high resilience and quick recovery, while blended or chemical fiber products have poor wrinkle resistance, and most of them have obvious wrinkles or slow recovery.
Fourth, identification by combustion method. Take a bunch of yarn and burn it. Pure wool fiber smells like burning hair, and chemical fiber fabric smells like burning plastic. The harder the particles are, the more chemical fiber components there are.
Five, single root identification. Under the microscope, the hair of all animals is scaly. If it is a long-haired fabric, as long as you rub a hair a few times, it will move up and down, as shown in the above picture (in order to master this skill, you can do an experiment with a hair first). If it is a common fabric, take a yarn, cut it into two pieces of 2 cm, and break it into fibers. Rub it in your palm four or five times to see if they will move. Animal hair fibers used in wool fabrics in the market are generally sheep hair, goat hair, camel hair and rabbit hair.
First, wool
Sweater, woolen cloth, felt, etc. The wool that people use the most in daily life is mainly the wool produced intensively on sheep. In the knitting industry, because the amount of sheep wool is the largest, wool has become the abbreviation of sheep wool.
The countries that produce more sheep wool in the world are Australia, Commonwealth of Independent States, New Zealand, Argentina and China. The count and grade of wool are the basis of evaluating the grade and quality of wool. The higher the number, the better the quality, and the higher the grade, the worse the quality.
Second, goat hair.
Goat hair refers to coarse hair and dead hair cut from goat hair. Generally, the fine hair of goat hair is very short and can't be spun. The coarse hair can only be used as a writing brush and brush, except mohair. Mohair, namely Angora goat hair, is produced in Angola, North America, South Asia and other places in Turkey. It is a high-quality wool fiber with smooth surface, less curl, long and thick, soft and silky luster, excellent resilience, wear resistance and high strength. It is an ideal raw material for weaving high-grade fabrics such as jacquard blanket, plush, wool coat and artificial fur. Mohair sweaters hand-knitted with thick needles are covered with silky fibers, which constitute a noble, lively and rough clothing style and are deeply loved by people. Zhongwei goat hair in northwest China also belongs to mohair. However, in the market, some people call fluffy acrylic bulky yarn mohair for sale, which leads to misunderstanding. This kind of acrylic bulky yarn can only be called imitation mohair at best.
Third, alpaca hair
Alpaca hair, also known as "camel hair", has a fiber length of 20-40 cm and is available in white, brown, gray and black. Because 90% is produced in Peru, it is also called "Peruvian wool". Its two varieties, one is curly fiber with silver luster, and the other is straight fiber with less curl, similar to mohair luster, which is often blended with other fibers as high-quality materials for making high-end clothing. Most camel hair on the market comes from Eastern Europe.
Fourth, rabbit hair
Rabbit hair is loved by people because of its light weight, delicacy, softness, strong warmth retention and low price. It consists of fine and soft fluff and coarse hair, mainly including ordinary rabbit hair and angora rabbit hair, the latter of which is of good quality. The difference between rabbit hair and wool is that the fiber is slender and the surface is particularly smooth and easy to identify. Rabbit hair is not easy to spin alone because of its low strength, so it is often blended with wool or other fibers to make knitwear, women's wear, coats and other clothing fabrics.
Concept and identification of pure wool
In the market, people can often see wool products marked with "pure wool" or "100% wool". Some people think that "pure wool" is equal to "100% wool", but it is not. Literally, pure wool should be 100% wool. But in fact, in the production process, in order to improve the textile properties of fibers and make fabrics more durable, some products often need to add some polyester or nylon non-wool fibers. The addition amount is clearly defined in the national standard. In this way, we will understand. Pure wool products are not 100% wool, but marked with pure wool products, and non-wool fibers are added within the specified range, so the price should be lower than 100% wool products.
In a word, if you want to buy satisfactory woolen goods in the increasingly prosperous market, you can not only try to identify them by looking, touching, asking and comparing, but also analyze the price. Of course, the safest thing is to constantly increase your understanding of product knowledge.
Identify cashmere, alpaca hair and mohair.
I. Cashmere
Cashmere is the bottom fine hair from goats, which grows in the alpine grasslands of Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai and Liaoning. China is a big country producing cashmere in the world, accounting for more than 1/2 of the world's total output, among which cashmere from Inner Mongolia is the top grade. Cashmere fiber is characterized by being slender and soft. Its fabric is soft to the touch, smooth and waxy, soft in luster, much lighter than wool fabric with the same thickness, and mostly in suede style. Generally speaking, light-colored cashmere coats are mostly from white cashmere, and the quality is good; Dark colors are mostly taken from purple velvet or blue velvet, and the quality is slightly inferior.
Second, alpaca hair
Alpaca hair comes from an animal called "Alpaca" (also known as "Arbaca"), which mainly grows in the Andes of Peru. The Andes is 4500 meters above sea level, and there is a great temperature difference between day and night. It is -20 ~- 18℃ at night and 15 ~ 18℃ during the day, with strong sunlight radiation, thin atmosphere and cold wind. Alpacas living in such a harsh environment can certainly resist extreme temperature changes. Alpaca hair can not only moisturize, but also effectively resist sunlight radiation. Alpaca wool fiber contains pith cavity visible under microscope, so its thermal insulation performance is better than wool, cashmere and mohair.
In addition, alpaca wool fiber has more than 17 kinds of natural colors: from white to black, and a series of different shades of brown and gray, which is the most abundant natural color fiber in special animal fibers. The "arbaka" we see in the market refers to alpaca hair; "Su Li" is a kind of alpaca hair, which refers to adult alpaca hair with long fiber and beautiful color; People often say "Beibei" is the hair of young alpaca, and its relative fiber is thinner and softer. Alpaca wool fabric feels smooth and has excellent warmth retention.
Three, mohair
Mohair refers to Angora goat hair, which is mainly produced in South Africa and is characterized by thick fiber, small curl and good luster. Mohair fabric feels smooth and the surface is shiny. Mohair and alpaca wool fabrics are as short and smooth as wool. Silk fabrics are generally divided into two categories: silk and silk-like fabrics. Silk fabrics are all labeled, so how to identify the digital code on the label? These figures have five digits. The first digit represents the raw materials used in the goods; The second digit represents the fabric structure of the goods, followed by the serial number of the goods. Before this number, the place of origin of goods was also indicated by capitalized English letters. From the serial number of silk products, the raw materials and origin of the products can be identified.
Silk raw material code: "1" stands for real silk, including mulberry silk, mulberry tussah interwoven varieties, double palace silk and mulberry silk, which account for more than 50% of mulberry silk; "2" stands for synthetic fiber; "3" stands for the blend of natural fiber and short fiber; "4" stands for tussah silk; "5" stands for rayon; "6" stands for filament interweaving of two or more raw materials, or filament interweaving of short silk size; "7" stands for quilt cover.
Code of origin of silk products: B is Beijing, C is Sichuan, D is Liaoning, E is Hubei, G is Guangdong, H is Zhejiang, J is Jiangxi, K is Jiangsu, M is Fujian, N is Guangxi, Q is Shaanxi, S is Shanghai, T is Tianjin, V is Henan, W is Anhui and X is Hunan. "Leather" is a common word in leather products market, and it is a customary name to distinguish natural leather from synthetic leather. In the concept of consumers, "genuine leather" also has a non-fake meaning. In fact, dermis is leather, which is mainly composed of mammalian skin.
There are many kinds of genuine leather, with diverse varieties, different structures, different quality and the same price. Therefore, genuine leather is not only the general name of all natural leathers, but also a vague mark on the commodity market.
According to its types, natural leather mainly includes pigskin, cowhide, sheepskin, horse skin, donkey skin and kangaroo skin, as well as a small amount of fish skin, reptile skin, amphibian skin and ostrich skin. Among them, cowhide is divided into cattle hide, buffalo hide, yak skin and yak skin; Sheepskin is divided into sheepskin and goatskin. According to its hierarchy, there are top leather and two-layer leather, in which the top leather has full grain leather and trimmed leather; Two-layer leather includes pig two-layer leather and cow two-layer leather. Among the main types of leather, cowhide and sheepskin have flat and thin surfaces, small pores, fine and dense internal structures, good fullness and elasticity, and good physical properties. Therefore, high-grade products generally use high-grade cowhide and sheepskin as leather materials, and their prices are higher in loose leather.
Among many kinds of leather, full-grain leather should rank first, because it is made of first-class raw leather with less damage, and the natural state of leather is good, and the coating is thin, which can show the natural pattern beauty of animal skin. Not only wear-resistant, but also breathable.
Trimming leather is to lightly grind the leather surface with a leather grinder, then coat it and press out the corresponding patterns. In fact, it is a "facelift" for disabled or rough natural leather. This kind of leather has almost lost its original surface state, and its coating is thicker, and its wear resistance and air permeability are worse than that of full grain leather.
Two-layer leather is made of thick leather with slicer. The first layer is used to make full-grain leather or modified leather, and the second layer is made into two-layer leather through a series of processes such as coating or sticking film. Its fastness and wear resistance are poor, and it is the cheapest one of its kind.
Here are some common methods:
First, feel: that is, touch the leather surface with your hands. If it is smooth, soft, plump and elastic, it is genuine leather; But the general synthetic leather is hard, stiff and poor in softness.
Second, at first glance, you can see that there are clear pores and patterns on the dermis surface. Cowhide has well-proportioned fine pores, yak skin has coarse and sparse pores, goat skin has fish-scale pores, and pig skin has triangular coarse pores. Although artificial leather also imitates pores, it is not clear. The characteristics and identification methods of pigskin, horseskin, cowhide and sheepskin are introduced as follows: cowhide is fine in powder and high in strength, which is most suitable for making leather shoes; Sheep leather is light and soft, which is an ideal fabric for making leather clothes. Pigskin has good air permeability and moisture permeability, and is suitable for making underwear and children's products. Horseshoe fiber has dense structure and high strength, so it has a good effect in making leather pants and boots. Generally speaking, the thickness, density and distribution of pores on the leather surface are the main basis for distinguishing cowhide, pigskin, horse skin and sheepskin.
Pigskin: The pores on the leather surface are round and thick, and extend obliquely into the leather. The pores are arranged in groups of three, and the leather presents many small triangular patterns.
Cowhide: Cowhide and buffalo hide are both called cowhide, but there are some differences between them. The pores on the surface of cowhide are round and extend straight into the leather. Pores are compact and even, and arranged irregularly, like stars all over the sky. The pores on the surface of buffalo hide are thicker than those in cattle hide, the number of pores is less than that in cattle hide, and the leather is slack, which is not as detailed and plump as that in cattle hide. Horse leather: The pores on the leather surface are oval, slightly larger than cowhide, and arranged regularly.
Sheepskin: The pores on the grain surface of leather are flat and round, and the pores are clear. They form a group of several, arranged in fish scales.
3. Smell: All leather has the smell of leather; Moreover, artificial leather has a strong plastic pungent smell.
4. Ignition: Tear off a little fiber from the back of genuine leather and artificial leather. After ignition, it is artificial leather that emits a pungent smell and forms a knot; It's genuine leather that smells like hair without induration.
Dermal marker
The genuine leather logo is a certification trademark registered in the State Administration for Industry and Commerce. All leather products with genuine leather logo have three characteristics: 1, and the products are made of high-quality genuine leather; 2. This product is a medium and high-grade product with excellent workmanship; 3. Consumers can enjoy good after-sales service when they buy leather products with genuine leather logo. Products that are not made of genuine leather cannot wear the genuine leather logo. If you want to wear the genuine leather logo, you need to go through the strict examination and approval of china leather Industry Association before you can wear it. China leather Industry Association conducts quality inspection every year to ensure product quality.
The registered trademark of the genuine leather logo is an artistic deformation pattern consisting of a whole sheep, a diagonal and a leather shape. The overall pattern is a circular drum with three letters GLP in the center, which is the English abbreviation of genuine leather products. The main color of the pattern is black characters on a white background, and only three letters are red. Moral of the pattern: Cattle, sheep and pigs are the three main natural leather raw materials for leather products. The pattern is round and drum-shaped, which symbolizes the drum of the main processing equipment in leather industry on the one hand, and the rolling development of leather industry on the other hand.
jean
1, thickness
According to the thickness of denim, it can be divided into 4.5 A, 6 A, 8 A, 10 A,1a, 12 A, 13.5 A, 14.5 A and so on. For example, 4.5 A is very thin and is often used to make summer clothes such as vests and sleeveless shirts. 14.5 A is very thick and can be used to make cotton-padded clothes in winter. Most of the jeans we often wear range from 8 A to12 A.
2. Type
It can be divided into plain weave, twill weave, herringbone weave, interwoven weave, slub weave, dark weave and flocking cowboy.
Step 3 write a composition
It can be divided into combed and carded, including 100% cotton, elastic (lycra), cotton-linen blended and Tencel.
Personality factors of fabric color psychology
The social psychology of fabric color is a * * feature that affects fabric color. However, due to different consumers' requirements for their unique colors, the fabrics are colorful and have their own characteristics. The personality factors that determine the fabric color psychology mainly include: dressing motivation, lifestyle, life type and economic ability, body shape, skin color, gender, age, culture, occupation, personality quality, aesthetic level, interest and personality quality of viewers.