Accordingly, AMD Athlon processor, the competitor of Pentium 4, adopts the front-end bus with double data rate (DDR), and the data transmission rate is 266MHz or 333MHz (2× 133MHz, 2× 166MHz).
Performance To the surprise of industry observers, Pentium 4 has no improvement over the previous P6 architecture design in terms of "integer processing speed" and "floating point performance". On the contrary, it achieves very high clock speed and SSE performance by sacrificing the performance of each cycle. Consistent with Intel's tradition, Pentium 4 also has low-end Celeron [commonly known as Celeron 4] and Celeron versions and high-end Xeon versions for SMP configuration.
The design goal of Pentium 4 is to adapt to the faster clock speed, because consumers begin to buy computers according to higher clocks. In this respect, Pentium 4 is a classic example of market-driven technology. This quickly promoted the mythical movement of AMD clock frequency. Intel uses the deep instruction pipeline to achieve this goal. Compared with other CPUs such as Pentium III and Athlon, Pentium 4 can reduce the number of actual tasks that can be processed per clock cycle, but it can work at a higher clock speed. AMD uses the so-called PR value to mark the Athlon XP processor corresponding to Pentium 4.
When Intel released Pentium 4, it announced to the public that NetBurst architecture could run at 10GHz. However, the NetBurst architecture encountered an unsolvable high power consumption problem at 4GHz. This forced Intel to abandon Pentium 4 in mid-2005 and switch to Pentium M with lower temperature rise, offering the banner of "MoDT". Therefore, Pentium M has also been repositioned as the desktop and small server market.
The Pentium 4 processor at the core of Willamette The design process of Willamette's first Pentium 4 Willamette has been delayed for a long time. It was originally put forward in a product development route of 1998, just as Intel regards Pentium III as their mainstream product. At that time, people only hoped that Willamette would break through the 1GHz barrier as soon as he came out. However, when Pentium III was released, it was obvious that Intel could not call Willamette Pentium III. Because its architecture is very different from that of Pentium III, Pentium 4 adopted NetBurst architecture and was named Pentium 4, which also ended Intel's rule of naming after Roman numerals.
Many experts in the industry believe that the initial release of 1.4 and 1.5GHz P4 is only a stopgap measure before the product is really perfect. According to these experts, Willamette was released because the performance of AMD AthlonThunderbird, a competitive product at that time, had surpassed that of Pentium III, and it was unrealistic for Intel to improve Pentium III. This new core is fabricated by 0. 18 micron [180 nm] process. At first, 423 socket was used on the motherboard, and later version was changed to 478 socket.
In the performance test, Willamette's performance is a bit disappointing to analysts, because it not only can't surpass Athlon and Pentium III, which have the highest frequency in all test environments, but also is obviously not superior to AMD Duron at the low end. Although the price is $865,438+09 (wholesale price is 65,438+0,000), the sales performance is average, but the growth momentum is considerable, partly due to the relatively expensive Rambus dynamic random access memory (RDRAM). Pentium III still maintains Intel's number one chip, and Athlon's sales are slightly ahead of Pentium 4.
200 1 1 month, a lower frequency 1.3GHz chip also joined this series, but in the following1February, Intel gradually caught up with AMD's leading position. In April of 200 1 year, Intel introduced P4 with 1.7GHz, which was the first chip with significantly better performance than Pentium III. On July 5438+0, 2006, Intel launched 1.6 and 1.8GHz models, and in August, it launched Pentium 4 with 1.9 and 2.0GHz. This month, it released a new chipset that can support cheap PC 133 SDRAM. Although SDRAM is much slower than RDRAM, the fact that the price of PC 133 is relatively low has brought about a substantial increase in the sales of Pentium 4, which has driven Pentium III out of the first place in the market almost overnight.
2.0 GHz is the first P4 that can really challenge Velociraptor Thunderbird. At that time, it was the undisputed fastest x86 processor on the market. Many observers believe that Thunderbird is still the fastest overall performance in the market, but the performance gap between them is very close, so it is not unreasonable for supporters of either side to claim to surpass the other. For Intel, this is a remarkable achievement. Intel maintained the leading position in x86CPU performance for 16 years, with only two short exceptions before AMD Athlon was released.
Northwood 200 1 10 Athlon XP once again won a clear lead for AMD, but in June 2002 10, Intel released Pentium 4 with Northwood core of 2.0 and 2.2GHz. Northwood increased the size of L2 cache from 256KB to 5 12KB (the number of transistors increased from 42 million to 55 million), and used the manufacturing process of 130 nm. Chips made of smaller transistors can generate less heat at the same speed or work at a higher clock frequency. Unfortunately, for many users, this new chip can't be used to upgrade the old system, because it needs a new socket (socket 478), although a converter was later made to enable socket 423 to use Northwood processor.
Northwood brought the Pentium 4 era. Although the battle for performance leadership is still fierce (because AMD has released a faster version of Athlon XP), many observers believe that the fastest Northwood P4 is slightly ahead of its competitors. Especially in the summer of 2002, the conversion from AMD to 130 nm manufacturing process was delayed, and P4 in the range of 2.4 to 2.8GHz was obviously the fastest chip on the market at that time.
2.4GHz Pentium 4 was released in April, 2002, 2.53GHz in May, 2.6 GHz and 2.8GHz P4 in August, and 3.06GHz Pentium 4 was released at 165438+, and the bus speed was increased from 400 MHz(4 times 100 MHz) to 533 MHz(4 times/kloc-)
The 3.06GHz processor supports hyper-threading (first appeared in Xeon processors), allowing multiple threads to run at the same time. It is realized by copying a part of the processor so that the operating system thinks there are two logical processors. Hyper-threading mechanism exists in all Northwood CPU, but it is only allowed to be used in 3.06GHz models.
In April 2003, Intel released a series of new 800MHz FSB chips with frequencies ranging from 2.4 to 3.0GHz. The main difference between these new versions and the previous chips is that they all support hyper-threading mechanism and the system bus frequency is 800MHz. It was once suspected that these were to compete with the hammer series of AMD processors. However, AMD only released Snapdragon and initially refused to provide AGP controller, thus preventing Snapdragon from encroaching on Pentium 4 territory. AMD did increase the bus speed of Athlon XP from 333MHz to 400MHz, but this did not stop the new 3.0GHz P4. FSB is not the problem. The conversion from 333MHz to 400MHz brings little or no performance improvement. Pentium 4 with 3.2GHz was launched in June, and the last version with 3.4GHz was launched in early 2004.
It will be shocking to evaluate the overclocking of early Northwood chips. When the core voltage exceeds 1.7V, the processor will gradually become unstable over time until it finally crashes and cannot be used at all. It is believed that this is due to the physical phenomenon of electron migration, in which the internal channel of CPU is gradually degraded with time due to excessive electron energy. It's also called sudden death in Northwood. Mobile Pentium 4 Mobile Intel Pentium 4 Processor The Intel mobile Pentium 4 processor is different from the mobile Pentium 4-M, and the big difference in appearance is that the mobile Pentium 4 has the same iron cover on the wafer as the desktop Pentium 4 processor. Intel positioned it as a user who replaced the desktop with a laptop. Like Pentium 4, Intel uses Socket 478 socket, and also provides the functions of Hyper-Threading, Hyper-Threading and EIST. FSB is also higher than 400 of mobile P4-M, reaching FSB533. The new mobile P4 adopts 90 nm technology, and the highest clock reaches 3.4GHz, 1MB L2 cache.
Pentium is also based on the Northwood core. The mobile Intel Pentium 4 processor -M was released on April 23rd, 2002. It includes Intel's EIST technology to reduce power consumption, but it does not include hyper-threading technology. The maximum L2 is 512k, and the maximum clock is 3.06GHz. At the same time, Celeron, a cheap version, has also introduced a processor similar to Pentium 4-M. The FSB is the same as P4-M, but L2 is only 256K, and the maximum clock of later products can reach 2.8GHz.
Extreme Edition In September 2003, Pentium 4 Extreme Edition (P4EE) appeared in the Intel Developer Forum, which was only one week earlier than the release of AMD's Athlon 64 and Athlon 64 FX(AMD64 FX). This design is basically the same as Pentium 4 (so that they can work on the same motherboard), but it adds 2MB L3 cache. It uses the same Gallatin kernel as Xeon MP, although it uses 478 slots (different from Xeon MP's 603 slots) and an 800MHz bus with twice the speed of Xeon MP. The LGA775 version is also available.
Although Intel claims that the Extreme Edition is mainly for gamers, people think that it is an effort made by Intel to reduce the impact caused by the release of Athlon 64, and call it the "emergency edition". Strangely, although many people criticize Intel for piecing together Xeon series technologies, few people criticize AMD, which uses the same method on their Athlon 64 FX (it is even less different from Opteron than Extreme Edition and Xeon MP).
In different environments, the effect of increasing cache will be different. In office applications, the Extreme Edition is generally slower in Vinos Wood, because L3 cache raises the threshold. Some game programs benefit from the increased cache, especially those based on Thor's Hammer 3 and unreal engine. However, the biggest improvement is in the field of multimedia coding, which is not only faster than Pentium 4, but also faster than two Athlon 64 models.
At the end of 2004, a small performance improvement was achieved by increasing the bus speed from 800MHz to 1066MHz. Before the Extreme Edition migrated to Prescott core, only a 3.46GHz wafer based on Gallatin core was released. The new 3.73GHz Extreme Edition has the same function as 6x0 Prescott 2M, except that it uses 1066MHz bus. In fact, however, the 3.73GHz Extreme Edition is almost always slower than the 3.46GHz Edition.
Don't confuse Pentium 4 Extreme Edition with Pentium Extreme Edition of the same name based on dual-core Pentium D.
Prescott On February 1 2004, Intel proposed a new kernel code-named Prescott. This core uses a 90-nanometer manufacturing process for the first time, and "it" is an important update of Pentium 4 microarchitecture-so important that some analysts wonder why Intel didn't choose to call this processor Pentium 5. Although Prescott's working clock speed is the same as Northwood's, performance tests show that Northwood is slightly faster than Prescott in game applications, but Prescott's extra cache gives Vinos Wood an obvious speed advantage in video editing and other multimedia applications. Prescott's architecture allows it to easily use higher clock speeds. (See overclocking. ) 3.8GHz is the fastest processor based on Prescott processor.
Immediately after the product was released, it was found that Prescott generated about 60% more heat per clock cycle than Vinos Wood, and almost all comments were negative. The socket-type switch (from socket 478 to LGA775) originally hoped to reduce the heat generation to an acceptable level, but actually produced the opposite effect, and the power consumption also increased by about 10%. However, the heat dissipation and installation system involved in LGA775 is a better design, so the average temperature is slightly reduced. Intel engineers' subsequent modifications to the processor are expected to reduce the average temperature, but this has never been achieved except to reduce the speed level.
Finally, the temperature problem became very serious, and Intel had to completely abandon Prescott architecture. The efforts to develop the 4GHz part were also considered to be a waste of internal resources and abandoned. Another concern is that the review found that in extreme cases, the Prescott core of 5.2GHz is needed to compare with the performance of Athlon FX-55 of 2.6GHz. Looking back, when Intel released Pentium 4, it boasted that Pentium 4 was designed for processing speed of 65,438+00 GHz, which would be regarded as the most important and perhaps the most famous engineering defect in Intel's history.
It is reported that the development of Pentium 4, the internal reference design of Pentium M Intel design members, has been basically abandoned.
Prescott's disastrous ending is due to Intel's internal strategy. The marketing department constantly demands higher clock speed to distinguish it from AMD products. The design of the processor is controlled by the market demand rather than the architecture itself. Career development is also based on the idea of higher clock speed. When the P4 project finally arrived, it had a serious impact on the managers of many well-funded desktop branches.
At first, there were two Prescott product lines on the market: E-series supporting 800MHz FSB and hyperthreading, and 533MHz FSB and A-series not supporting hyperthreading.
LGA775 Prescott marked them as 5xx series with evaluation system (Celeron D is 3xx series and Pentium M is 7xx series). The LGA775 version of E series uses model 5x0(520-560), and the LGA775 version of A series uses models 5x5 and 5x9(505-5 19). The fastest 570J and 57 1 work at 3.8GHz.
The 5x0J series (and the corresponding low-end versions 5x5J series and 5x9J series) introduced the XD bit (execute disable) or execute disable bit for the Intel processor product line. This technology, originally used by AMD, is called NX bit, which can help prevent some types of harmful code from being illegally executed by cache overflow.
Intel also released a series of Prescott products supporting EM64T, which is an Intel implementation method of AMD64' s 64-bit extension of x86 system. These products were originally sold as F series and only sold to OEMs, but later they were renamed as 5x 1 series and sold to the public. Two low-end Prescott models supporting EM64T based on 5x5/5x9 series have also been released, using models 506 and 5 16.
5x0, 5x0J and 5x 1 Prescott, in order to speed up some processors using multithreaded software, such as video editing, all integrate multithreading technology.
Prescott 2M In the first quarter of 2005, Intel released a new Prescott kernel, codenamed "Prescott 2m" and numbered 6x0. It includes brand-new 64-bit technology (AMD64 implementation, Intel called EM64T), XD, EIST (Intel Enhanced SpeedStep technology) and 2MB L2 cache. However, the advantages brought by increasing cache are mostly offset by the higher cache threshold and double word length in EM64T mode. Dual cache is not so much to speed up, but to provide the same space to ensure the performance in 64-bit mode.
In order to speed up the processors used in multi-threaded software (such as video editing), 6xx series Prescott 2M processors all contain hyper-threading technology.
In June 2005165438+1October 65438+April, Intel released the Prescott 2M processor with VT (virtual technology, code name "Vanderpool"). Intel only released two Prescott 2M processors running at 3.6GHz and 3.8GHz respectively: 662 and 672.
Intel will release the last Pentium 4 version codenamed Cedar in the first quarter of 2006. 86W TDP cedar mill is expected to solve the overheating problem of Prescott. Cedar Mill has a core of 65nm process, 3 1 pipeline (like Prescott), 800MHz FSB, EM64T, hyper-threading and virtual technology. Cedar Wood Factory will have a 2MB L2 cache. Cedar Mill will be released as Pentium 6x 1 and 6x3 with frequencies ranging from 2.8GHz to 3.8GHz. If the market is large enough, Intel will release chips with clock frequency of 4.0GHz or higher.
Dual-core Intel released three mainstream versions of Pentium 4 with Pentium D8xx as the marketing logo. People praise these chips for improving their performance by 60-80% per clock speed. There is also a [Extreme Edition], which has hyper-threading technology and allows four threads to process in parallel. Other functions include SpeedStep technology (3.0GHz and above), xD bit and EM64T. These chips were put on the market in May 2005.
When Pentium D was first introduced, the first Pentium D processor nicknamed Smithfield Core made two connected Prescott cores. The power consumption is about 155 watts. Intel developers reduced the power consumption of Prescott (1 15W) by operating each core at a very low clock frequency. The Extreme Edition works at 3.2GHz, and the frequencies of mainstream models are 3.2, 3.0 and 2.8GHz respectively. All Smithfield-based processors use 800MHz FSB except 805 which uses 533MHz FSB.
In the first quarter of 2006, Presler, a 65 nm version of Smithfield core, was launched. Based on Pentium D in Praessler, the FSB is 800MHz, and the release models will be 920, 930, 940 and 950, which work at 2.8, 3.0, 3.2 and 3.4GHz respectively. Pentium Extreme Edition based on Presler adopts 955 model, works at 3.46GHz, FSB is 1066MHz, and has hyper-threading technology.
List of technical features of different versions of Intel Pentium 4 and their different features.
Open name
core
CPU frequency
(power supply) socket
FSB/ theory
width
cache
Other features
Initial release version
Willamette
1.3 GHz -
2.0 GHz
423, 478
400 MHz/
3.2 GB/ s
8 KB L 1 data+12 KB L 1
Instruction /256 KB L2
20-stage pipeline, MMX/SSE/SSE2 instruction
P4A
Northwood
1.6 GHz - 2.8 GHz
478
400 MHz/3.2 Gbps
8 KB L 1 data+12 KB instruction /5 12 KB L2.
Improved branch prediction and other pseudo-code adjustment
P4B
Northwood
2.0 GHz to 3.06 GHz
478
533 MHz/4.2 Gbps
8 KB L 1 data+12 KB instruction /5 12 KB L2.
Higher front-end bus
P4C
Northwood
2.4 GHz to 3.4 GHz
478
800 MHz/6.4 Gbps
8 KB L 1 data+12 KB instruction /5 12 KB L2.
Higher front-side bus, hyper-threading, 2 1 pipeline, MMX/SSE/SSE2 instruction.
P4E/5x0 series
Prescott (man's first and last name)
2.8 GHz to 3.6 GHz
478，LGA775
800 MHz/6.4 Gbps
16 KB L 1 data+12 KB L 1 instruction/1024 KB L2
Hyper-threading, 3 1 pipeline, MMX/SSE/SSE2/SSE3 instruction.
P4A* /5x5/5x9 series
Prescott (man's first and last name)
2.4 GHz to 3.06 GHz
478，LGA775
533 MHz/4.2 Gbps
16 KB L 1 data+12 KB L 1 instruction/1024 KB L2
Hyperthreading, 3 1 pipeline, MMX/SSE/SSE2/SSE3 instructions are not supported.
P4 Extreme Edition
Gallatin
3.2 GHz to 3.4 GHz
478，LGA775
800 MHz/6.4 Gbps
8 KB L 1 data+12 KB L 1 instruction /5 12 KB L2/2 MB L3
Hyper-threading, adding three levels of memory, 2 1 pipeline, MMX/SSE/SSE2 instruction.
5x0J series
Prescott (man's first and last name)
2.8 GHz to 3.8 GHz
LGA775
800 mt/s /6.4 GB/ s
16 KB L 1 data+12 KiB L 1 instruction/1 MB L2.
Hyper-threading, execute disable bit
5x5J/5x9J series
Prescott (man's first and last name)
2.67 GHz to 3.06 GHz
LGA775
533 mt/s /4.2 GB/ s
16 KB L 1 data+12 KiB L 1 instruction/1 MB L2.
No hyperthreading, execute disable bit.
P4F/5x 1 series
Prescott (man's first and last name)
2.8 GHz to 3.8 GHz
LGA775
800 mt/s /6.4 GB/ s
16 KB L 1 data+12 KiB L 1 instruction/1 MB L2.
EM64T, 3 1 instruction pipeline and MMX/SSE/SSE2/SSE3 instructions are supported.
6x0 series
Prescott ·2M * *
3.0 GHz to 3.8 GHz
LGA775
800 mt/s /6.4 GB/ s
16 KB L 1 data+12 KiB L 1 instruction /2 MB L2
Hyper-threading, 2 MiB L2 cache, supporting EM64T
6x 1 series
Prescott ·2M * *
3.6 GHz to 3.8 GHz
LGA775
800 mt/s /6.4 GB/ s
16 KB L 1 data+12 KiB L 1 instruction /2 MB L2
Hyper-threading, 2 MiB L2 cache, supporting EM64T
6x2 series
Xuesong mill
3.0 GHz to 3.8 GHz
LGA775
800 mt/s /6.4 GB/ s
16 KB L 1 data+12 KiB L 1 instruction /2 MB L2
Hyper-threading, 2 MiB L2 cache, supporting EM64T
P4 Extreme Edition
Gallatin
3.46 GHz
LGA775
1066 mt/s /8.5 GB/ s
8 KB L 1 data+12 KiB L 1 instruction /5 12 KiB L2/2 MB L3.
Increase the on-chip three-level cache
P4 Extreme Edition
Prescott ·2M * *
3.73 GHz
LGA775
1066 mt/s /8.5 GB/ s
16 KB L 1 data+12 KiB L 1 instruction /2 MB L2 cache.
Hyper-Threading, Faster Front Side Bus
5x6 series
Prescott (man's first and last name)
2.67 GHz to 2.93 GHz
LGA775
533 mt/s /4.2 GB/ s
16 KB L 1 data+12 KiB L 1 instruction/1 MB L2.
No hyper-threading, supporting EM64T
Note: Pentium 4 processor uses the front-side bus, which can transmit data in four states of square wave (rising, peak, falling and valley), instead of using one state like previous processors, so the square wave frequency of the control clock is one quarter of the FSB frequency. Busbars of 400, 533, 800 and 1066 MT per second use square waves of 100, 133, 200 and 266MHz.
Other *-Intel repeated the name "P4A" when planning the Prescott processor series, and they thought that retailers would use this name to let users know about this processor; They gave no reason for this.
The official name of **-600 series is sometimes called equivalent to Xeon, but it uses Irwindale to distinguish it from the original Prescott.