1990 ARPANET ceases operations. Mitch Kapor forms Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF).

Peter Deutsch, Alan Emtage and Bill Heelan of McGill University released the archie.

Peter Scott (University of Saskatchewan) released Hytelnet.

World Online (world.std.com) became the first Internet telephone dial-up access service provider.

The ISO Development Environment (ISODE) provides DoD with a means to migrate to the OSI protocol. ISODE software allows running OSI applications in a TCP/IP protocol environment. (:gck:)

Canada's 10 regional networks form CA$*$net, which is directly connected to NSFNET as Canada's national backbone network. (:ec1:)

The first remotely operated machine, John Romkey's Internet Toaster (which was controlled via the SNMP protocol), was connected to the Internet and made its debut at the Interop conference. Image: Internode, Invisible.

RFC 1149: A Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams on Avian Carriers

RFC 1178: Choosing a Name for Your Computer

Countries connected to NSFNET: Argentina (AR), Austria (AT), Belgium (BE), Brazil (BR), Chile (CL), Greece (GR), India (IN), Ireland (IE), South Korea (KR), Spain (ES), Switzerland (CH).

1991 General Atomics (CERFnet), Performance Systems International, Inc. (PSInet) and UUNET Technologies, Inc. (AlterNet) jointly formed the Commercial Internet eXchange Association, Inc. after NSF lifted restrictions on Internet commercial applications. .(CIX) COMPANY. (March) Thinking Machines releases the Wide Area Messaging Server (WAIS) invented by Brewster Kahle.

Paul Lindner and Mark P. McCahill of the University of Minnesota released Gopher.

CERN releases World-Wide Web (WWW), developed by Tim Berners-Lee. (:pb1:)

Philip Zimmerman releases PGP (Pretty Good Privacy). (:ad1:)

The National Research and Education Network (NREN) was established under the U.S. High Performance Computing Regulation (Gore 1).

NSFNET backbone network rate is upgraded to T3 (44.736M bps).

NSFNET’s communication volume reaches 10^12 bytes/month and 10^10 packets/month.

DISA signed a contract with Government Systems Inc. In May, the latter succeeded SRI as the NIC of the US Defense Data Network.

JANET IP Service (JIPS) started operation, marking the switch of software used by the British Academic Network from Colored Book to TCP/IP. The IP protocol was originally translated within the X.25 protocol.

(:gst:)

RFC 1216: Gigabit Network Economics and Paradigm Shifts

RFC 1217: Memo from the Consortium for Slow Commotion Research (CSCR)

Countries and regions that have joined NSFNET: Croatia (HR), Czech Republic (CZ), Hong Kong (HK), Hungary (HU), Poland (PL), Portugal (PT), Singapore (SG), South Africa ( ZA), Taiwan (TW), Tunisia (TN).

1992 The Internet Society (ISOC) was established. (January) IAB changed its name to Internet Architecture Board and became part of the Internet Association.

The number of hosts exceeds 1,000,000.

The first MBONE audio broadcast (March) and video broadcast (November).

In April, RIPE's Network Coordination Center (NCC) was established to provide address registration and coordination services to European Internet users. (:dk1:)

The University of Nevada released the gopher space query tool Veronica.

The World Bank provides online services.

Jean Armor Polly coined the term surfing the Internet. (:jap:)

Brendan Kehoe publishes Zen and the Art of the Internet. (:jap:)

Rick Gates starts offering Internet Hunt quizzes.

RFC 1300: Remembrances of Things Past

RFC 1313: Today's Programming for KRFC AM 1313 - Internet Talk Radio

Countries connected to NSFNET: Antarctica (AQ ), Cameroon (CM), Cyprus (CY), Ecuador (EC), Estonia (EE), Kuwait (KW), Latvia (LV), Luxembourg (LU), Malaysia (MY), Slovakia (SK), Slovenia (SI) ), Thailand (TH), Venezuela (VE).

1993 NSF established InterNIC to provide the following Internet services: (:sc1:) Directory and Database Services (AT&T).

Registration Services (Network Solutions Inc.).

Information Services (General Atomics Inc./CERFnet).

The White House provides online services ():

President Bill Clinton: president@whitehouse.gov

Vice President Al Gore: vice-president@whitehouse.gov

New worms found their living space on the Internet - the WWW worm (W4) appeared, followed by spiders, wanderers, reptiles and snakes...

Internet Talk Radio starts broadcasting. (:sk2:)

The United Nations provides online services. (:vgc:)

The U.S. National Information Infrastructure (NII) Regulations.

The Internet began to attract the attention of the business community and the news media.

In September, Japan's InterCon International KK (IIKK) provided commercial Internet access for the first time. Starting from the second month, TWICS leased IIKK's lines and began to provide dial-up Internet accounts.

(:tb1:)

The Internet has created a Mosaic whirlwind, and the annual growth rate of WWW traffic on the Internet has reached 341,634%. The annual growth rate of gopher is 997%.

RFC 1437: The Extension of MIME Content-Types to a New Medium

RFC 1438: IETF Statements of Boredom (SOBs)

Countries connected to NSFNET : Bulgaria (BG), Costa Rica (CR), Egypt (EG), Fiji (FJ), Ghana (GH), Guam (GU), Indonesia (ID), Kazakhstan (KZ), Kenya (KE), Liechtenstein (LI) ), Peru (PE), Romania (RO), Russian Federation (RU), Turkey (TR), Ukraine (UA), United Arab Emirates (AE), U.S. Virgin Islands (VI).

1994 Celebrated the 25th anniversary of the birth of ARPANET/Internet. The community began to connect directly to the Internet (Mass's Lexington and Cambridge communities in the United States).

The U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives begin providing information services.

Shopping mall online.

RT-FM, the first online radio station, begins broadcasting at the Interop conference in Las Vegas.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) recommends that GOSIP abandon the principle of using only OSI protocol standards and adopt the TCP/IP protocol. (:gck:)

Canter & Siegel law firm in Arizona, USA, sent out a large number of spam email advertisements on the Internet to promote its green card business, and Internet users responded angrily.

NSFNET’s communication volume reaches 10^13 bytes/month.

You can order pizza directly through Hut online.

Based on the percentage of packets and bytes transmitted on NSFNET, WWW surpassed telnet to become the second most popular service on the Internet (the most popular service is file transfer).

The Prime Minister of Japan provides online services ().

The UK Chancellor of the Exchequer provides an online service ().

The Prime Minister of New Zealand provides online services ().

First Virtual, the first online bank, opens for business.

Radio stations began to provide non-stop rock music broadcasts online: WXYC of Univ of NC, WJHK of Univ of KS-Lawrence, and WJHK of Western WA Univ.

RARE and EARN merged to form the European Research and Education Network Alliance (TERENA), which includes 38 countries, CERN and ECMWF. TERENA's goal is to promote and participate in the development of international high-performance information and telecommunications infrastructure to serve scientific research and education. (October)

Bill Woodcock and Jon Postel noticed that the domain name domain.com was used in many Internet software vendors' document examples, so they registered this domain name. Sure enough, after analyzing the domain access log files, they found that many users used the domain.com domain name in the example to configure their application software.

RFC 1605: SONET to Sonnet Translation

RFC 1606: A Historical Perspective On The Usage Of IP Version 9

RFC 1607: A VIEW FROM THE 21ST CENTURY

Countries and regions connected to NSFNET: Algeria (DZ), Armenia (AM), Bermuda (BM), Burkina Faso (BF), China (CN), Colombia (CO), Jamaica (JM), Jordan (JO), Lebanon (LB), Lithuania (LT), Macau (MO), Morocco (MA), New Caledonia, Nicaragua (NI), Niger (NE), Panama (PA) ), Philippines (PH), Senegal (SN), Sri Lanka (LK), Switzerland (SZ), Uruguay (UY), and Uzbekistan (UZ).

Top 10 domain names by number of hosts: com, edu, uk, gov, de, ca, mil, au, org, net

1995 NSFNET was restored as an academic network, the United States Most backbone network services are handled by Internet service providers. NSF established an ultra-high-speed backbone network service (vBNS) to connect supercomputing centers: NCAR, NCSA, SDSC, CTC, and PSC, and the new NSFNET was born.

In order to hunt for a computer hacker, the Hong Kong police shut down all Internet providers except one, leaving 10,000 people unable to use the Internet.

On May 23, Sun released JAVA.

RealAudio, which uses audio streaming technology, allows you to listen to sounds that are close to real on the Internet.

Radio HK, the first 24-hour commercial radio station that only broadcasts on the Internet, begins broadcasting.

In March, if measured in packets, WWW surpassed ftp to become the service with the largest traffic on NSFNET. If measured in bytes, WWW surpassed ftp in April.

Traditional dial-up service systems (Compuserve, America Online, Prodigy) began to provide Internet connection services.

Thousands of people in Minneapolis-St. Paul (USA) lost their Internet connection at that moment when a camping fire under a bridge at the University of Minnesota burned fiber optic lines. (July 30)

A number of companies in the Internet industry went public, and Netscape was the leader. It became the company with the third highest IPO value on NASDAQ. (August 9)

Domain name registration is no longer free. It will cost $50 per year starting from September 14. Before that, it was funded by NSF. NSF continues to pay fees for .edu and temporarily pays for .gov.

Vatican Online().

Canadian Government Online ().

The first official Internet eavesdropping successfully helped secret services and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) arrest three criminals who were illegally making and selling equipment that replicated mobile phones and other electronic equipment.

Operation Home Front Internet access, soldiers began to be able to contact their families through the Internet on the battlefield.

Due to the use of RSA file security encryption technology, Richard White became the first individual to deal in munitions under US arms export control laws.

(:wired496:)

RFC 1882: The 12-Days of Technology Before Christmas

Countries connected to NSFNET: Ethiopia (ET), Ivory Coast (CI), Cook Islands (CK), Cayman Islands (KY), Angra (AI), Gibraltar (GI), Vatican City (VA), Kiribati (KI), Kyrgyzstan (KG), Madagascar (MG), Mauritius (MU), Micronesia Romania (FM), Monaco (MC), Mongolia (MN), Nepal (NP), Nigeria (NG), Western Samoa (WS), San Marino (SM), Tanzania (TZ), Tonga (TO), Uganda (UG), Vanuatu (VU).

Top 10 domain names by number of hosts: com, edu, net, gov, mil, org, de, uk, ca, au

Technology of the year: WWW, search engine.

The latest technology: portable code (JAVA, JAVAscript), virtual environment (VRML), collaborative working tools.

1996 VoIP attracted the attention of US telecommunications companies, who asked Congress to ban the technology (which had been around for several years). On January 17, Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, Palestine Liberation Organization Chairman Yasser Arafat, and Philippine President Fidel Rhamos talked for 10 minutes in an online interactive dialogue.

The controversial U.S. Clear Communications Act (CDA) was passed to ban the proliferation of pornographic material on the Internet. A few months later, a three-judge panel granted an injunction against enforcement of the bill. In 1997, the Supreme Court unanimously held that the act was unconstitutional.

The domain names of 9,272 organizations were removed from the name servers by InterNIC due to non-payment of domain name registration fees.

Some ISPs have encountered problems with insufficient service capabilities and disconnections, which has raised questions about whether they can afford the rapidly growing number of users. AOL (outage 19 hours), Netcom (outage 13 hours), AT&T WorldNet (outage 28 hours - email service only).

The domain name tv.com was sold to CNET for $15,000.

The Public Access Network Company (PANIX) in New York had to shut down due to a hacker using the method described in Hacker Magazine (2600) to continuously use SYN attacks.

MCI upgraded the Internet backbone network and added approximately 13,000 ports, increasing the effective rate of the backbone network from 155Mbps to 622Mbps.

The Internet Ad Hoc Committee announced plans to add 7 new top-level domain names (gTLDs): .firm, .store, .web, .arts, .rec,

.info, . nom, IAHC also plans to solicit competitive groups for domain name registration business around the world.

A malicious bot appeared on USENET and deleted more than 25,000 messages.

The war between WWW browsers broke out, mainly between Netscape and Microsoft, which ushered in a new era of software development. Today, Internet users are eager to test upcoming software, making every quarter New versions of software are released.

RFC 1925: The Twelve Networking Truths

Countries in the world where Internet use is restricted:

China: Users and ISPs need to register with the Public Security Bureau.

Germany: Cut off ties with some newsgroups on Compuserve.

Saudi Arabia: Internet is only available in universities and hospitals.

Singapore: Providers of information about political and religious content are required to register.

New Zealand: Computer disks are considered publications and are subject to censorship and confiscation.

Source: Human Rights Watch

Countries where domain names are registered: Qatar (QA), Central African Republic (CF), Oman (OM), Norfolk Island (NF) ), Tuvalu (TV), French Polynesia (PF), Syria (SY), Aruba (AW), Cambodia (KH), French Guiana (GF), Eritrea (ER), Cape Verde (CV) ), Burundi (BI), Benin (BJ), Bosnia and Herzegovina (BA), Andorra (AD), Guadeloupe (GP), Guernsey (GG), Isle of Man (IM) , Jersey (JE), Laos (LA), Maldives (MV), Marshall Islands (MH), Mauritania (MR), Northern Mariana Islands (MP), Rwanda (RW), Togo (TG), Yemen (YE) , Zaire (ZR).

Top 10 domain names by number of hosts: com, edu, net, uk, de, jp, us, mil, ca, au

Intruded by hackers that year: U.S. Department of Justice (August 17), CIA (December 29), British Labor Party (December 6).

Technology of the Year: Search engines, JAVA, Internet telephony.

The latest technology: virtual environment (VRML), collaborative work tools, Internet equipment (network computers).

1997 The 2000th RFC: Internet Official Protocol Standards The mail carbon copy list maintained by Liszt has 71,618 mail carbon copy lists registered.

Beginning in March 1998, the management and registration of IP addresses in the United States, which was originally responsible for Network Solutions (InterNIC), was transferred to the newly established American Internet Address Registry (ARIN).

In June, CA*net II using ATM/SONET technology began operation, providing Canada with the next generation of Internet.

In order to protest the DNS monopoly, AlterNIC boss Eugene Kashpureff hacked into the DNS system, causing all users connected to www.internic.net to be directed to www.alternic.net.

The business.com domain name was sold for $150,000.

In the early morning of July 17, human error at Network Solutions caused the .com and .net domain parts of its DNS system to crash, making millions of nodes inaccessible.

The longest node name registered with InterNIC: CHALLENGER.MED.SYNAPSE.UAH.UALBERTA.CA

There are 101,803 name servers stored in the whois database.

RFC 2100: The Naming of Hosts

Countries where domain names are registered: Falkland Islands (FK), East Timor (TP), Congo *** (CG), Christmas Island (CX), Gambia (GM), Guinea-Bissau (GW), Haiti (HT), Iraq (IQ), Libya (LY), Malawi (MW), Martinique (MQ), Monserra Island (MS), Myanmar (MM), French Reunion Island (RE), Seychelles (SC), Sierra Leone (SL), Somalia (SO), Sudan (SD), Tajikistan (TJ), Turkmenistan Stan (TM), Turks and Caicos Islands (TC), British Virgin Islands (VG), Hutt and McDonald Islands (HM), French Southern Territory (TF), British Indian Ocean Territory ( IO), Smarbat and Jan Mayen (SJ), St. Pierre and Miquelon (PM), Helena (SH), South Georgia/Sandwich Islands (GS), Sao Tome and Principe ( ST), Ascension Island (AC), Tajikistan (TJ), US Minor Outlying Islands (UM), Mayotte (YT), Wallis and Futuna (WF), Tokelau (TK), Chad* **The Republic of Korea (TD), Afghanistan (AF), Cocos Islands (CC), Bouvet Islands (BV), Liberia (LR), Eastern Samoa (AS), Niue (NU), Equatorial New Guinea (GQ) ), Bhutan (BT), Pitcairn Island (PN), Shrike (PW), DR of Congo (CD).

The top 10 domain names by number of hosts: com, edu, net, jp, uk, de, us, au, ca, mil

Intruded by hackers that year: the Indonesian government ( January 19, February 10, April 24, June 30, November 22), NASA (March 5), British Conservative Party (April 27), Spice Girls (November 14th).

Technology of the Year: Push, multicast.

The latest technology: push, streaming media. [:twc:]

1998 Hobbes’ Internet Milestones are released as RFC 2235 and FYI 32 documents. On January 30, the U.S. Department of Commerce (DoC) released a green paper outlining plans to privatize the DNS system. Another white paper was released on June 5.

On March 20-21, France held the nationwide Internet festival La Fête de l’Internet.

In the first quarter, it was estimated that the total number of Web pages was 275,000,000 (Digital) and 320,000,000 (NEC).

Business companies gather in Turkmenistan’s NIC and want to register a .tm domain name for their company, because this happens to be the abbreviation of the word trademark in English.

On March 27, Internet users can rate the performances of 12 world figure skating champions, marking the first time that viewers will decide the outcome of a sports competition on television.

On May 4, Network Solutions registered its second millionth domain name.

E-mail stamps become a reality as the U.S. Postal Service allows printed stamps to be purchased and downloaded from the Web.

Canada retires CA*net 3, its oldest national fiber optic network.

The Fair Communications Act II and the ban on online tax collection become U.S. law. (October 21)

The ABCNews.com website unexpectedly announced the predicted results of the US election one day in advance. (November 2)

The deregulation of the Indian ISP market in November led to a rush to apply for ISP licenses.

The U.S. Department of Commerce reached an agreement with the Internet Assigned Address Corporation (ICANN) to gradually shift DNS management from the U.S. government to industry. (November)

On December 8, there was a power outage in San Francisco, and those nodes that had not been mirrored outside San Francisco were disconnected.

The Chinese government accused Lin Hai of conspiring to subvert the government because he provided 30,000 email addresses to American Internet magazines. (He was later sentenced to 2 years in prison)

Internet users in France refused to go online on December 12 to boycott French Telecom's local phone charges (in addition to paying fees to the ISP, they must also pay cost).

Open source software is all the rage.

RFC 2321: RITA -- The Reliable Internetwork Troubleshooting Agent

RFC 2322: Management of IP numbers by peg-dhcp

RFC 2323: IETF Identification and Security Guidelines

RFC 2324: Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol (HTCPCP/1.0)

Countries where domain names are registered: Nauru (NR), Comoros (KM)

Most popular sites: Winter Olympics (February), World Cup (June-July), Starr Report (September 11), Glenn's Space Adventure.

Top 10 domain names by number of hosts: com, net, edu, mil, jp, us, uk, de, ca, au

Intruded by hackers that year: U.S. Department of Commerce (February 20), The New York Times (September 13), China Human Rights Research Society (October 26), United Nations Children's Education Fund UNICEF (January 7)

Technology of the Year: Electronics Commerce, online auctions, online portals

Latest technologies: electronic trade, XML, intrusion detection

In January 1999, the public in Saudi Arabia could use the Internet. The first full-service Internet bank, First Internet Bank of Indiana, opened on February 22.

IBM became the first partner approved to enter Internet2.

The European Parliament recommends banning ISPs from caching Web pages.

Building on the success of La Fête de l’Internet in 1998, Internet Celebrations were held throughout Europe in March.

A U.S. court ruled that domain names are property and can be sealed.

MCI/Worldcom, which provides vBNS to NSF, has increased the US backbone network rate to 2.5GBps.

On April 7, a fake website that looked like a Bloomberg financial news story sent the stock of a small technology company up 31%.

On April 21, ICANN announced five test beds competing for the exclusive registration system: AOL, CORE, France Telecom/Oléane, Melbourne IT, and Register.com. An additional 29 test beds were selected on April 21, eight on May 25, 15 on July 6, and seven on August 11. The selection of test beds was originally planned until June 24, but was later extended to September 10. (The first test bed - Register.com - was not online as of June 7th)

At the same time as the Serbia/Kosovo war, a large-scale online war was also launched.

Abilene of Internet2 is connected to Atlantic and connected to NORDUnet and SURFnet.

A British website lists MI6 agents, and the Web site becomes a focus in British politics. Although the list was forcibly removed from the site, it was too late as it had already spread through the Internet. (May 15)

The SETI@Home plan will be implemented on May 17. The first goal is to make full use of those computers on the network that are often idle.

At the same time as the G8 summit on June 18, activists across the Internet targeted the world's financial centers, but only a small impact was reported.

ISOC approved the establishment of the Internet Social Working Group (ISTF), and Vint Cerf was elected as the first chairman.

Free computers are popular (as long as you sign a long-term Internet service contract).

RFC 2549: IP over Avian Carriers with Quality of Service

RFC 2550: Y10K and Beyond

RFC 2551: The Roman Standards Process -- Revision III< /p>

RFC 2555: 30 Years of RFCs

Top 10 domain names by number of hosts: com, net, edu, jp, uk, mil, us, de, ca, au

Hackers invaded that year: Star Wars (January 8), .tp (January), USIA (January 23), E-Bay (March 13), U.S. Senate (May 27 Japan), NSI (July 2), Paraguay Government (July 20), AntiOnline (June 5).

Technology of the Year: Electronic commerce, online banking

Virus of the Year: Melissa (March), ExploreZip (June)