Domain name

Meaning of domain name

The network communicates and connects based on the TCP/IP protocol. Each host has a unique and fixed identifier. IP addresses distinguish thousands of users and computers on the Internet. The network uses a unique and universal address format when distinguishing all connected networks and hosts, that is, each network and host connected to the network is assigned a unique address. In order to ensure the uniqueness of the IP address of each computer on the network, users must apply for registration with a specific organization, which allocates IP addresses based on the network size and recent development plans of the user unit. The address schemes in the network are divided into two sets: IP address system and domain name address system. These two address systems are actually in a one-to-one correspondence. IP addresses are represented by binary numbers. Each IP address is 32 bits long and consists of 4 numbers less than 256. The numbers are separated by dots. For example, 166.111.1.11 represents an IP address. Since the IP address is a digital identifier, it is difficult to remember and write when using it. Therefore, a symbolic address scheme has been developed based on the IP address to replace the numerical IP address. Each symbolized address corresponds to a specific IP address, making it much easier to access resources on the network. This character address corresponding to the numeric IP address on the network is called a domain name.

It can be seen that the domain name is the name of the organization that accesses the Internet. It is the address of an organization on the network that accesses the network through a computer. If a company wants to build its own homepage on the Internet, it must obtain a domain name. The domain name also consists of several parts, including numbers and letters. For example, www.chaoshannet.com is the domain name of Chaoshannet. Through this address, people can find Chaotianshaodi Tieba on the Internet and find the detailed information they need. Domain name is an important identifier of Internet-connected units and individuals on the Internet. It plays an identification role and facilitates others to identify and retrieve the information resources of a certain enterprise, organization or individual, thereby better realizing the sharing of resources on the Internet. In addition to the identification function, in a virtual environment, domain names can also play a role in guidance, promotion, and representation.

Domain names can be divided into different levels, including top-level domain names, second-level domain names, etc. Top-level domain names are divided into two categories: one is national top-lenel domainnames (nTLDs for short). Currently, more than 200 countries have allocated top-level domain names according to ISO3166 country codes. For example, China is cn, the United States is us, and Japan is jp, etc.; the second is international top-lenel domain-names (iTDs), such as .Com representing industrial and commercial enterprises, .net representing network providers, .org representing non-profit organizations, etc. At present, most domain name disputes occur under the com entry-level domain name, because the purpose of most companies accessing the Internet is to make profits. In order to strengthen domain name management and resolve the shortage of domain name resources, international organizations such as the Internet Association, the Internet Addressing Agency, and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WEPO) have negotiated extensively and established the original three international generic top-level domain names: (com.net.org). On the basis of this, 7 new international general top-level domain names have been added: firm (company), store (sales company or enterprise), web (unit highlighting WWW activities), arts (unit highlighting cultural and entertainment activities), rec (unit highlighting cultural and entertainment activities), rec (unit highlighting WWW activities), rec (unit highlighting cultural and entertainment activities), Recreational and entertainment activities), info (units that provide information services), nom (individuals), and select new registration agencies around the world to accept domain name registration applications.

For example, www.ttsd.biz.tm Country: TM, Turkmenistan, Category: BIZ, Business

The second-level domain name refers to the domain name below the top-level domain name, which is the top-level international domain name. Under a domain name, it refers to the online name of the domain name registrant, such as ibm, yahoo, microsoft, etc.; under the national top-level domain name, it is a symbol indicating the registered enterprise category, such as com, edu, gov, net, etc.

my country's top-level domain name officially registered and operated by the International Internet Network Information Center (Inter NIC) is CN, which is also my country's first-level domain name. Under the top-level domain names, my country's second-level domain names are divided into two categories: category domain names and administrative region names. There are ***6 category domain names, including ac for scientific research institutions; com for industrial and commercial financial enterprises; edu for educational institutions; gov for government departments; net for Internet network information centers and operation centers; org for non-profit organizations. There are 34 administrative region names, corresponding to each province, autonomous region and municipality directly under the Central Government in my country. The third-level domain name is composed of letters (A~Z, a~z, upper and lower case, etc.), numbers (0~9) and connectors (-). Domain names at all levels are connected with dots (.). The length cannot exceed 20 characters. If there are no special reasons, it is recommended to use the applicant's English name (or abbreviation) or Chinese Pinyin name (or abbreviation) as the third-level domain name to maintain the clarity and simplicity of the domain name.

The registration of domain names follows the principle of first application, first registration. The management agency does not conduct any substantive review on whether the domain name proposed by the applicant violates the rights of a third party. At the same time, each domain name registration is unique and non-repeatable. Therefore, on the Internet, domain name is a relatively limited resource, and its value will gradually be valued by people as the number of registered companies increases.

Since domain name is a valuable resource, can it become the object of intellectual property protection? We believe that in the new economic environment, the commercial significance of domain names has far outweighed its technical significance, and has become an important means for enterprises to participate in international market competition under new scientific and technological conditions. It not only represents the importance of enterprises on the Internet Its unique position is also a comprehensive reflection of the company's products, service scope, image, goodwill, etc., and is part of the company's intangible assets. At the same time, a domain name is also an intellectual achievement. It is a commercial mark with literal meaning, similar to a trademark or trade name, and embodies considerable creativity. In the process of domain name conception and selection, a certain amount of creative work is required to make the domain name representing your company concise and attractive, so that the public will know and access it, thereby achieving the purpose of expanding corporate visibility and promoting business development. It can be said that a domain name is not a simple identification symbol, but a condensation of a company's goodwill and recognition of its popularity. The use of domain names has rich connotations for companies, which are far from being exhausted by the simple word "logo". Therefore, both academic circles and practical departments currently tend to regard domain names as a type of corporate intellectual property objects. Moreover, from a global perspective, although national legislation has not yet protected domain names as exclusive rights, the international domain name coordination system is formulated through the World Intellectual Property Organization, which is enough to show that people have regarded domain names as part of intellectual property rights.

Of course, compared to the traditional field of intellectual property, domain names are a brand-new object with its own characteristics. For example, the use of domain names is global and does not have traditional strict regional restrictions; From a temporal perspective, a domain name can be used permanently once acquired and does not need to be renewed regularly; a domain name is absolutely unique on the Internet. Once registered, no one else is allowed to register or use the same domain name, so it is exclusive The nature is also absolute; in addition, domain names cannot be used unless registered by a legal agency, which is different from traditional patents, trademarks and other objects, etc. Even so, it is scientific and feasible to treat domain names as objects of intellectual property rights. In practice, it is beneficial and harmless to protect the relevant legitimate rights and interests of enterprises on the Internet.

Supplement:

What is a domain name?

Technically speaking, domain names are just a method used on the Internet to solve address correspondence problems. It can be said to be just a technical term. However, since the Internet has become the Internet for people all over the world, domain name has naturally become a social science term.

Why register a domain name?

The Internet, the darling of the information age, has stepped out of its infancy and is known to more and more people. E-commerce, online sales, and online advertising have become hot spots in the business world. "Going online" has become a mantra for many people. However, if you want to set up a server to publish information online, you must first register your own domain name. Only with your own domain name can others access you. Therefore, domain name registration is the basis for establishing any service on the Internet. At the same time, due to the uniqueness of the domain name, it is very necessary to register as early as possible.

Why is not registering a domain name more troublesome than having a trademark registered?

Since domain names and trademarks are unique in their respective categories, and with the development of the Internet, from the perspective of corporate image building, domain names and trademarks are, in a sense, closely related to each other. contact. Therefore, it has certain characteristics in common with trademarks. When many companies choose a domain name, they often hope to use a domain name that is consistent with their corporate trademark. However, domain names are more unique than trademarks. For example:

There was a domain name registration conflict between an electronics group company and a Japanese chemical factory that also held the Panda registered trademark. According to the "Interim Measures for the Administration of Internet Domain Name Registration in China", Both companies have the right to register panda as the domain name, but there is only one panda.xxx.cn. Then, when the domain name applications comply with the provisions of the "China Internet Domain Name Registration Interim Administrative Measures", CNNIC will register on a first-come, first-served basis. "The application will be processed according to the principle of ". A certain daily chemical factory first applied for panda.xxx.cn, and an electronics group company submitted an application for the panda.xxx.cn domain name only after the certain daily chemical factory had successfully registered and the website had been launched. The result was that an electronics group The company can no longer use panda.xxx.cn as its domain name.

It is not difficult to see from the above example that although a certain electronics group company can still sell its panda brand appliances, it may never be able to let its users see its www.panda.xxx .cn website. This is undoubtedly a pity.

What domain names are there on the Internet?

my country’s domain name system also follows international practice, including two sets of category domain names and administrative region names.

Category domain names refer to the first six domain names in the figure, which are divided into:

AC Scientific Research Institutions

COM Industry and Commerce , financial and other enterprises

EDU educational institutions

GOV government departments

NET Internet, information center (NIC) and operation center (NOC) accessing the network

ORG various non-profit organizations

The names of administrative regions are divided according to various administrative divisions in China, and their division standards are based on the national standards issued by the former State Administration of Technical Supervision. It includes 34 "administrative region names" and is applicable to all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government in my country.

What are the general rules for naming domain names on the Internet?

Since domain names at all levels on the Internet are managed by different organizations, the ways in which each organization manages domain names and the rules for naming domain names are also different.

However, there are also some different rules for naming domain names, mainly as follows:

1. The domain name can only contain the following characters:

1. 26 English letters

2. "0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9" ten numbers

3. "-" (the hyphen in English )

2. Combination rules of characters in domain names:

1. In domain names, English letters are not case-sensitive

2. For a domain name There is a certain limit on the length

The rules for domain name naming under CN are:

1. Follow all the same rules for domain name naming

2. Only A third-level domain name can be registered. The third-level domain name is composed of letters (A-0Z, a-z, upper and lower case equivalent), numbers (0-9) and connectors (-). Domain names at all levels are connected with dots (.) , the length of the third-level domain name shall not exceed 20 characters;

3. The following names shall not be used, or the use is restricted (the following table lists some materials that need to be provided when registering such domain names):

1) Registration contains "CHINA", "CHINESE", "CN", "NATIONAL", etc.

Officially approved by relevant national departments (referring to units at the ministerial level or above)

2) The names of other countries or regions, foreign place names, and names of international organizations known to the public may not be used

3) The full names or abbreviations of administrative division names above the county level (including county level)

Officially approved by the relevant people's government at or above the county level (including county level)

4) Industry names or common names of goods may not be used

5) Business names that have been registered by others in China or Trademark names shall not be used

6) Names that are harmful to the interests of the country, society or the public shall not be used

7) Official approval from relevant national departments (referring to units at the ministerial level or above) Approval and formal approval from relevant people's governments at or above the county level (including county level) means that relevant agencies must issue written documents expressing their consent for XXXX unit to register the XXX domain name. For example, if you want to apply for the domain name beijing.com.cn, you must provide the approval document from the Beijing Municipal People's Government.

How are domain names under CN managed?

In order to ensure the normal operation of the international Internet and provide services to all Internet users, the International Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC) has been established internationally to serve all Internet users. Due to the huge scale of the Internet and the differences in languages ??among countries, countries have established their own national-level Internet information centers to provide more timely and convenient services to their own Internet users. In order to adapt to the development of my country's Internet and better serve the country's rapidly growing number of Internet users, entrusted by the former State Council Information Work Leading Group Office, the Chinese Academy of Sciences established the China Internet Network Information Center (China Internet Network Information Center) at the Chinese Academy of Sciences Computer Network Information Center. CNNIC), which performs the duties of the National Internet Network Information Center. One of CNNIC's main businesses is domain name registration services. CNNIC's management of domain names strictly abides by the provisions of the "Interim Measures for the Administration of China Internet Domain Name Registration" and the "Implementation Rules for China Internet Domain Name Registration".

What kind of domain name is good to register?

Registering a good domain name is crucial.

A good domain name is often consistent with the following information about the company:

1. The Chinese and English abbreviations of the company name

2. The company’s product registered trademark

3. Chinese and English content that is consistent with the corporate slogan, but be careful not to exceed 20 characters

4. Interesting names such as: hello, howareyou, yes, 168, etc.

Domain name How to deal with conflicts?

If the domain name you applied for has been registered by someone else, a domain name registration conflict will occur. The general way to resolve the conflict is to change the name, or add "-" or "-" to the domain name you applied for. Some letters, etc., or choose other available domains, here are a few examples:

The existing domain name is the domain name registered by the user to avoid conflicts

chaoshan.gd.cn

diosuan.com

jasmy.com

wuxingji.com

The above only introduces how to avoid conflicts in domain name registration. Domain name conflicts are also It can be solved through legal means. You can file a lawsuit in court.

When a legal dispute arises about a domain name, according to management regulations, CNNIC's approach is:

CNNIC is not responsible for checking with the national industrial and commercial administration department and trademark management department whether the user domain name is consistent with the registered trademark. Or if the company name conflicts, does it infringe on the rights of a third party? Any disputes arising from such conflicts shall be handled by the applicant himself and shall bear legal liability. When a third-level domain name is the same as a trademark or business name registered in my country, and the registered domain name is not owned by the registered trademark or business name holder, if the registered trademark or business name holder does not raise an objection, the domain name holder shall Any party can continue to use its domain name; if the registered trademark or business name holder raises an objection, domain name management units at all levels will reserve domain name services for the domain name holder for 30 days from the date it is confirmed that it has the registered trademark or business name rights. , the domain name service will be terminated after 30 days.

After domain name registration is completed, what should you pay attention to?

After the domain name registration is completed, you can use your own domain name to build an online promotion site. However, there is one thing you cannot forget, that is, you must pay an annual fee of RMB 300 for your domain name every year. , the payment method is the same as the payment method when registering. In addition, once a domain name is registered, it cannot be bought or sold. When it is necessary to modify the domain name registration information (the domain name itself cannot be modified), a domain name application form stamped with the official seal of the unit must be submitted to CNNIC, and the modification items must be indicated on the domain name registration application form.

How to use your own domain name?

After the domain name is registered, users are often concerned about using the domain name to establish their own Internet service system. So, how to design their own online image? Here are some suggestions, which I hope will serve as a starting point.

1. Establish an email system of your own so that every employee in the unit can send and receive emails using their own company domain name address.

2. Create a homepage for your organization

3. Put your own homepage address on your advertisement.

International top-level domain names

There are various domain names on the Internet, but based on the structure of domain names, domain names can generally be divided into two categories. One category is called "international top-level domain names" (referred to as "international domain names"), one category is called "domestic domain names".

The last suffix of a general international domain name is some "international common domain" such as .com, .net, .gov, and .edu. These different suffixes represent different institutional properties. For example, .com represents a commercial organization, .net represents a network service organization, .gov represents a government organization, and .edu represents an educational institution.

Domestic domain name

The suffix of a domestic domain name usually includes two parts: "international domain" and "national domain", with "national domain" as the last suffix.

Taking ISO31660 as the standard, each country has its own fixed country domain, such as: cn represents China, us represents the United States, uk represents the United Kingdom, etc.

Domain Name System DNS

The full name of DNS is Domain Name Server. Before explaining DNS Server, you may need to

explain what Domain Name is. On the Internet The way to identify a computer is to use IP. However, a set of IP numbers is not easy to remember and has no meaningful association. Therefore, we will use IP for the Internet. Give your server a name that is meaningful and easy to remember. We will call this name "Domain Name".

Most DNS maintain a huge database, which describes the corresponding relationship between domain names and IPs, and updates it regularly.

There are dozens of top DNS resolution servers around the world. If these servers are paralyzed,

To put it more vividly: the domain name is the name on the computer network, and the IP is the house number.

Note: However, IPs and domain names are not all in one-to-one correspondence. One IP can correspond to many domain names, and large websites often use one domain name for many servers.