Classification criteria
Agricultural machinery is generally classified by purpose. Most of these machines are specially designed and manufactured according to the characteristics of agriculture and the special requirements of various operations, such as soil tillage machinery, planting and fertilization machinery, plant protection machinery, crop harvesting machinery, animal husbandry machinery and agricultural products processing machinery. The other part of agricultural machinery is common with other industries and can be directly selected according to the characteristics and needs of agriculture, such as agricultural power machinery, water pumps in farmland irrigation and drainage machinery, etc. Or design these machines into agricultural variants according to the characteristics and needs of agriculture, such as agricultural vehicles in agricultural transport machinery, trailers and earth and stone machinery in farmland construction machinery.
agricultural machinery can also be classified according to the power used and its matching methods. The power used in agricultural machinery can be divided into two parts: one part is used for walking or moving agricultural machinery, which can be divided into human power (hand-held, backpack, chest-hung and push-pull), animal power traction, tractor traction and power self-propelled type; The other part is used to drive the working parts of agricultural machinery, which can be divided into human (hand, foot, etc.) drive, animal power drive, electromechanical power drive (using internal combustion engine, wind turbine, motor, etc.) and tractor drive. The two parts can use the same or different power on the same agricultural machinery. According to the matching mode of agricultural machinery and tractors, it can be divided into traction, suspension and semi-suspension.
according to the operation mode, agricultural machinery can be divided into two categories: walking operation and fixed operation. There are two kinds of walking agricultural machinery: continuous walking which works in the process of continuous walking and intermittent walking which alternate between walking and working. In the fixed operation of agricultural machinery, there are two types: movable and immovable, which can transfer the working place in the non-working state.
according to the working place, agricultural machinery can be divided into field work (fields, pastures and orchards, etc.), yard work, indoor work (workshops, machine rooms, warehouses, greenhouses and livestock houses, etc.), underwater or aquatic work (rivers, channels, reservoirs and wells, etc.), road work and aviation work.
mechanical power
machinery that provides power for various agricultural machinery and agricultural facilities. Agricultural power machinery mainly includes internal combustion engines and tractors equipped with internal combustion engines, as well as motors, wind turbines, water turbines and various small generator sets. Diesel engine has the advantages of high thermal efficiency, good fuel economy, reliable operation and good fire safety, and is widely used in agricultural internal combustion engines and tractors. Gasoline engines are characterized by lightness, good low-temperature starting performance and smooth operation, and are mostly used in small agricultural machinery, such as rice transplanters, mobile plant protection machinery and tea pickers.
according to the situation of fuel supply in the region, gas engines fueled by natural gas, petroleum associated gas, liquefied petroleum gas and producer gas can also be used according to local conditions. Diesel engines and gasoline engines can also burn gas fuels such as coal gas after modification, or they can be changed into dual-fuel internal combustion engines that burn coal gas and are ignited by diesel oil as agricultural power machinery.
motors are mostly used to drive all kinds of agricultural machinery for fixed or indoor operation, such as agricultural products processing machinery and water pumps, as well as all kinds of working machinery in greenhouses, warehouses and livestock houses. In areas with water or wind resources, using wind turbines and water turbines to drive various fixed working machines can save petroleum fuel, and wind turbines equipped with water lifting devices can provide water for people and livestock in grassland pastoral areas. A small generator set consisting of an internal combustion engine, a wind turbine or a water turbine and a generator provides electricity for agricultural production and rural life in remote areas. Solar energy and biogas generated by using rural waste materials can also provide electric energy through solar power generation devices, biogas generator sets and biogas-diesel dual-fuel generator sets.
Construction machinery
Farmland construction machinery is used for farmland construction such as leveling land, building terraces and terraces, digging ditches, laying pipelines and digging wells. Among them, bulldozers, graders, scrapers, excavators (see digging machines), loaders (see single bucket loaders) and rock drills are basically the same as similar machines used in roads and construction projects, but most of them (except rock drills) are used in conjunction with agricultural tractors, which is convenient to hitch to improve the utilization rate of power. Other farmland construction machinery mainly includes ditcher, rat track plough, shovel and throwing machine, water well drilling machine, etc.
share-type ditcher
Its working part is a ditching plow body with a share-type soil cutting part. It is towed by a tractor, and ditching operation can be completed in one trip. The productivity is high, but the traction resistance is large, so it must be matched with a high-power tractor, which is suitable for the excavation of smaller ditches.
rotary ditcher
uses a rotary milling and throwing disc to cut and throw soil, which can be used in conjunction with a tractor with medium power, and the ditching operation can be completed after one or more trips. Its working speed is low, generally 5 ~ 4 m/h, so the supporting tractor needs to be equipped with or attached with ultra-low gear, and the energy consumption of unit earthwork is greater than that of plough. It is suitable for the excavation of large ditches.
The working part of the rat track plough
is a cone-ended cylinder similar to a cannonball, with a column and a traction device, which is towed by a tractor to dig a drainage culvert in the farmland.
ditching and pipe burying machine
can complete ditching, pipe burying, soil covering and compaction in one trip.
shovel-and-throw machine
The soil is scooped up by an excavator and sent to the soil throwing parts. The rotary disc-type or upwardly inclined annular belt-type soil throwing parts with soil throwing plates throw the soil laterally to one side, and the soil throwing distance can reach 15-18 meters, which can be used for earth moving operations such as building terraces and digging ditches.
water well drilling rigs
can be divided into three categories: rotary drilling rigs, impact drilling rigs and compound drilling rigs. Rotary type is widely used, which consists of drilling device and circulating well washing device. The drilling device includes rotary table, drill pipe, drill bit and driving device, and different drill bits can be selected according to different rock strata. The circulating well washing device is used to discharge the drilled cuttings out of the well while drilling, and different types can be selected as required. Impact drilling rig is used to impact and break the rock stratum with the drill bit reciprocating up and down, which can be used for drilling hard rock stratum and pebble stratum. However, cuttings removal and drilling cannot be carried out at the same time, so the efficiency is low, and it is generally used for digging shallow wells within 25 meters. The compound drilling rig is a rotary drilling rig with an impact mechanism, which is mainly rotary drilling. When it encounters pebble layer, it uses impact drilling to pass through, so it has strong adaptability.
shovel-throwing machine
a farmland construction machine that can continuously shovel and horizontally throw soil. Used for building terraces, digging ditches and other operations. According to the types of soil-throwing working parts, there are two types: disc type and belt type.
according to the position of the disc shovel on the tractor, there are two types: front type and rear type. The front shovel can clear the way by itself and has strong adaptability to complex terrain. However, the structure is complex, and the thrown soil flow affects the driver's vision and worsens the working conditions. It is mostly used to build steep terraces and tunnels around mountains. The rear shovel-throwing machine has a simple structure and good working conditions, but it has poor adaptability to steep slopes and cannot clear roads by itself. It is mostly used to build gentle slope terraces. Generally, it consists of a frame, a shovel, an arc-shaped soil collecting plate, a soil throwing disc and a transmission device (Figure 1). During operation, the shovel blade forms an angle line of 15 ~ 35 with the ground, and the earthwork is scooped up and collected on the arc soil collecting plate below the soil throwing disc. The soil-throwing disc is driven to rotate by the tractor power output shaft through the universal shaft and the gearbox, and the earth on the soil-collecting plate is thrown tangentially under the action of the throwing of the soil-throwing blades on the disc and the centrifugal force of the disc rotation. The linear velocity at the blade tip is 8 ~ 14m/s, and the soil throwing distance is 5 ~ 15m. The rotation direction of the soil throwing disc can be changed, so that the soil is thrown in the same direction during the back and forth strokes. This kind of machinery has compact structure and low cost, but the impact load is large when throwing soil. The power consumption of shovel-throwing unit earthwork is .1 ~ .2 kWh/m..
the belt scraper is hung at the rear of the tractor, and consists of a shovel, a longitudinal lifting chain, a transverse soil throwing belt, a frame and a transmission device (Figure 2). The driving wheels of the lifting chain and the soil-throwing belt are driven by the power output shaft of the tractor. During operation, the soil scooped up by the shovel is sent to the back transverse soil throwing belt through the inclined upward chain plate longitudinal lifting chain, and the soil throwing belt horizontally transports the soil at an adjustable linear speed of 7-15m/s and throws it at a soil throwing angle of 5 degrees at one side. The maximum throwing distance is 1 ~ 18 meters. This machine has strong adaptability to all kinds of soil, small impact load of soil throwing parts, concentrated soil throwing and good comprehensive utilization performance; After partial modification, it can also be used as potato harvester and yangchangji.
tillage machinery
Basic soil tillage machinery The machinery used for ploughing, loosening or crushing soil includes birch plough, disc plough, chisel plough and rotary cultivator.
share plough
the most commonly used machine for soil cultivation. Its main working part is a plow body composed of share and plow wall. The working surface of the share and the plow wall is a continuous and smooth plow surface, and its shape and parameters are selected according to different soil and farming requirements, and are related to the moving speed of the unit. Different plow surfaces have different functions of turning over soil, loosening soil, breaking soil and covering weed stubble. Fig. 1 shows a suspended paddy field six-share plow in a series of share plows in South China. The amplitude-modulated plow that appeared in the early 198s is a great breakthrough in the traditional structure of the share plow. The amplitude modulation degree of amplitude modulation plow changes by changing the included angle between the main beam and the forward direction of the machine, so as to adapt to the different resistance when farming under various soil conditions. Two-way plough is a special form of share plough, which has two groups of plough bodies, left-handed plough and right-handed plough (both common share ploughs use right-handed plough bodies), or a group of plough bodies whose turning direction can be changed, so that the plough turns the soil to the same side during the back and forth journey of farming, and no furrows are left on the surface after farming. This kind of plow is often used for ploughing on sloping land, irrigated land, small plots and irregular plots.
disc plow
The working part of the disc plow is a concave disc with an inclination angle of about 2 degrees with the vertical plane and an inclination angle of 4 ~ 5 degrees with the advancing direction. During operation, the disc rotates forward under the action of soil reaction, and the soil cut by the disc edge rises along the concave surface and falls over. The disc plough can chop up dry and hard clods and cut off grass roots and small roots. It is suitable for the ploughing operation in stony, grassy, wet and sticky soil and high-yield green manure fields after straw is returned to the field, but under general soil conditions, its ploughing, breaking and covering performance are not as good as that of ploughshare plough.
chisel plow
its working parts are 1 ~ 3 rows of chisel-shaped scarifying shovels with rigid shovels. When plowing, it scarifies the soil without turning over the soil layer, and after plowing, the surface is covered with stubble, which can reduce soil erosion and is suitable for basic soil tillage in arid, stony and serious soil erosion areas. The tillage depth is generally 3 cm, and the maximum tillage depth can reach 45 ~ 75 cm when it is used for soil improvement in arid areas.
The rotary tiller
The rotary tiller is a set of soil cutting blades which are evenly arranged on a horizontal horizontal axis according to multi-head threads. It is driven by the power output shaft of the tractor through a transmission device to cut and break the soil in rotation, and the requirements for seed bed preparation can be met in one operation. It is mainly used in paddy fields, vegetable fields and orchards. Topsoil tillage machinery Topsoil tillage machinery includes disc harrow, nail harrow, compactor and cultivator.
disc harrow
is composed of concave discs arranged in groups. The plane of the cutting edge of the disc is perpendicular to the ground, but at an angle with the forward direction (working state). It is used to level the broken soil after ploughing, to clear stubble after harvest and to loosen the soil and weed the orchard.
The working parts of the nail harrow
are a number of nail rows arranged on the harrow frame at equal intervals, which can be used for operations such as loosening the soil after breaking the cultivated land, forming hard shells on the ground after breaking the rain, weeding crops at seedling stage, etc.
Paddy field harrow
is composed of working parts such as disc harrow group, notched disc harrow group, star harrow group and rolling roller, which are used for soil breaking and leveling after paddy field ploughing. According to different regions and soil conditions, these working parts can be combined into different forms of paddy harrows.
the compactor
is used for surface soil crushing and compaction after harrowing or sowing, and the working part is the compacting wheel. The pressing wheel is cylindrical, annular or V-shaped, and it is sleeved on the axle when working.
cultivator
is used for loosening soil, weeding, ditching and ridging during crop growth. The commonly used working parts are weeding shovel, loosening shovel, universal shovel and ridger. Adding a fertilization device to the intertillage machine can apply fertilizer while weeding in intertillage. Paddy fields can be cultivated by manual hand-pushing toothed roller paddy cultivator or by power-driven weeding wheel paddy cultivator.
combined machinery
combined tillage mechanical energy can complete the basic cultivation of soil and topsoil cultivation at one time-cultivated land and raked land. Its form can be a combination of two different machines and tools, such as share plough-nail rake, share plough-rotary tiller, etc. It can also be a combination of two different working parts, such as a plow and rake plow composed of a plow body and a vertical shaft rotary tillage part.
Orchard machinery
Ploughs and cultivators are often equipped with devices that can automatically avoid the trunk and automatically reset the working parts. In addition to the small area of soil around the trunk, the soil between rows and trees can be cultivated at the same time.
planting machinery
according to different planting objects and technological processes, planting machinery can be divided into three categories: seeder, planter and seedling planter.
seeder
The seeder plants seeds of crops or coated seeds made into pellets. It can be divided into
seeder, drill seeder and hole seeder according to sowing methods. Various types of precision seeders, which began to be developed in the 195s, can accurately control the sowing amount, the distance between holes (plants) and the sowing depth. The pneumatic seed metering precision seeder developed in 197s, its seed metering device (air suction type, air pressure type or air blowing type) uses positive or negative pressure airflow to discharge a row of seeds at a certain interval, realizing single-seed precision hole sowing. Compared with the traditional mechanical seed metering device, it has the characteristics of accurate sowing amount and no damage to seeds. In addition, there is a mechanical precision seed metering device. It is a suspended 6-row cultivator with fertilization device, which can be used for drilling and hole sowing of soybean, corn and sorghum.
planter
The planter plants the seed blocks of potatoes, sweet potatoes and onions, and the seed segments of sugarcane. Because the characteristics and planting requirements of different crops are quite different, most of the planters are special planters, such as potato planters and sugarcane planters.
seedling machinery
the seedling transplanter is used to plant seedlings of rice, cotton, tobacco, vegetables, fruit trees and flowers, and seedlings with nutrient pots or soil. Transplanters are divided into three types: semi-mechanization, mechanization and automation. Semi-mechanized seedling planter is a machine to complete the procedures of ditching, covering soil and pressing, while the seedling taking and planting are completed by the seedling planter sitting on the machine. The seedling planting action of the mechanized seedling planter is also completed by the machine, but the seedlings are still taken by the seedling planter and put into the seedling planting mechanism. Automatic seedling transplanter only manually loads trays of seedlings (usually seedlings with nutrition pots) on the tray frame of the machine, and the machine automatically completes all the planting procedures when it is moving.
Fertilization machinery is used to apply various chemical fertilizers (granular fertilizer, liquid fertilizer), manure, manure and compost in the field, mainly used to apply base fertilizer before plowing, while seed fertilizer and topdressing are generally applied by fertilization devices attached to seeders and cultivators respectively. Commonly used fertilization machinery includes manure spreader, fertilizer spreader trailer, liquid fertilizer sprayer, fertilizer spreader and ammonia strip applicator.
protection machinery
plant protection machinery is used to protect crops and agricultural products from diseases, insects, birds, animals and weeds.