Question 1: What are intangible assets? Intangible assets refer to identifiable non-monetary assets that have no physical form and are owned or controlled by an enterprise [1].
If an asset meets one of the following conditions, it meets the identifiability standard in the definition of intangible assets:
1. It can be separated or divided from the enterprise, and can be independently or related to A contract, asset or liability together for sale, transfer, licensing, lease or exchange.
2. Derived from contractual rights or other legal rights, regardless of whether these rights can be transferred or separated from the enterprise or other rights and obligations.
Intangible assets mainly include patent rights, non-patented technologies, trademark rights, copyrights, land use rights, franchise rights, etc.
The existence of goodwill cannot be separated from the enterprise itself, is not identifiable, and does not belong to the intangible assets referred to in this chapter.
Question 2: What are intangible assets? Intangible assets refer to identifiable non-material assets that have no physical form and are owned or controlled by an enterprise.
If an asset meets one of the following conditions, it meets the identifiability standard in the definition of intangible assets:
1. It can be separated or divided from the enterprise, and can be independently or related to A contract, asset or liability together for sale, transfer, licensing, lease or exchange.
2. Derived from contractual rights or other legal rights, regardless of whether these rights can be transferred or separated from the enterprise or other rights and obligations.
Intangible assets mainly include patent rights, non-patented technologies, trademark rights, copyrights, land use rights, franchise rights, etc.
Goodwill is not an intangible asset.
Question 3: The following are not included in the intangible assets account: B. Fixed asset improvement expenditures
C. Start-up expenses
D. Cash
Question 4: What are the intangible assets? There are many types of intangible assets, which can be classified according to different standards.
1. According to the channels through which an enterprise obtains intangible assets, it can be divided into intangible assets self-created (or owned by itself) and purchased intangible assets. The former is obtained by the enterprise's own research and development and is formed due to objective reasons, such as self-created patents, non-patented technologies, trademark rights, goodwill, etc.; the latter is purchased by the enterprise from other units at a certain price, such as outsourced patents. rights, trademark rights, etc.
2. According to the classification of whether there is legal protection, it can be divided into statutory intangible assets and profitable intangible assets. Patent rights, trademark rights, etc. are protected by relevant national laws and are called statutory intangible assets; intangible assets without legal protection, such as non-patented technologies, are called profitable intangible assets.
3. According to whether they can exist independently, they can be divided into identifiable intangible assets and non-identifiable intangible assets. Those intangible assets that have a specific name and can be acquired, transferred or sold individually are called identifiable intangible assets, such as patent rights, trademark rights, etc.; those that are not specifically identifiable and cannot be acquired individually will cease to exist without the enterprise. Intangible assets are called unspecified intangible assets, such as goodwill.
In addition, in foreign countries, the classification of intangible assets is divided into rights-based intangible assets (such as lease rights), relationship-based intangible assets (such as customer relationships, customer lists, etc.), and combined intangible assets from the perspective of evaluation. Assets (such as goodwill) and intellectual property (including patents, trademarks, copyrights, etc.). From a broad perspective, intangible assets are divided into promotional/sales intangible assets, manufacturing intangible assets and financial intangible assets.
It should be admitted that there are still differences in our country's current understanding of intangible assets, and the scope and content of intangible assets need to be further discussed.
Usually, the intangible assets that are the subject of evaluation include patent rights, non-patented technology, production licenses, franchise rights, lease rights, land use rights, mineral resource exploration rights and mining rights, trademark rights, copyrights, computer software, etc.
Question 5: Why are options not considered intangible assets? Intangible assets refer to identifiable non-monetary assets without physical form owned or controlled by an enterprise. Intangible assets can be divided into broad and narrow senses. Intangible assets in a broad sense include monetary funds, accounts receivable, financial assets, long-term equity investments, patent rights, trademark rights, etc., because they do not have physical entities, but are expressed as certain legal rights. or technology. So it counts in a broad sense.
However, in accounting, intangible assets are usually understood in a narrow sense, that is, patent rights, trademark rights, etc. are called intangible assets. There are corresponding physical rights, and stocks, claims, and options are generally not considered to be intangible assets.
Intangible assets must have the following three characteristics: 1. Do not have a physical form; 2. Be identifiable; 3. They are non-monetary long-term assets, that is, they are non-monetary assets and can be used by the enterprise in multiple accounting periods. Future economic benefits usually have a useful life of more than one year, and their value will be gradually amortized in each income period; generally speaking, the exercise time limit of options ranges from one to three, six, or nine months, and they do not meet the requirements of Article 1. Three characteristics.
Question 6: Why is the brand generated within the enterprise not an intangible asset? Intangible assets can only be recognized if they meet the following conditions at the same time:
1. The economic value related to the intangible asset The benefits are likely to flow into the enterprise;
2. The cost of the intangible asset can be measured reliably.
Goodwill created by an enterprise as well as internally generated brands, newspaper names, etc. should not be recognized as intangible assets.
Brands generated within an enterprise are not considered intangible assets because the cost of the intangible assets cannot be measured reliably.
Question 7: What do intangible assets include? Intangible assets include social intangible assets and natural intangible assets
Among them, intangible assets usually include patent rights, non-patented technologies, trademark rights, copyrights, and franchises. rights, land use rights, etc.; natural intangible assets include natural gas and other natural resources that have no physical form.
(1) Patent rights: refers to the rights granted by the national patent authority to the applicant for inventions and creation patents in accordance with the law. The exclusive rights enjoyed by creations within the statutory period include invention patent rights, utility model patent rights and design patent rights.
(2) Non-patented technology: also known as proprietary technology, refers to technology that is not known to the outside world and should be used in production and business activities. It does not enjoy legal protection and can bring economic benefits. Various techniques and know-how.
(3) Trademark right: refers to the right to use a specific name or pattern exclusively on a specified type of goods or products.
(4) Copyright: Producers enjoy certain special rights in accordance with the law over the literary, scientific and artistic works they create.
(5) Franchise: also known as operating franchise or exclusive right, refers to the right of an enterprise to operate or sell a specific product in a certain area or an enterprise to accept the use of its trademark or trade name by another enterprise , rights to technical secrets, etc.
(6) Land use rights: refers to the state allowing an enterprise to enjoy the right to develop, utilize and operate state-owned land within a certain period of time. (7) Business secrets
(8) Goodwill
Question 8: Isn’t goodwill an intangible asset? What kind of asset is goodwill? Thanks! Doesn't belong.
According to the provisions of "Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No. 6 - Intangible Assets": Intangible assets refer to identifiable non-monetary assets without physical form owned or controlled by an enterprise.
It can be seen that since goodwill is an unidentifiable asset, it is not an intangible asset and can only be counted as an "intangible item".
However, goodwill still meets the conditions for asset recognition and should be recognized as an asset of the enterprise and presented separately in the balance sheet.
In addition, "Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No. 6 - Intangible Assets" does not apply to the goodwill formed in business mergers, but "Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No. 8 - Asset Impairment" and "Enterprise Accounting Standards No. 8 - Impairment of Assets" and "Enterprise Accounting Standards No. Accounting Standards No. 20 - Business Combinations.
Question 9: What are intangible assets? What are the categories of intangible assets? 5 points What do intangible assets include?
There are many types of intangible assets, which can be classified according to different standards. 1. According to the channels through which an enterprise obtains intangible assets, it can be divided into intangible assets created by the enterprise (or owned by itself) and intangible assets purchased from outside. The former is obtained by the enterprise's own research and development and is formed due to objective reasons, such as self-created patents, non-patented technologies, trademark rights, goodwill, etc.; the latter is purchased by the enterprise from other units at a certain price, such as outsourced patents. rights, trademark rights, etc.
2. According to the classification of whether there is legal protection, it can be divided into statutory intangible assets and profitable intangible assets. Patent rights, trademark rights, etc. are protected by relevant national laws and are called statutory intangible assets; intangible assets without legal protection, such as non-patented technologies, are called profitable intangible assets.
3. According to whether they can exist independently, they can be divided into identifiable intangible assets and non-identifiable intangible assets. Those intangible assets that have a specific name and can be acquired, transferred or sold individually are called identifiable intangible assets, such as patent rights, trademark rights, etc.; those that are not particularly identifiable and cannot be acquired individually will cease to exist without the enterprise. Intangible assets are called unspecifiable intangible assets, such as goodwill.
In addition, in foreign countries, the classification of intangible assets is divided into rights-based intangible assets (such as lease rights), relationship-based intangible assets (such as customer relationships, customer lists, etc.), and combined intangible assets from the perspective of evaluation. Assets (such as goodwill) and intellectual property (including patents, trademarks, copyrights, etc.). From a broad perspective, intangible assets are divided into promotional/sales intangible assets, manufacturing intangible assets and financial intangible assets.
It should be admitted that there are still differences in our country's current understanding of intangible assets, and the scope and content of intangible assets need to be further discussed. Usually, the intangible assets that are the subject of evaluation include patent rights, non-patented technology, production licenses, franchise rights, lease rights, land use rights, mineral resource exploration rights and mining rights, trademark rights, copyrights, computer software, etc.
Methods of intangible asset evaluation
Intangible asset evaluation methods are directly related to the evaluation results. In the practice of intangible asset evaluation in my country, large errors are often caused by the inability to use scientific methods. In-depth research is needed The evaluation methods of various types of intangible assets draw on advanced foreign experience and innovate based on the specific practice of my country's evaluation work. There are three main methods for calculating intangible assets: market price method, income method and cost method.
1. Market value method. This law determines the value of intangible assets based on market transactions and applies to patents, trademarks, copyrights, etc. Generally, the license fee for the above-mentioned intangible assets is calculated as a percentage of revenue based on the agreement reached by the parties to the transaction. The main problem with this law is: since most intangible assets do not have market prices, some intangible assets are unique and it is difficult to determine the transaction price. Secondly, intangible assets are generally traded together with other assets, and it is difficult to separate their value separately. .
2. Income method. This method calculates the value of intangible assets based on their economic benefits or the present value of future cash flows. Such as goodwill, franchised agency, etc. The key to this method is how to determine the appropriate discount rate or capitalization rate. This method also has the problem of difficulty in separating the economic benefits of a certain intangible asset. In addition, when a certain technology is still in the early development stage, its intangible assets may not have economic benefits, so this method cannot be used for calculation.
3. Cost method. This method calculates the cost required to replace or reconstruct a certain type of intangible asset.
It is applicable to the calculation of the value of intangible assets that can be replaced. It can also estimate the economic benefits brought by the intangible assets to reduce production costs, reduce raw material consumption or prices, reduce waste and more efficient use of equipment, thereby evaluating this The value of some intangible assets. However, due to factors such as whether a certain intangible asset can obtain alternative technologies or the ability to develop alternative technologies, as well as the product life cycle, it is difficult to determine the economic benefits of intangible assets, which limits the application of this method.
Question 10: What are intangible assets? What exactly does it include? According to the "Notice of the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation on Comprehensively Launching the Pilot Program of Replacing Business Tax with Value-Added Tax" (Caishui [2016] No. 36), the sale of intangible assets refers to the business activity of transferring the ownership or use rights of intangible assets. Intangible assets refer to assets that have no physical form but can bring economic benefits, including technology, trademarks, copyrights, goodwill, natural resource use rights and other equity intangible assets. Technology, including patented technology and non-patented technology. Natural resource use rights, including land use rights, sea area use rights, exploration rights, mining rights, water abstraction rights and other natural resource use rights. Other equity intangible assets, including infrastructure asset management rights, public utility franchises, quotas, operating rights (including franchise rights, chain operation rights, other operating rights), dealer rights, distribution rights, agency rights, membership rights, seat rights, online game virtual props, domain names, name rights, portrait rights, naming rights, transfer fees, etc.