Keywords: China, Japan, Cultural Exchange, Political Economy, Social Life
The most important communication between the Tang Dynasty and Japan should be its envoy to the Tang Dynasty. After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty in 618, the situation that the national strength was strong and all parties came to the DPRK soon appeared. In 623, Hui Ri, who had been a member of the Sui envoy, wrote to the emperor that "the laws and regulations of the Tang Dynasty are complete" and an envoy should be sent. In 63, the court appointed the dog to Yutian as the initial envoy to the Tang Dynasty. Until Sugawara no michizane suggested to stop dispatching in 894, Japanese * * * appointed 19 delegations to the Tang Dynasty and made 15 trips. Another jacket? There were unofficial Japanese envoys, and the Tang Dynasty also sent envoys to visit Japan 1 times. There were ambassadors, ambassadors, overseas students, monks studying abroad, sailors, doctors, etc. There were about 2 people in the early stage, and about 5 people in the later stage. They were divided into four ships, but only a few dozen envoys went to Chang 'an or Luoyang. Overseas students and monks stayed in the Tang Dynasty for a long time and were deeply influenced by mainland culture, and actively spread it after returning home. The mission of sending envoys to the Tang Dynasty is not only to develop good-neighborly relations with the Tang Dynasty politically, but also to exchange valuable products needed by the court nobles economically. More importantly, it is to learn the advanced political system, laws, culture and Buddhism of the Tang Dynasty. [i] The main reasons for stopping sending envoys to the Tang Dynasty at the end of the ninth century are the dangerous shipping routes, the decline of the Tang Dynasty, the financial difficulties of the government and the rise of non-governmental trade, etc. However, the frequent exchanges between the two countries for more than 2 years have had a tremendous impact on Japan's politics, economy, society and culture. Here's a brief analysis of the influence of the Tang Dynasty on Japan from these aspects.
1. Political and economic influence
Japan's study of the Tang Dynasty began with its political and ideological system. When Shoto Kutaishi was in power, he carried out political reforms and established the concept of governing the country with Confucianism and Buddhism as the core. He replaced the previous transactional system. Originally, Japan implemented a transactional system, and a certain thing or a certain sex revolved around him. It was this system. And after Shoto Kutaishi introduced Confucianism and Buddhism from China, the specific system of China established twelve official positions.
It includes morality, responsibility, reason, sex and system, and establishes the rank of officials. Then it formulates Article 17 of the Constitution according to Buddhism and Confucianism. Through these reforms, the authority of the emperor was enhanced and the centralized system was formed. However, after the death of Shoto Kutaishi, there was chaos within the Yamato regime. In 645 AD, the reformists headed by Prince Zhongda Hugh launched a coup, carried out the New Deal and sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty. This was the initial envoy to the Tang Dynasty, but the general group of envoys to the Tang Dynasty consisted of four ships, so each ship was manned by 1 people. Therefore, the number of envoys to the Tang Dynasty could reach more than 5 at most, and it was very large to reach such a scale of more than 5 people in that social situation at that time. After sending Tang Shi to the Tang Dynasty, they brought the advanced political, economic and cultural systems of the Tang Dynasty to Japan, which played an important role in promoting the reform of Japan's political and economic system. During the Great Recession, the prince staged a coup, established himself as a prince, and changed the title of Japan to a big talk after the Tang Dynasty. This is to change the name from big to new.
Then in 646, the Japanese government issued a new imperial edict and an outline of the New Deal. According to the records of the Japanese secretary, its main contents are as follows: First, the private power of the royal family and the milli family was abolished. Before that, private people practiced private land in Japan, and there were also private people, and the common people also belonged to a certain aristocrat. Second, the state and local administrative organizations should be reorganized and the monarch system should be implemented, which is also imitated by the Tang Dynasty. Third, make household registration accounts and implement the method of moving fields and accepting them. Fourth, formulate a new tax collection law. In addition, in order to unify the country, we should revise the official position system, then rectify the identity system and divide the people into good citizens and untouchables. This is the famous innovation in Japanese history, such as the Bantian Acceptance Law and the Meritorious Citizen, which were all systems of the Tang Dynasty at that time. It was the beginning for Japan to learn from the Tang Dynasty to establish a statutory system. Japan has strengthened its national strength through modernization and innovation, which has also prompted Japan to start learning the culture of the Tang Dynasty from all aspects.
in terms of ruling ideology, the imperial court strongly advocated Confucianism and Buddhism. The government establishes educational institutions to train officials, which are called "universities" in the central government and "Chinese studies" in the local governments. University students are more than five children of officials, and those who pass the exam are recorded as officials. However, according to the relevant regulations, children of more than five bureaucrats can automatically become officials, which is the so-called "shadow position system", so the university is just a place to strengthen the cultural cultivation of aristocratic children. University courses include learning Confucian Analects, Filial Piety and other classics, learning laws and regulations, and learning Chinese history. The students of Chinese studies are mostly children of the county department. Buddhism continued to flourish under the protection of the state. In 741, Emperor Shengwu established the Kokubuji by imperial edict, that is, each "country" established a national temple. At the same time, in 743, a statue of the giant Buddha was built by imperial edict. After 1 years, Yu Jiancheng Dongda Temple became a giant Buddha. At that time, there were also "seven temples" and "six sects in the south", that is, seven larger temples such as pharmacists, Da 'an, Yuanxing, Xingfu, Dongda, Xida and Fallon were built, and six Buddhist schools such as Three Theories, Reality, Dharma, Harmony, Huayan and Law were built. However, in the early days of Nara era, Faxiangzong, who advocated that "if you follow the classics, you can protect the country, if you violate the constitution, it will be detrimental to the people", won the support of the court and thus flourished. In 754, after Jian Zhen, a monk of the Tang Dynasty, crossed to Japan, the imperial court of the Emperor granted land and built temples to support it, so the Legalist Sect was widely spread in Japan. Because of the nationalization of Buddhism, the famous monks at that time were not only religious scholars, but also high-ranking politicians, and were deeply trusted by the emperor.
in addition, in the first year of Dabao (71), Emperor Wenwu promulgated the Dabao Law, and in the second year of providing for the aged (718), it was almost copied from the law system of the Tang Dynasty, and the system of granting land, making household registration and repairing the county and country post offices of the capital were all imitations of the Tang Dynasty. Later, several generations of Japanese emperors continued to implement the statutory system, and established a relatively complete official system, identity system, land system and tax system, compilation system, judicial system and judgment system, so that the feudal state system based on the statutory system was based on
Second, the influence of culture and art
Through frequent exchanges between China and Japan, Baifeng culture, Tianping (Nara) culture and pre-Heian period (Hong Ren) influenced by Tang Wenhua appeared in Japan.
baifeng culture refers to the period from the modernization in 645 to the relocation of the capital to Nara in 71, and it was named after the year number of the white pheasant (65-654). This culture is still centered on Buddhist culture, but it was influenced by the culture of the Six Dynasties in the mainland in the early stage and the culture of the Tang Dynasty in the later stage. During the Emperor Tianwu's reign, the system of gods centered on Ise Shrine and the system of grand ceremonies for the new emperor's accession to the throne were established. At the same time, Buddhism was vigorously protected and Buddhist enlightenment was implemented. For this reason, official temples such as Daguan Temple and Yakushiji were built, and seminars were held to explain the classic laws of protecting the country. Nobles from all over the country have also set up their own temples. In 692, there were 545 temples in the whole country. As the representative of Baifeng culture, the representative buildings left over at that time included Yakushiji East Tower, Shantian Temple Cloister, and three statues of Yakushiji Jintang Pharmacist, and the representative paintings included Horyuji Jintang mural and Gaosongzhong ancient tomb mural. In addition, there are Han poetry works created by Prince Dayou and Prince Otsu, and long and short songs and harmony songs created by Ota Wang and persimmon himself Malu, and their works are included in Huaifengzao and Wanye Collection compiled in Nara era.
Although Tianping culture was taken from Tianping year number (724-748) when Emperor Shengwu was in power, it broadly refers to the culture of the whole Nara period (71-794). The culture of this period was deeply influenced by the culture of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and a noble culture including Buddhist culture was formed. This culture is first embodied in the compilation of national history in order to establish the sacred authority of the emperor's family. The three-volume "Ancient Stories", which was written in 712, uses pseudonyms to express the story of the creation of the world, the arrival of the heavenly sun, SHEN WOO's crusade, Wu Zun's crusade to push the ancient emperor, with many myths and legends, but we can also see some traces of the formation of the Japanese nation. The 3-volume Book of Japan, which was written in 72, is a Chinese chronological history book, covering the period from the mythological era to the emperor in 697. The historical data is of high value, but it still needs critical and analytical citation. The official revision of history lasted until the middle of heian period. * * There were six historical books written in Chinese, namely, Continued Japanese History, Later Japanese History, Continued Japanese Book History, Continued Japanese Book History, A Record of Emperor Wende of Japan, and A Record of Three Generations of Japan, including The Book History of Japan, collectively referred to as History of Six Kingdoms. In addition, in 713, the imperial court ordered countries to compile the names and sources of mountains and rivers, local specialties, ancient legends, etc., that is, the local chronicles recorded in Chinese. At present, only the local chronicles of Liu Chang, Izumo, Bomo, Fenghou and Feiqian are left, and most of them are incomplete. [i]
In terms of literature and art, the Nara era has also made great progress compared with the previous era. Among them, Wan Ye Ji, written under a pseudonym, collected about 4,5 harmony songs before 759 years, and the authors ranged from the emperor to civilians, farmers in Kanto, and military guards. After King Ota and Persimmon Malu in Baifeng Culture Period, Yishan Yiliang and ōtomo no Yakamochi are the representatives of the Nara era, collectively referred to as four generations of singers. The representative buildings left in Nara era include Fahuatang, Zhengcangyuan and Zhaoti Temple in the Dongda Temple, the representative sculptures include the statue of King Kong in Fahuatang in the Dongda Temple, and the representative paintings include a bird's hair screen-a picture of a beautiful woman under a tree, all of which have traces of cultural influence in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Especially in Zhengcangyuan, which collects royal treasures, its articles fully show the influence of cultural exchanges between the East and the West.
the early period of peace from the end of the eighth century to the end of the ninth century (Hong Ren? Zhenguan culture is still deeply influenced by Tang Wenhua, but during this period, folk Buddhism rose, and foreign religions were mixed with local religions to form a "combination of gods and buddhas". The most famous monk went to the Tang Dynasty with Tang envoys, returned to China to create Tiantai Sect, and built his own Buddhist altar, which established the central position of Yanli Temple in Japanese Buddhism. Konghai, another famous monk, also studied esoteric Buddhism in the Tang Dynasty and returned to China to create a mantra. Both schools advocate practicing in the mountains, so their temples are built according to the mountain shape, leaving behind representative buildings such as the golden hall of the room-born temple and the five-fold tower, among which the Buddha statues are also mysterious. In addition, due to the adoption of Chinese, the formal style and even the ideological content in China's literary history have influenced Japan and given it literary enlightenment. The earliest Chinese poetry collections in Japan are Huai Feng Zao, Ling Yun Ji, Wen Hua Mei Ji and Jing Guo Ji, all of which were formed in the middle of the Tang Dynasty and were deeply influenced by the parallel prose from the Six Dynasties to the early Tang Dynasty. The oldest harmony song, Wan Ye Ji, is compared to China's The Book of Songs, and the establishment of five or seven tones is imitated by China and Long song. In addition, such as banquets, giving answers, singing songs, chanting poems, seeing off, etc., are all inspired by the artistic conception of Tang poets, and the most famous novel "Tale of Genji" in Japan is inspired by Bai Juyi's "Song of Eternal Sorrow".
Because most government officials are literati and scholars who are good at Tang Wenhua, and the court often holds banquets to chant Chinese poems, many excellent Chinese poetry collections have emerged, which makes this era known as the "Dark Age of National Style" in the history of literature.
China was a world leader in economy and culture in the Tang Dynasty. Its stable rule, open policy and convenient transportation at home and abroad all opened the door for Tang Wenhua to spread abroad.
In p>327, Buddhism was introduced into Koguryo from China and Japan via the Korean Peninsula. The Japanese monks who entered the Tang Dynasty brought back various sects of Buddhism in China to Japan, and returned home with many classics. In Nara period (71-794), the so-called six cases of Gujing were all sects in China, such as Daozhao, Zhida and Zhitong, who came to learn from Xuanzang in the early Tang Dynasty, followed by Zhifeng and Xuanfang, who came to learn from Zhizhou. After returning to China, they were divided into Nansi and Beisi to spread the dharma and set up a special sect. On the day, the monk Daoguang first entered the South Mountain Law of Tang Dynasty.
In addition to making outstanding contributions to spreading Buddhism and preaching, the learned monks who entered the Tang Dynasty also greatly promoted the spread of Chinese culture in Japan, the most prominent one being Konghai. Although Konghai came to the Tang Dynasty for the purpose of studying Buddhism, his contribution to the cultural exchange between China and Japan was not limited to Buddhism. Besides bringing a large number of Buddhist scriptures to Japan, Konghai also brought back classics such as Liu Xiyi Collection, Wang Changling Collection and Zhu Qiancheng's Poems. Miscellaneous Poems, Miscellaneous Essays, Poems by Wang Zhizhang, and many other works of poetry and calligraphy in the Tang Dynasty. The name of Zhuanli Vientiane compiled by him was the first Chinese dictionary in Japan, which played an important role in the spread of Tang Dynasty culture in Japan. His other important work, On the Mirror and Secret House, not only promoted Japan's understanding and absorption of Tang Dynasty culture, but also was an important material for understanding the literary history of Han and Tang Dynasties.
Before the 8th century, Japanese used Chinese characters as a tool to express narration. Kibi No Asomi Makibi, an overseas student, and monk Konghai, a learned monk, created Japanese kana letters-Katakana and Hiragana-on the basis of Japanese people's use of the phonetic notation of Chinese characters in China, which greatly promoted the development of Japanese culture. At the same time, Japanese vocabulary and grammar are also influenced by Chinese.
Third, the influence of social life
In 79 AD, Japan moved its capital to Pingchengjing (now Nara), and the construction scale of the capital completely imitated Chang 'an, even the width and arrangement of streets were almost the same, and there were also names such as Suzaku Street, East City and West City. In the late 8th century, Japan moved its capital to Ping 'an (now Kyoto), still imitating Chang 'an to build its capital. Japan built Nanbojing, Pingchengjing, Changgangjing and Pinganjing from the second half of the 7th century to the second half of the 8th century. Their planes are all rectangular. The north-south central axis runs through the center of the city, and Miyagi is located at the northern end of the axis. The left and right sides of the axis are symmetrically arranged. Obviously, it imitates the characteristics of Tang Changan, especially Pingchengjing (now Nara) and Pinganjing (now Kyoto). Not only does the shape and layout of the capital imitate Chang 'an, but even Taitai. There are universities in Kyoto, Chinese studies in various countries, and Confucian classics are taught in schools.
Jian Zhen and his disciples, as "messengers" to spread Tang Wenhua, not only brought the law to Japan, but also had a deep study of Tiantai Sect. Among the classics brought to Japan, Tiantai Zhangshu was the most complete, so they were pioneers of Tiantai Sect spreading to Japan. At the same time, due to Jian Zhen's erudition, he still made important contributions to the revision of Japanese Buddhist classics and medicine even though he was blind. In addition, Jian Zhen and his disciples have made outstanding contributions to Japanese Tianping culture in Chinese literature, sculpture, painting, architecture and other aspects because they deliberately recruited talents from all walks of life before going abroad. It is particularly worth mentioning that Jian Zhen and his disciples built it in 759 (the third year of Tianbaozi in Japan)