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Dashengkui was a well-known name on the grasslands a hundred years ago. Dashengkui Trading Company is known as the "No. 1 Trading Company on the Grassland." This huge business established by the Han people on the grassland can be regarded as a milestone in Mongolian-Han and even Sino-Russian trade. It has also left an indelible mark on national exchanges and integration. of a sum.
He fell in love with Sun Xiangyu, a young lady from the Sun family of Huangshang. After being repeatedly ridiculed and bullied by Sun Wenju, the young master of the Sun family, Wang Xiangqing decided to pack up his bags and become a soldier and civilian husband, following Emperor Kangxi's expedition against the Mongolian Galdan rebels in the grasslands. It was here that he met Zhang Jie and Shi Daxue. As a centurion in the civilian army, Shi Daxue was stingy and unpopular, and Wang Xiangqing constantly clashed with him. At this time, Zhang Jie appeared leading a camel. Wang Xiangqing discovered that this outsider was actually his "fellow countryman", and he was so excited that he became more like a brother. But he didn't expect that the first catastrophe in his life, and also the first turning point, would happen just like this. [6]
The TV series "Da Sheng Kui" consists of three trilogy: "Entrepreneurship", "Prosperity" and "Closing Business", which spans the same period as the history of Dasheng Kui:
The first "Entrepreneurship" can be called the Chinese version of "Slumdog Millionaire". It tells the story of the struggle of the three founders of Dashengkui, and how they and the Mongolian, Han, Hui, Manchu and other ethnic groups lived in the open air on a camel. Climbing ice and lying in snow opened up the international trade route across Europe and Asia - the Tea Road and the contradictions and struggles in realizing a century-old inheritance.
The second part "Xingye" is adapted from the novel "Da Shengkui Company" by the famous Inner Mongolia writer Deng Jiugang. In the mid-to-late 19th century, under the background of modern China undergoing great historical changes and the rise of the "Business War" between China and the West, the new generation of managers Wang Tingxiang and Gu Haideng Dashengkui are the protagonists, showing how they worked hard to govern, succeeded one after another, and finally lived up to their predecessors and created New glory.
The content of the third part "Going Out of Business" is the most tragic. At the beginning of the 20th century, major changes took place in the world and in China, and Dashengkui's fate also came to an end.
Through the intricate conflicts and entanglements, the blending of different nationalities and the love and hatred of many characters, the three plays promote the self-improvement, perseverance and justice of Chinese businessmen at the level of system construction. Benefit, the spiritual soul of treating neighbors with virtue.
The founders of Dashengkui were not a wealthy businessman, but three hawkers. It turns out that during the Kangxi period, when the Qing government put down the rebellion of Galdan of the Junggar tribe, because the army penetrated deeply into Mobei, "the land is barren and occasionally waterless, and it is particularly difficult to transport grain to Hanhai and other sandy areas." Therefore, merchants were allowed to trade with the army. . Among the merchants who followed the army, there were three shoulder-to-shoulder hawkers, namely Wang Xiangqing from Taigu County, Shanxi Province, and Shi Daxue and Zhang Jie from Qi County. Although the three of them have little capital and a small business, their business is very prosperous due to their fair dealings and considerate service. After the Qing army defeated the Galdan army, the main force moved to Daqingshan. The army supplies were transported from Shahukou, Youyu, Shanxi. The three of them opened a business in Shahukou, called Jishengtang. In the last years of Kangxi's reign, the name was changed to Dashengkui. This is how the Dashengkui business was founded.
Development
Dashengkui's headquarters was initially located in Uliasu Tai, and later moved to Guihua City (Hohhot). Its basic business area is Uliasu Taiwan and Khovd. The clerks at the counters in Uzbekistan and Ketung lived in the counters for three years. After learning Mongolian, they formed several groups and went to tents in the grasslands to sell goods. Basically, it is a clerk, and then hire a Mongolian, two people ride two camels, and use two other camels to carry goods. The goods sold include brick tea, raw cigarettes, foreign cloth, twill cloth, needlework, etc., and the yurts are delivered to your door. . In the summer, the goods were sold and replaced with sheep and horses; in the winter, the goods were sold and replaced with skins. During the Tongzhi period, Dashengkui saw that tea and cigarettes were selling well. In order to adapt to the tastes of the Mongolian people and facilitate transportation, he worked with tea merchants and cigarette merchants to create the famous brands "Sanjiu Brick Tea" and "Xiangsheng Cigarettes". And the more it is made, the more refined and final it becomes, making it very popular among Mongolian people.
Dashengkui traffics goods from all over the country to Mongolia for sale. There are three main ways to source the goods: 1. Purchase them at the market in Guihua City at any time; 2. Order from merchants from other places who come to Guihua City to sell goods, or go to Guihua City from other places. Businessmen order; 3. Send people to the place of production to purchase.
Dashengkui has a method for purchasing and ordering. If you buy bulk goods with a total price of less than 300 silver taels, you can trade in cash and do not dispute the price, which means you will be treated favorably. But if the price is high and the goods are defective, I will never do anything with *** again. Dashengkui's practice is well-known, so no one dares to cheat him. For ordering handicraft products, the selected handicraft households have been passed down from generation to generation, and processing households are not changed casually. When handicraft households are short of funds and have difficulty in turnover, they borrow money in advance to support them. In this way, Dashengkui obtained the first right to purchase the handicraft products of these processing households. Dashengkui entertained the "Xianghe" business every accounting period, showing his kindness to the "Xianghe" business. However, banquets can be thick or thin: for a business that has been in business for a long time or supplies a large amount of goods, all the staff of the business and the manager will be invited to the best restaurant for a banquet; for a general "Xianhe", only one person will be invited. A guest was having an ordinary banquet at a lower-end restaurant. Those who enjoy the banquet feel proud of their close friendship with Dashengkui. Dashengkui used this approach to expand his influence. Dashengkui buys and sells many types of goods, claiming to be "a collection of rare goods from twenty-two provinces." For example:
Brick tea: The main production area is in Hunan. The box size of Dashengkui's brick tea is fixed. There is a box of 36 yuan, named Sanliu tea, which is exclusively sold to Mongolian merchants in Zhangjiakou. There is a box of 24 yuan, named Ersi Caishi, which is specially sold in Guihua, Baotou and other places. It is the most popular drink among Mongolian people in Uliasutai, Keshiduo and other places. The other type is Sanjiu Brick Tea, which is worth 39 yuan per box. Dashengkui ships more than 4,000 boxes of Sanjiu Brick Tea to Mongolia, Uzbekistan, Kuwait and other places every year. Each box is worth twelve or three taels of silver, with a total value of 50,000 yuan. About taels of silver.
Raw tobacco: The main producing area is Quwo County, Shanxi. Raw cigarettes come in certain packages, each stocking 180 packs, each pack weighing 10 ounces. Dashengkui sells more than 1,000 hoards of Mongolian raw cigarettes every year. Each hoard of raw cigarettes is worth 23,400 silver taels, with a total value of nearly 23,000,4000 silver taels.
Silk and satin: Dashengkui sells 4,000 pieces of Mongolian silk and satin, and 6,000 pieces of foreign cloth and twill cloth every year. Among the silks and satins, curved silk is the most common, and Henan curved silk is the best. Among the cloths, twill cloth accounts for about four-fifths. Because twill cloth is durable, it is very popular among the Mongolian people.
Sugar: Dashengkui sells more than 10,000 kilograms of Mongolian sugar every year, mainly rock sugar. Brown sugar is produced in Guangdong, while white sugar and rock sugar are produced in Fujian.
Ironware: Dashengkui sells a lot of Mongolian ironware every year. Iron pots come from Shanxi Southeast and Meng County, shovels come from Shanxi Yuci, and iron bars come from Shanxi Changzhi. Each iron pot costs 1 tael and 8 cents of silver, and each shovel costs 5 to 6 cents of silver.
Mongolian boots: Dashengkui sells more than 10,000 pairs of Mongolian boots every year. They are all made of fragrant cowhide. The varieties include full-cloud (pattern) boots, priced at 12 taels of silver per pair; and puzzle boots, priced at 12 taels of silver per pair. 8 taels; four forget boots, 3 taels of silver each pair.
Wooden bowls: Dashengkui sells wooden bowls worth more than 10,000 taels of silver from Mongolia every year. The wooden bowls are produced in Mount Wutai and Lan County in Shanxi. Mongolian people like wooden tableware because it is easy to carry and does not burn your mouth when drinking hot milk or tea.
Medicinal materials: There are two types of medicinal materials that Dashengkui sells to Mongolia: one is used by lamas to treat diseases, and is packed into medicine bags according to 72, 48 and 24 flavors, with Mongolian, Han and Tibetan medicines. Three kinds of characters indicate the name and efficacy of the medicine. Another kind of medicine is used to feed livestock.
Livestock: The livestock that Dashengkui traffics from Mongolia to the mainland are mainly sheep and horses. It is said that at least 100,000 sheep and up to 200,000 sheep are trafficked every year, and at least 5,000 horses are trafficked every year. , up to 20,000 horses. It is rare in Chinese history for a business like Dashengkui to have long-term long-distance trafficking of sheep and horses.
Frozen mutton: Because there is little grass along the road in winter, it is difficult to transport live sheep to the inland, so he sells frozen mutton to Beijing and other places. The method of transporting and selling frozen mutton is to slaughter the sheep, peel the skin, remove the head, hoof and five internal organs, leaving only two meat plates, remove the bones, roll them into meat rolls, put the meat on the mat at night, freeze it overnight, and then put the meat into meat rolls. Put it in the "ice room". The so-called "ice house" is built with wooden boards around and on the roof. Cold water is poured on the ground inside the room and ice cubes are put on it.
When shipping and selling, the meat is taken out of the "ice room" and wrapped to prevent ventilation to maintain the deliciousness of the meat. Then use vehicles, camels, etc. to transport them to the place of sale.
Fur: Tangnu Ulianghai, which belongs to Uliasutai, Mongolia, is rich in animal skins. Dashengkui uses credit, loans and other methods to exchange with hunters. Animal skins are generally converted into mink skins. For example, one lynx, otter or leopard skin is equal to three mink skins; one fox or wolf skin is equal to one-half of one mink skin; one chinchilla skin is equal to one-fortieth of one mink skin. . Da Shengkui also made friends with officials of the Qing government. When the officials selected tribute skins every year, Da Shengkui also sent people to participate in the matter and obtained high-quality animal skins. Therefore, Da Shengkui had an advantage in operating animal skins and made profits. Also high. Most of the animal skins are shipped to Datong for processing, and are made into precious skins for sale in the mainland. Most of the sheepskins are shipped to Shunde Prefecture and Jiaocheng County, the wool is mostly sold to Zuoyun, Youyu, Hunyuan and other places in Shanxi, and the cowhide is mostly shipped to Zhangjiakou.
When the Dashengkui business was at its peak, it almost monopolized the market in Mongolian pastoral areas, and most of the Mongolian princes, nobles and herdsmen were its debtors. The firm pays dividends once every three years. At its peak, the dividends per share could reach more than 10,000 silver taels. Dashengkui Company is a joint-stock company, but its share capital is very special. In addition to silver shares and body shares, it also has special wealth shares and dog shares. It is said that the origin of the God of Wealth Stock is that when the company was founded, its business was not going smoothly. During the Chinese New Year, Wang Xiangqing, Shi Daxue, and Zhang Jie could no longer lift the pot and could only drink some rice soup to celebrate the New Year. At this moment, a strong man wearing a Mongolian robe and carrying a package came to ask for food to satisfy his hunger. Seeing that they were passers-by, the three of them welcomed him warmly and gave the only rice soup they had to the strong man to drink. After drinking the rice soup, the strong man said he was going out to do something, left the package and left. After that, the strong man never returned. So the three of them opened the package and saw that it was a package of silver. After that, I visited the strong man many times but found no whereabouts. After the three of them discussed it, they decided to temporarily use the money left by the strong man as capital for the company to expand its operations. Since then, the company's business has been very smooth and it has made a lot of money. The three of them felt that when they were in the most difficult time, the God of Wealth transformed into a strong man and gave them capital. So he kept the amount of silver in the package of the strong man as the God of Wealth Stock, and recorded the dividends from this stock in the "Ten Thousand Gold Account" to protect the capital. At the same time, in order to commemorate the day they drank rice soup on New Year's Day when they started their business, it is stipulated that the business must drink rice soup on the first day of the first lunar month every year. There is also a story about dog stocks: It is said that a disaster occurred in Kulun and food prices soared. In order to report this information to the main account, the Kulun branch asked a dog to carry a letter to the naturalization (today's Hohhot). After receiving the letter brought by the dog, he immediately bought a large amount of food, hoarded it, and made huge profits. In order to commemorate the success of this business, Gou Ye was specially given shares. Another story is that once, a manager of Dashengkui Company fell ill on the way across the grassland, so he asked a dog to return to the main office to report the news. As a result, the manager's life was saved, so the dog also gave the dog shares.
In the late Qing Dynasty, due to the continuous expansion of Tsarist Russia's aggressive activities in Mongolia, Xinjiang and Northeast my country, Dashengkui's business was affected and became increasingly depressed. Later, with the success of the Russian Revolution and the independence of Outer Mongolia, Dashengkui lost its commercial capital and commercial markets in these two places. In addition, Dashengkui's company employed improper personnel in the later period, and some shopkeepers were extravagant and wasteful, and embezzlement of account funds occurred frequently. In 1929, Dashengkui Company, which had dominated the northern part of the country for more than 200 years, finally declared bankruptcy, ending its history.
Dashengkui Plaque
Dashengkui Plaque is the extant physical evidence of Dashengkui Company. As follows:
1. Description of Shenpu Xinyue plaque: The four characters "Shenpu Xinyue" are written on it, which is the auspicious day of the chrysanthemum month in the 16th year of Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty. It was written by the then "General Leader of Fuhu Society" , Guo Changyu of Fengsheng Bureau, Wang Xuan of Wantongyong, Li Chengyuan of Guangshunheng” presented.
Background explanation: In the early Qing Dynasty, there was a "Chonghoutang" organization similar to a business meeting in Guihua City, with "Sixiang Seniors" in charge of hosting it. Dashengkui, Yuan Shengde, and Tianyide were the three big business houses at that time. Later, there was the "Jijin Society", which was the general affairs department of the three major companies. Dashengkui belonged to this company. Then there were "Qinglong Society" and "Fuhu Society". As the number of companies increased, "Chonghoutang" began to directly contact fifteen companies, and then the companies contacted the following merchants.
Each society has a "general leader" position, which is held by each society in turn, and Dasheng Kui has a dominant role in it. This is the "Fuhu Society" mentioned in the plaque.
2. Description of the God-given vitality plaque: It reads "God-given vitality", with "Fuhu Society and other seals" engraved in the middle on the right side, and "Xingtai Chengzheng General Commander Zhang Rucheng" in the middle below. , Deputy General Wan Qingheng Wang Shide...Wang Shoushan's auspicious day."
Background explanation: The above mentioned were all the leaders of various societies at that time.
3. Explanation of the plaque of "To You Mi Fang": There are four words "To You Mi Fang" written on it, and there are the words "September of the eighth year of Jiaqing and rebuilt in the eleventh year of Tongzhi". The names of the managers - Li Leng, Xu Fu, Wang Zhifa and others are engraved on the top; the words "Jingxian Society Head Public" are engraved on the right; and the names of seventy-four people who contributed are also engraved below.
Background description: Judging from the time on the plaque, it shows that this plaque had gone through several dynasties at that time. According to research, it belongs to the "Jingxian Society". "Jingxian Society" was a society of businessmen traveling in Mongolia and was the earliest joint-stock company in Asia at that time. The name of its plaque has the beautiful meaning of asking the gods to bless its business for generations to come.
4. Explanation of the Yuanshen Moyun plaque: The four characters "Yuanshen Moyun" are written on it, which is the first day of the third year of Daoguang. It consists of "Zhang Chengyuan, Xingsheng Building, Beihuijing Building, Fuyuan Building" Waiting for the store to donate.
Background description: Its subordinate stores all belong to Mongolian merchants. Most of the semicolon names signed on the plaque are the names of Dashengkui semicolons. There were also other well-known businesses at that time who came to congratulate. "Fuyuan Building" was the name of the Qiao family business that was very prosperous at that time as mentioned in the TV series "Qiao Family Courtyard" some time ago.
5. Description of the plaque of Yongyou Yao: It says "Yongyou Yao", the left side is engraved with "Yidan, a lucky day in September, the eighth year of Yongzheng period in the Qing Dynasty", and the right side is engraved with "Guangxu Jiu" The words "renovated in the second month of every year" were presented by companies and managers such as "Jiu Xing Xia Yelun, Yuan Dekui, and He Shunxing".
Background description: Judging from the content of the plaque, it should belong to the eighth year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty. According to research, all the shops under his name at that time belonged to Mongolian merchants.
6. Saint who governs the world
Description of the plaque: The four characters "Saint who governs the world" are written on it. "Knock" was donated by the sage Wang Chengyuan and others as well as various societies.
Background description: The plaque "Saint Who Governed the World" was a plaque dedicated to the royal family by Dasheng Kui, a businessman in Mongolia. At that time, the royal family gave Dashengkui Company the business of printing "dragon tickets", and the Sanhuang Society mentioned in the plaque was given the task of "collecting taxes" by the royal family. The "Dragon Ticket" issued to Dashengkui by the Qing government was not only a business license, but essentially a patent license, which stipulated the scope of the "printing ticket". At that time, only Dashengkui and Tianyide families enjoyed this privilege. With this privilege, operations will be more convenient and profits will be greater.
7. Description of the plaque of Yuhuang Pavilion: It has the words "Yuhuang Pavilion" written on it. On the left side is engraved "The Consul General of Fuhu Society knocks in" and on the right side is engraved "Chrysanthemum of the Seventeenth Year of the Republic of China". The words "Moon Renovation" were dedicated by "De Zhong, Zhao Gengfu, Rui Hecheng" and others.
Background description: The original site of Yuhuang Pavilion is now located in Saishang Old Street, Hohhot City. At that time, Guihua City was engaged in frequent trade with Xinjiang and Outer Mongolia, and the pack transport industry gradually developed. The long-distance journey of the Tuohu households enabled the exchange of materials from the interior and the local specialties from the northwest frontier. This not only played a positive role in the production and life of ethnic minorities, but also promoted the development of industrial and agricultural production in the interior. According to relevant historical records of Yuhuang Pavilion: Around the 14th year of Qianlong (1749), Jushengqi, Fushengqi and other societies sold the camels sold back from Outer Mongolia in batches at Tuoqiao through dental procedures. Due to frequent freight, Tuo shops proliferated, and Tuo community organizations expanded year by year. After the Revolution of 1911, Guisui County also established a Tuoye Industry Office in Taipingzhao. Until the Anti-Japanese War period, there were still residual traces of it.
These are the only 7 Dashengkui plaques that exist in the world. They are: "Shen Pu Xin Yue", "God Gives Vitality", "To You Mi Fang", "Yuan Shen Silk Luck" ", "Eternal Blessing of My Love", "The Saint Who Governed the World" and "Jade Emperor Pavilion" have now become extremely precious cultural relics.
Recently, it was reported that after expert appraisal from the Palace Museum in Beijing, three of the Dashengkui plaques were made of golden nanmu plaques.
? They have no career, start a business, work hard for a long time, finally break out a world of their own, and occupy this world, getting bigger and better, accept them There are more and more people. But everything has its prosperity and its decline. The same is true for them, ? I hope we can break the curse of being rich for no more than three generations, and pass on our family and our bloodline forever and never decline. (=^^=) Learn more about your ancestors’ stories and reward them if you like them! Moma＾3＾