Question 1: What does Zhongdingzhijia mean? Zhongdingzhijia_pronunciation_interpretation

[Pinyin]

zhōng dǐng zhī jiā

[Definition]

The home of wealthy officials.

[Source] Chapter 2 of "A Dream of Red Mansions" by Cao Xueqin of the Qing Dynasty: "Although I belong to the family of Zhong Ding, I am also a scholarly family."

[Example sentence]

Xue Qingying, who belongs to the Zhongding family and a scholarly family, has the kind of official spirit that Bai Zhishuang does not have.

Question 2: "A Dream of Red Mansions" says that Lin Ruhai "Although he belongs to the Zhongding family, he is also a scholarly family." What does "Zhongding family" mean? Zhongding is often used to describe wealth and glory, and refers to high-ranking officials and important responsibilities.

Question 3: What does Qidian mean? Ding

Pinyin: dǐng, strokes: 12

Radical: Ding Wubi input method: hndn

The tripod is one of the most important types of bronze vessels. It is a vessel used for cooking and storing meat. During the Three Dynasties and the Qin and Han Dynasties, which lasted for more than two thousand years, the tripod has been the most common and mysterious ritual vessel.

Generally speaking, there are two types of tripods: round tripods with three legs and square tripods with four legs. They can also be divided into covered ones and uncovered ones.

There is a group of tripods, whose shapes are arranged in a row from large to small, called a row of tripods. The number of tripods in a row represented different status levels during the Zhou Dynasty. Lieding is usually in the odd number. According to literature and archaeological findings, the nine tripods should be the system of the princes, the seventh and fifth tripods are for the ministers, and the third and first tripods are for the nobles. However, the emperor's system was twelve tripods, which is an even number. However, the tomb of the emperor of Zhou has not been seen so far, so whether this record is correct remains to be confirmed. Of course, the Jiuding among the tripods does not represent the central power.

About the origin and function of "ding": The tripod was originally an ancient cooking vessel, equivalent to the current pot, used to stew and hold fish. Xu Shen said in "Shuowen Jiezi": "A tripod has three legs and two ears, and is a treasure with five flavors." There are round tripods with three legs and square tripods with four legs. The earliest tripod was a pottery tripod made of clay, and later there were bronze tripods cast from bronze. Legend has it that Xia Yu once collected Jiu Mu's gold and cast a Jiuding under Jingshan Mountain to symbolize Kyushu, and engraved figures of demons and monsters on it to alert people and prevent them from being harmed. Since the legend of Yu casting the Nine Cauldrons, the cauldron has developed from an ordinary cooking utensil to a nationally important weapon. When the country was destroyed, the Ding Dynasty was moved. When the Xia Dynasty was destroyed, the Shang Dynasty was prosperous, and the Jiuding Dynasty was moved to Bo (bó) Jing, the capital of Shang. When the Shang Dynasty was destroyed, the Zhou Dynasty was prosperous, and Jiuding was moved to Hao (hào) Jing, the capital of Zhou. From the Shang Dynasty to the Zhou Dynasty, the establishment of a capital or the establishment of a dynasty was called "Dingding".

The tripod is regarded as a national treasure, a symbol of the country and power, and the word " tripod " is also given extended meanings such as "prominent", "noble" and "grand", such as: nine tripods in one word, Famous names, prime times, great help, etc. The tripod is also a ritual vessel used to mark merits and achievements. During the Zhou Dynasty, the kings, princes and ministers would make tripods to record the grand events during major celebrations or when receiving rewards. This custom still has a certain influence today. In order to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the United Nations, the Republic of China presented a giant bronze tripod to the United Nations at the United Nations Headquarters on October 21, 1995 - the Century Tripod. On the occasion of the 50th anniversary celebration of the peaceful liberation of ***, the Central Government presented the "National Unity Tripod" to the *** Autonomous Region, which stood in the Square of the People's Hall of *** to symbolize national unity and the flourishing development of various undertakings in ***. This move has far-reaching significance and rich cultural connotation.

The tripod is the representative of my country’s bronze culture. It is the witness of civilization and the carrier of culture. According to the legend of Yu Zhu Jiuding, it can be inferred that my country had bronze smelting and casting technology more than 4,000 years ago. The large bronze tripod of the Shang Dynasty excavated from the underground conclusively proves that the Shang Dynasty in my country was already a highly developed Bronze Age. The "Simuwu" large square tripod collected by the China History Museum is a bronze tripod from the late Shang Dynasty. It is rectangular, four-legged, 133 centimeters high and weighs 875 kilograms. It is the largest existing Shang Dynasty bronze vessel. There are three characters "Si Mu Wu" inside the belly of the tripod, which was cast by the King of Shang to worship his mother Wu.

The Da Ke Ding, Dake Ding, Mao Gong Ding and Song Ding unearthed in the Qing Dynasty are all famous bronzes from the Western Zhou Dynasty. The inscriptions on tripods and other bronzes record the laws and regulations of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties and historical facts such as canonization, sacrifices, and conquests. They also passed on the seal characters of the Western Zhou Dynasty to later generations, forming a bronze calligraphy art with high aesthetic value. Therefore, it is even more valuable and has become a more important historical relic than other bronzes. Esthetician Li Zehou believes that Chinese bronzes, with their “unique three-legged vessel—the tripod as the core representative, are heavy and thick, the patterns are fierce and mysterious, and the carvings are deep and protruding.” They are the most aesthetically valuable items in the mature period of Chinese bronze art. Bronze artwork.

Although the word "ding" in modern Chinese characters has undergone many changes in oracle bone inscriptions, bronze inscriptions, small seal script, official script, etc., it still retains the style and physical characteristics of the thing "ding". The characters are almost integrated into one, and they all have rich cultural connotations.

Jackie Chan ascends the tripod and has ears. Fold over M, the tripod rings for food and bells

The tripod rings for food and bells, the tripod folds M. Three tripods have three legs

The power of the tripod is balanced by the tripod, and the tripod is supported by the tripod...gt; Okay, God, please help me. R: It’s the traditional Chinese version of Zhong. In ancient times, it was a metal instrument used to strike important rituals (such as funeral bells and sacrificial bells in temples). There is also a musical instrument called chimes. Now it has the meaning of clock, clock.

Question 5: The meaning of good words Idiom: One man can guard the gate, ten thousand men can't open it

Pronunciation: yīfūdāngguān, wànfūmòkāi

Definition: It means that the mountain shape and the It's high and dangerous. Even if one person holds the pass, even ten thousand people can't get in. The terrain is described as very dangerous.

Source: "Huainanzi Military Training": "One person guards the pass, but a thousand people dare not cross it." Jin Zuo Si's "Ode to the Capital of Shu": "One person guards the pass, and ten thousand people cannot move towards it. . ”

Example: Jiange is majestic and Cui Wei, ~. (Tang Dynasty? Li Bai's poem "The Road to Shu is Difficult")

Idiom: Grass and trees are all soldiers

Pronunciation: cǎomùjiēbīng

Definition: Treat all the grass and trees on the mountain as enemy soldiers. Describes people being suspicious when they are panicked.

Source: "Book of Jin? Records of Fu Jian": "Jian and Fu Rong ascended the city and looked at the king's army. They saw that the troops were in good order and the soldiers were elite. They also looked north at Bagong Mountain and the grass and trees were all human-like. Gu said Rong said: "This is also a powerful enemy, what is Shaoji?"

Example: Everyone was in panic that day, and even at night, there was still no movement. . (Qing Dynasty? Wu Jianren's "Strange Current Situation Witnessed in Twenty Years" Chapter 59)

Idiom: Horse leather shroud

Pronunciation: mǎgéguǒshī

Definition: Horse leather : Horsehide. Wrap the body in horsehide. Refers to heroic sacrifice in battle

Source: "Book of the Later Han Dynasty? Biography of Ma Yuan": "A man should die in the wilderness, wrapped in horse leather and buried with his ears. How can he lie in bed and do evil in the hands of his son and daughter?"

Idiom: Go into battle shirtless

Pronunciation: chìbóshàngzhèn

Definition: Go into battle shirtless. It is a metaphor for going on stage in person and carrying out activities without any disguise.

Source: Chapter 59 of Luo Guanzhong's "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" in the Ming Dynasty: "Xu Chuxing got up, flew back to the formation, took off his armor, his muscles were all protruding, he was naked with a sword in his hands, he got on his horse, and came to fight Ma Chao decisive battle.

”

Example: He finally~ took action personally.

Idiom: rabble

Pronunciation: wūhézhīzhòng

Definition: Like a temporary gathering A group of crows. It is a metaphor for a group of people who are improvised and without discipline.

Source: "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty? Geng M's Biography": "Returning suddenly to ride on the rabble, it's like destroying dry ears and breaking rotten ears." . ”

Example: Although there are some people outside, they are also ~ and not unified. (Qing Dynasty? Donglu Gu Kuangsheng’s "Drunk Awakening Stone" Chapter 12)

Idiom: to scare the grass and scare the snake.

Pronunciation: dǎcǎojīngshé

Interpretation: The original metaphor is to punish Jia and Tuyi. Later, it is often used as a metaphor to make the other party wary.

Origin: Ming Dynasty. ?Volume 24 of Lang Ying's "Seven Revised Drafts": "The reason why Wang Lu of the Southern Tang Dynasty was responsible for the Tu Ling was to start the business. His subordinates sued the chief bookkeeper for corruption. Lu said: "Although you are trying to scare the snake, . '"

Example: If you go to "~" in vain, you will find that he has manipulated it, but it is not good. (Ming Dynasty Shi Naian's "Water Margin" Chapter 29)

Idiom: Besieged on all sides

Pronunciation: sìmiànchǔgē

Definition: A metaphor for being surrounded by enemies on all sides and being isolated and helpless

Source: "Historical Records of Xiang Yu". "The king of Xiang's army is squatting on the wall. The few soldiers are exhausted, and the Han army and the princes are surrounded by heavy soldiers. Hearing at night that the Han army was in embarrassment on all sides, King Xiang was shocked and said, "Are the Han armies already in embarrassment?" There are so many people in Chu. '"

Example: Here, no matter how smart you are, you have to obey. (Zhu Ziqing's "Civilization on Ships")

Idiom: Use soldiers like gods

Pronunciation: yòngbīngrúshén

Definition: Deploying troops and generals like a god.

Source: Ming Dynasty Shi Naian's "Water Margin" Chapter 5. Chapter 19: "The first gentleman, whose surname is Fan and whose given name is Rui, is nicknamed the Demon King. He can call the wind and rain, and use soldiers like a god. ”

Example: Zhuge Liang’s ingenious calculation during the Three Kingdoms period, ~.

Idiom: Courage but no plan

Pronunciation: yǒuyǒngwúmóu

Definition: Only courage, no strategy. It refers to doing things or fighting in a rush, without planning or strategy.

Source: "On the Pros and Cons of the Two Rivers and Huaixi" by Lu Zhi of the Tang Dynasty: "(Wang Wang) ) Wu Junfan is a kind of person who is brave but not resourceful. ”

Example: Bi Feng~, extremely greedy for wine and sex, not caring about his subordinates, and all his subordinates are alienated. (Qing Dynasty, Chapter 5 of "Water Margin" by Chen Chen)

Idioms ： Sound to the east and attack the west

Pronunciation: shēngdōngjīxī

Definition: Sound: to create a momentum to attack the east, but actually attack the west. It is a tactic that creates an illusion to the opponent to win by surprise. .

Source: "Huainanzi? Military Training": "Therefore, the way to use troops is to show them with softness and meet them with strength, show them with weakness and take advantage of them with strength, and use them with restraint. Respond to it with Zhang, and show the general's desire to the west to the east..." Du You of the Tang Dynasty's "Tongdian Bingliu" said: "We claim to attack the east, but in fact we attack the west.

”

Example: Shu people or ~, the guide points to attack the north, our troops must split up...gt;gt;

Question 6: What does Zhong mean "radical" 』钅

『Radical strokes』 5

『Chinese character』 Zhong

『Total strokes of the character』 14

『Pinyin』 zhong

『Commentary』

锺

clock; bell;

clock

(1)

Bell

zhōng

(2)

(Phonetic. Left shape, right tone. Bell: original meaning: ancient percussion instrument, made of bronze)

(3)

Same as the original meaning of [bell]

Bell is also a music bell. DD "Shuowen" said: "The bell can be beaten. thing. "

Bell, bell. DD "Guangya? Shiqi"

Chui Zhihe Zhong. DD "Book of Rites? Mingtang Wei"

Bell sound DD "Zuo Zhuan? The 21st Year of Duke Zhao"

DD "Huainanzi? Ben Jing"

There is music in the fine Jun, and the sound of the bell is also there. . DD "Guoyu Zhouyu"

The sound is like a loud bell. DD Song Dynasty Su Shi's "Shizhongshan Ji"

(4)

And

The bell is placed in the water.

(5)

Also

it is named after this bell.

(6)

Also

Like bells and drums

(7)

Another example: bells and chimes (two ancient musical instruments); bells and tripods. House (ancient aristocratic family that set up tripods, struck bells and played music during banquets); bell stone (referring to the bell and chime in musical instruments); bell plate (bell and cloud plate); stalactite (the raised ornament on the face of an ancient clock. In Between the bell belt, the shape is like a breast, so it is called stalactite); bell chamber (the room where the bell hangs); Zhongshi (the name of an ancient official. Beating the bell to play music); Zhonggu (the name of two musical instruments: bell and drum. Refers to playing music ); Zhonglu (music bell); Zhongding (a bell and a tripod. Many words are engraved on it to record events and achievements); the color of bells and drums (joyful expression); Zhongming (the inscription on the bell)

(8)

Specifically refers to the bell [bell] hanging in the Buddhist temple, which is used as a signal to tell the time, alarm, and fire alarm

Hanshan Temple outside Suzhou City, midnight. The sound reaches the passenger ship. DD Tang Zhang Ji's "Night Mooring at Maple Bridge"

(9)

Another example: Bell Ding (the temple bells never stop ringing after the day ends) then strike); bell fish (a bell-ringing tree shaped like a whale); bell fan (the sound of temple bells and chanting)

(10)

Generally refers to the general time teller Clock [clock]

Come with empty words but disappear forever, the moon is setting at five o’clock upstairs. DD Tang Dynasty? Li Shangyin’s "Untitled"

(11)

Another example: clock; quartz clock; alarm clock; wall clock; pendulum clock; clock clock (the clock and bell sound in ancient times)

(12)

Refers to time and hour [o'clock ]. Such as: seven o'clock in the morning

clock

(1)

clock

zhōng

( 2)

(Phonetic. From gold, with emphasis. Original meaning: a vessel for holding wine in ancient times. Now also called "cup")

(3)

Same original meaning [wine jar]

Zhong, wine vessel. DD "Shuowen"

Similarities and differences. DD "Book? Gu Ming". Press, they all think the same thing (Zhong).

Duan said that it was a great wine storage vessel in ancient times, and it was poured into Zun by Zhong.

Yao and Shun had thousands of bells, and Confucius had hundreds of goblets. DD "Confucius? Confucian Clothing"

There is a glass clock. DD "Book of Jin? Chuan of Cui Hong"

Xiaolong took the pot and poured the wine into his cup. The wine was three to five minutes higher than the bell, not to mention not overflowing. DD "Journey to the West"

(4)

Big cup [big cup]

Glass bell, thick amber. DD Li He's "About to Enter the Wine"

There is a bell between the two rooms. DD "Book of Rites? Mingtang Wei"

Two rooms with bells. DD "Guoyu? Zhouyu"

(5)

Another example:

(6)

Surname. Such as: Zhongya (the combined name of Zhong Ziqi and Yu Boya); Zhongzi (referring to Zhong Ziqi)

Zhong

(1)

Zhong

zhōng

(2)

Wine cup, tea cup, and "cup" [handleless *** all cup]

Yao and Shun Qian bell. DD "Kong Congzi? Confucian Clothing"

After Hu drank, he drank for three seconds. DD Five Dynasties? Wang Dingbao's "Tang Yan"

(3)

The ancient unit of capacity [ancient unit of capacity], the public quantity of the Qi State Office in the Spring and Autumn Period, combined with six dendrobium and four buckets. Later, there was also the system of combining eight and ten dendrobiums

The old four measures of Qi: beans, districts, cauldrons, bells... cauldrons and ten bells. DD "Zuo Zhuan? The third year of Zhaogong"

(4)

Another example: bell stone (capacity unit. One bell receives six dendrobiums and four dou, one stone receives ten dou); bell Yu (Zhong and Yu. Two units of capacity); Zhong Hu (Zhong and Hu. Two units of ancient capacity)

Zhong

(1)

锺

zhōng

(2)

gather [concentrate...gt; gt;

Question 7: Scholarly What does aristocratic family mean? Scholarly family

Pinyin: shū xiāng shì jiā

Definition: refers to a family where scholars have been for generations.

From: Chapter 13 of "Spring and Autumn in a Small Town" by Gao Yunlan: "Although Liu Mei was so angry that her nose was crooked, she still maintained the demeanor of a scholarly family."

Sentence creation :

1. Mao Dun was born in a scholarly family in Wuzhen, Tongxiang County, Zhejiang. His real name was Shen Dehong and his courtesy name was Yan Bing.

2. Zhongding’s family is a scholarly family. Xue Qingying has the kind of official spirit that Bai Zhishuang does not have.

3. The legitimate daughter of a scholarly family travels to ancient times to see how the legitimate daughter behaves in the village, defeats the best relatives, makes a fortune, and builds an idyllic life.

Question 8: What does it mean to be raised by one’s mother? According to the laws of the Song Dynasty, if the judge and the defendant are relatives, or have a very close relationship by marriage, they must recuse themselves. The relationship between Bao Zheng and Bao Mian was uncle and nephew, within the fifth server. If Bao Zheng killed his relatives out of righteousness, he would definitely violate the criminal laws of the Song Dynasty. This also leads to a paradox: Mr. Bao knows and breaks the law, how can he be as "clean as water"?

The avoidance of litigation was called the "replacement system" in ancient times. It was first seen in "Liu Dian of the Tang Dynasty": "Any prison warden who has relatives and enemies with the prisoner will be heard." The “relative” refers to the official responsible for handling the case being related to the defendant within five years, being related by marriage with a high-level meritorious service, or being the defendant’s mentor. In the Song Dynasty, the scope of litigation avoidance became wider and the regulations became more detailed.

The judge and the defendant are in the same year, same department, and same subject in the scientific examination; the judge himself is the defendant, or the defendant's superior; there is a superior-subordinate relationship involved; or even the two judges before and after the same case are "relative enemies" "Everything that has a relationship must be avoided. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the law also punished those who did not avoid situations that should be avoided with a penalty of 100 sticks.

It can be said that China is one of the first countries in the world to implement the avoidance system. .

The evolution of the avoidance system

The word "evasion" first appeared in criminal law records in "History of the Yuan Dynasty". The avoidance system was well developed at that time. In addition to avoidance of lawsuits, there is also a system of avoidance of official appointments.

The system of avoidance of official appointments was first created in the Western Han Dynasty. The talented and ambitious Emperor Liu Che of the Han Dynasty, with his profound political insight, was keenly aware of the importance of serving as an official in a different place to maintain centralization of power, prevent the growth of nepotism, and restrain the intricate local forces. During the period of Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty, China's first written law on avoidance of official appointments, the "Three Mutual Laws", was officially promulgated, that is, "people from the marriage family" and "people from two states" were not allowed to "visit each other." Take Shi Bi, an official of the Eastern Han Dynasty, as an example. He was supposed to be the governor of Shanyang, but his wife's natal family happened to be under the jurisdiction of Shanyang, so Shi Bi wrote a letter to avoid Chen Ying and was transferred to the prime minister of Pingyuan.

The avoidance system in the Song Dynasty was refined into four categories: place of origin avoidance, relative avoidance, position avoidance and imperial examination avoidance.

The scope of avoidance of relatives has expanded compared with the avoidance of in-laws during the Eastern Han Dynasty. The descendants of central officials who have reached the rank of minister are not allowed to hold important positions in the Gyeonggi region. Those with a kinship relationship of greater than great merit, such as grandfather and grandson, cannot work in the same department.

Job avoidance means that relatives of central officials are not allowed to serve as supervisors and admonishers. The ancients believed that "filial piety comes first". Because of their responsibilities, the admonishment officials and admonishment officials will inevitably impeach the government's administration. If a subordinate relative impeaches a respected relative, it will definitely be inconsistent with etiquette.

Avoiding the imperial examination is the inevitable result of selecting scholars through the imperial examination. The imperial examination was the Huashan Road for Confucian students from poor families to reach an official career. Because of its great significance, there have been endless cases of fraud in the examination room in history. In order to ensure the fairness of the imperial examination, starting from the Kaiyuan era of Tang Dynasty, all candidates who were related to the examiner must avoid other places and take the examination separately. In the Song Dynasty, the children of the "Zhongding Family" had to take another test after the imperial examination to show fairness.

"Being an official for thousands of miles only for wealth" can be said to be the best portrayal of avoiding the official place of origin during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The avoidance system was even stricter during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The Ming Dynasty stipulated that "people from the south will be officials in the north, and people from the north will be officials in the south." If you want to be an official, you can only travel through half of China. The laws of the Qing Dynasty were slightly relaxed, and only stipulated that officials in their own provinces were not allowed. Once you become an official, you have to take your identity certificate and take up your post in a place five hundred miles away, which is called "avoidance of citizenship." There are also some problems with this kind of avoidance. When officials go to other places to serve as officials in a different place, it is difficult to understand the customs of the place where they work, and there may also be language barriers, which inevitably leads to difficulties in official governance. However, through this method, officials are left alone and have no relatives in their jurisdiction, avoiding too many social relationships and creating a network of human connections