What dynasty was Li Chun from?

Li Chun is a famous bridge craftsman in China. The world-famous Zhaozhou Bridge is his greatest masterpiece, which condenses the wisdom of the Chinese people. The iconic bridge created a new situation in China's bridge construction and made great contributions to the development of China's bridge technology. Which dynasty did Li Chun belong to? Please refer to it!

Which dynasty was Li Chun from?

Li Chun was a bridge builder in the Sui Dynasty. Nowadays, people from Lincheng, Xingtai, Hebei Province. The Zhaozhou Bridge was built from the 15th year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign in the Sui Dynasty to the beginning of the great cause. Zhang Jiazhen, the official secretary of the Tang Dynasty, wrote in "Anji Bridge Inscription": "The Zhaozhou Jiaohe Stone Bridge is the work of Li Chun, a craftsman in the Sui Dynasty. It is strangely made and people don't know why." However, the Zhaozhou Bridge has survived for more than 1,400 years and can be called a masterpiece in the history of Chinese architecture. One of the miracles.

The Zhaozhou Bridge, which has a long history, unique structure, beautiful appearance, and ranks first in the world, embodies Li Chun’s sweat and hard work. Li Chun became the first bridge expert in the history of architecture in China and even the world.

The open-shoulder arc arch form of Zhaozhou Bridge is a great creation of the Chinese working people. The open-shoulder arc stone arch bridge only appeared in the West in the 14th century, which is more than 600 years later than China. In his masterpiece "History of Chinese Science and Technology", Dr. Joseph Needham, a famous British expert on the history of Chinese science and technology, listed 26 scientific and technological achievements that were spread from China to Europe and other regions from the 1st century to the 18th century. The 18th of them is Curved arch bridge. After the completion of the Zhaozhou Bridge, it became the hub of transportation between the north and the south of China. It has the reputation of "a smooth road with thousands of people passing through it, and a post messenger traveling across all nations." Boats sail under the bridge, and people, horses, and vehicles pass over the bridge, which greatly facilitates transportation and people's lives, and provides convenient conditions for people to travel on both sides of the Yangtze River.

This bridge has been built for more than 1,300 years. During this period, it has experienced the impact of more than 8 earthquakes, the test of more than 8 wars; it has withstood the heavy pressure of countless people and livestock vehicles, and suffered countless It has been eroded by wind, frost, ice, snow and rain, but its majesty has not diminished, and it still stands tall on the Yangtze River.

After liberation, Zhaozhou Bridge was listed as a national key cultural relic protection unit. Relevant departments conducted thorough repairs on this ancient bridge to maintain its glorious historical status. Zhaozhou Bridge has become a symbol of the wisdom and wisdom of the Chinese people and a place for patriotism and historicism education. The completion of the Zhaozhou Bridge had an important impact on the history of Chinese bridges. Its long span, arc arch, and large shoulders created a new world for future bridge construction. After the Sui Dynasty, many large arch bridges similar to the Zhaozhou Bridge appeared, and more than a dozen have been discovered, such as the Puji Bridge in Nao County, Shanxi, Jingde Bridge in Jincheng, Yongtong Bridge, and Ji Bridge in Zhao County, Hebei. Mihashi et al. Zhaozhou Bridge has become a model of bridge construction in China.

The design of Zhaozhou Bridge has the following innovations in the history of Chinese bridge technology:

1. The use of arc arch form has changed the tradition that most large stone bridges in China are semicircular arches. Most of the arches of ancient Chinese stone bridges are semicircular. This form is more beautiful and complete, but it also has two shortcomings: First, The transportation is inconvenient. Semi-circular arches are more suitable for bridges with relatively small spans. However, if semi-circular arches are used for long-span bridges, the vaults will be very high, making the bridge high and steep, making it very inconvenient for vehicles, horses and pedestrians to cross the bridge. . Second, the construction is unfavorable. The scaffolding used for semicircular arch stone masonry will be very high, which increases the risk of construction. To this end, Li Chun and the craftsmen creatively adopted the arc arch form, which greatly reduced the height of the stone arch. The clear span of the main hole of the Zhaozhou Bridge is 37.02 meters, while the arch height is only 7.25 meters. The ratio of arch height to span is about 1:5. This achieves the dual purpose of low bridge deck and long span, and the bridge deck transition is smooth. It is very convenient for vehicles and pedestrians, and it also has the advantages of saving materials and convenient construction. Of course, the thrust of the arc-shaped arch on the bridge foundations at both ends increases accordingly, which requires higher requirements for the construction of the bridge foundation.

2． Use shoulder straps. This is a major improvement Li Chun made to the spandrel. He changed the solid shoulder arch used in the previous bridge construction to the open shoulder arch, that is, two small arches are set up at both ends of the big arch, and the small arch near the big arch foot has a clear span. is 3.8 meters, and the clear span of the other arch is 2.8 meters.

This kind of shoulder arch with a large arch and a small arch has excellent technical performance. First of all, it can increase the flood discharge capacity and reduce the impact of floods on the bridge due to the increase in water volume during flood seasons. During the flood season in ancient times, the water potential of the river was relatively large, which was a test for the bridge's flood discharge capacity. Four small arches could share part of the torrent. According to calculations, four small arches could increase the water-crossing area by about 16%, greatly reducing the impact of floods on the bridge. , improve the safety of the bridge. Secondly, compared with solid shoulder arches, the open shoulder arch can save a lot of earth and stone materials and reduce the self-weight of the bridge body. According to calculations, the four small arches can save 26 cubic meters of stone and reduce its own weight by 700 tons, thereby reducing the impact of the bridge body on the abutment and foundation. Vertical pressure and horizontal thrust increase the stability of the bridge. Thirdly, it increases the beauty of the shape. The four small arches are balanced and symmetrical. The large arch and the small arch form a complete picture, which looks more light and beautiful, reflecting the complete unity of architecture and art. Fourth, in line with the theory of structural mechanics, the shoulder-arch structure puts the bridge in a favorable condition when carrying load, which can reduce the deformation of the main arch ring and improve the bearing capacity and stability of the bridge.

3. Single hole. Traditional construction methods in ancient China generally use porous forms for longer bridges, so that the span of each hole is small and the slope is gentle, making it easier to build. However, porous bridges also have disadvantages. For example, there are many bridge piers, which is not conducive to boat navigation and hinders flood discharge. The bridge piers are impacted and eroded by water flow for a long time, and they are prone to collapse over time. Therefore, when Li Chun designed the bridge, he adopted a single-hole long span without piers in the middle of the river, making the stone arch span as long as 37 meters. This is an unprecedented initiative in the history of Chinese bridges.

Zhaozhou Bridge not only has a unique design, but also has a lot of creativity.

1. The bridge site selection is more reasonable to make the bridge foundation stable and reliable. Based on his many years of rich practical experience, Li Chun chose a relatively straight place on both sides of the ** River to build the bridge after strict and thorough investigation and comparison. The stratum here is formed by alluvial river water, and the surface of the stratum has been washed by water for a long time. Coarse sand layer, followed by fine stone, coarse stone, fine sand and clay layers. According to modern calculations, the ground here can withstand 4.5 to 6.6 kilograms of pressure per square centimeter, while the Zhaozhou Bridge's pressure on the ground is 5 to 6 kilograms per square centimeter, which can meet the requirements of the bridge. After the bridge site was selected, the foundation and abutment were built on it. Since the bridge was built, the bridge foundation has only sunk 5 centimeters, indicating that the stratum here is very suitable for bridge construction.

2． The Zhaozhou Bridge's masonry method is novel and its construction and repair are convenient. Li Chun used local materials and selected hard blue-gray sandstone produced in nearby counties as the bridge building stone. The stone arch laying method adopted the longitudinal laying method, that is, the entire bridge is composed of 28 independent lanes. The arch coupons are combined side by side along the width direction. The arch thickness is 1.03 meters. Each coupon is independent and can be operated independently. It is quite flexible. After each coupon is completely closed, it becomes an independent puzzle. After building a coupon, move the weight-bearing coupon. "Scaffolding", then build another adjacent arch. This masonry method has many advantages. It can not only save the wood used to make the "scaffolding" and make it easy to move; it is also beneficial to the maintenance of the bridge. If the stones of an arch are damaged, just embed new stones and perform partial repairs. Rather than having to adjust the entire bridge.

3. Many stringent measures were taken to maintain the stability of the bridge. In order to strengthen the horizontal connection between each arch and make the 28 arches form an organic whole with tight and firm connections, Li Chun took a series of technical measures. 1) Each arch adopts the method of being wider at the bottom and narrower at the top, with a slight "pointing" method, so that each arch is tilted inward and squeezed against each other to strengthen its lateral connection and prevent the arch stones from toppling outward; in the width of the bridge A small amount of "reducing points" has also been adopted, which is to gradually shrink the width from both ends of the bridge to the top of the bridge, from the maximum width of 9.6 meters to 9 meters, to enhance the stability of the bridge. 2) On the main bridge, 5 iron tie rods are set evenly along the width of the bridge, passing through the 28 arch bridges. Each tie rod has a semicircular rod head exposed outside the stone to clamp the 28 arch bridges and strengthen it. Horizontal connections. There is also an iron tie rod on each of the four small arches that plays the same role. 3) A layer of arch protection stones is covered on the outer arch stones and the small arches at both ends to protect the arch stones; there are 6 hook stones on both sides of the arch protection stones to hook the main arch stone. The connection is strong.

4) In order to make the adjacent arch stones fit tightly together, "waist iron" is worn between the adjacent arch stones on both sides of the outer arch, and the adjacent stones between each arch are also connected. There is a "waist iron" pierced on the back of the arch to link the arch stones. Moreover, the side of each arch stone is chiseled with fine diagonal grooves to increase friction and strengthen the lateral connection between the coupons. The adoption of these measures makes the entire bridge a tight whole and enhances the stability and reliability of the entire bridge.

However, outstanding technical achievements like Zhaozhou Bridge and outstanding bridge experts like Li Chun were not taken seriously by feudal rulers in feudal society, and they even did not leave many traces in history books. , except that we know that Sui Dynasty craftsman Li Chun designed and built this world-famous bridge, we know nothing else about it, which must be said to be a big regret. But even so, we still firmly believe that Li Chun, as a generation of bridge experts, and Zhaozhou Bridge as a historical bridge will always be recorded in the history of the motherland and will be remembered by future generations.

What are Li Chun’s works?

Li Guang

Li Guang, Han nationality, was born in Chengji, Longxi. He was a famous general in the Western Han Dynasty in China and his ancestor was a famous general in the Qin Dynasty. Li Xin. In the fourteenth year of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, he joined the army to attack the Huns and was awarded the title of Zhonglang due to his meritorious service. During the reign of Emperor Jing, he successively served as the governor of seven counties in the northern border area. Emperor Wu ascended the throne and was called Weiyang Palace Guard. In the sixth year of Yuanguang, he was appointed General of Xiaoqi and led more than 10,000 cavalry out of Yanmen to attack the Xiongnu. Due to the disparity in numbers, he was wounded and captured. The Huns soldiers placed him between two horses. Li Guang pretended to be dead, jumped up during the gap and galloped back. Later he served as the prefect of Youbeiping County. The Huns were so frightened that they called them flying generals and did not dare to invade for several years. In the fourth year of Yuanshou, during the Battle of Mobei, Li Guang was a former general. He lost his way and failed to participate in the war. He committed suicide after returning to the court. Sima Qian commented that he was a peach and a plum, but he did not say anything and made his own mistakes.

During Emperor Dezong of the Tang Dynasty, Li Guang and other 64 famous generals with outstanding martial arts in history were enshrined in the Wuchengwang Temple, and they were called the Sixty-Four Generals of Wuchengwang Temple. During the reign of Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty, Li Guang was honored as Huairou Bo, and he was one of the seventy-two generals in the Song Wumiao Temple.

Li Chun

Li Chun, a bridge builder in the Sui Dynasty. Nowadays, people from Lincheng, Xingtai, Hebei Province. The Zhaozhou Bridge was built from the 15th year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign in the Sui Dynasty to the beginning of the great cause. Zhang Jiazhen, the official secretary of the Tang Dynasty, recorded in the "Inscription on Anji Bridge": "The Stone Bridge over the Jiao River in Zhaozhou is the work of Li Chun, the craftsman of the Sui Dynasty. It is strangely made and people don't know why." However, the Zhaozhou Bridge has survived for more than 1,400 years and can be called a masterpiece in the history of Chinese architecture. One of the miracles.

The Zhaozhou Bridge, which has a long history, unique structure, beautiful appearance, and ranks first in the world, embodies Li Chun’s sweat and hard work. Li Chun became the first bridge expert in the history of architecture in China and even the world.

Li Bai

Li Bai, also known as Taibai, also known as Qinglian Jushi, also known as "The Exiled Immortal", was a great romantic poet in the Tang Dynasty. He was hailed as the "Poetry Immortal" by later generations. Together with Du Fu, they are called "Li Du". In order to distinguish them from the other two poets Li Shangyin and Du Mu, who are called "Little Li Du", Du Fu and Li Bai are also collectively called "Big Li Du". According to the "New Book of Tang", Li Bai was the ninth grandson of Emperor Xingsheng and the same clan as the kings of Li and Tang. He is a cheerful and generous person who loves drinking, writing poetry, and making friends.

Li Bai was deeply influenced by Huang Lao Liezhuang's thoughts. There is "The Collection of Li Taibai" handed down to the world. Most of his poems were written when he was drunk. His representative works include "Wang Lushan Waterfall", "The Road is Difficult" and "The Road to Shu is Difficult". "About to Enter the Wine", "Ode to Mingtang", "Early Departure from Baidi City" and many other poems.

The Song Dynasty people have biographies of Li Bai's poems and poems. In terms of its pioneering significance and artistic achievements, "Li Bai's Ci" enjoys an extremely high status.

Li Qingzhao

Li Qingzhao, named Yi'an Jushi, was from Jinan, Qizhou. She was a female poet in the Song Dynasty and a representative of the Wanyue Ci School. She was known as "the most talented woman throughout the ages".

Li Qingzhao was born in a scholarly family and lived a wealthy life in her early years. Her father, Li Gefei, had a rich collection of books. She laid a literary foundation in a good family environment when she was a child. After getting married, she and her husband Zhao Mingcheng devoted themselves to collecting and organizing calligraphy, painting and inscriptions. When the Jin soldiers invaded the Central Plains, they lived in the south and were in a lonely situation. In the early stage of his poems, he wrote mostly about his leisurely life, while in the later stage, he mostly lamented his life experience and had a sentimental mood. In terms of form, he makes good use of line drawing techniques, creates his own channels, and uses clear and beautiful language. The argument emphasizes the law of association, advocates elegance, puts forward the saying "don't be the same family" in lyrics, and opposes writing lyrics in the same way as poetry. He is capable of poetry, but not much remains. Some of his chapters are timely and historical, and his sentimental words are generous, which is different from his style of writing.

There are "Collections of Li Yian", "Collected Works of Layman Yi An" and "Ci of Yi An", which have been lost. Later generations compiled "Shuyu Collection" and "Shuyu Ci". There is now a compilation of "Collection of Li Qingzhao".

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Personal profile of the Ly Dynasty

The Ly Dynasty, also known as the Later Ly Dynasty, was the most powerful unified dynasty in Vietnamese history after the former Le Dynasty. , named after the surname of the monarch of that dynasty, Li. The Li dynasty went through nine generations of monarchs, ending in 216 years. Because the Li Dynasty accepted the canonization of China's Song Dynasty, it was also called "Annan Kingdom". In 1009 AD, Li Gongyun, the commander in front of the Zuoqinwei Palace of the former Li Dynasty, seized the throne. The following year, he changed the Yuan Dynasty to Shuntian and made the capital Tsanglong, which was named Li Taizu. After the founding of the Li Dynasty, the central political system model of the Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty was adopted. During the 117 years of the reign of four generations of monarchs including Taizu, Taizong, Shengzong, and Renzong, Vietnam entered a period of political centralization, national unity, and national strength. Li Taizu's governance policies included the construction of Thang Long City, the enfeoffment of central military and political ministers' positions, the reorganization of local political institutions, the development of Buddhism, the implementation of the imperial examination system, the reform of the land and taxation systems, and the adoption of expansionary policies abroad. In the first half of the Li Dynasty, there were many wars with the Song Dynasty, Zhenla, and Champa, and they occupied large areas of territory. In 1054, Li Shengzong changed the name of the country to "Dai Viet", which became the name of several dynasties in Vietnam thereafter. After Li Renzong's death in 1127, the Li Dynasty began to weaken, and the feudal princes in the country fought with each other for power. In the second half of the Li Dynasty, "Fan You's Rebellion", "Guo Bu's Rebellion" and the dictatorship of brothers Chen Siqing and Chen Cheng occurred. In 1225 AD, the powerful minister Chen Shodu took advantage of Emperor Li Zhao's youth to seize power and establish the Chen Dynasty. The Li Dynasty was destroyed.

Who are the four masters of the Southern Song Dynasty?

The four masters of the Southern Song Dynasty are Liu Songnian, Li Tang, Xia Gui and Ma Yuan. Each one has his own style. Among them, Li Tang’s paintings It is very sharp, and the paintings are also very rigorous and powerful. They are very simple in terms of pen and ink or shape. Liu Songnian is very rigorous overall, and he is especially good at ink and green paintings. Ma Yuan is very bold in composition, and can better present the overall sense of space, and can better exude a very strong poetic flavor, giving people a different feeling. Xia Gui's ink painting is vivid and vivid. His brushwork is simple, rich in changes, simple and not too complicated.

A complete historical introduction to the Southern Song Dynasty

Introduction:

The Southern Song Dynasty was a dynasty in Chinese history. Song Gaozong Zhao Gou rebuilt the Song Dynasty in Lin'an, which was known as the Southern Song Dynasty in history. The Jin Dynasty was bounded by the Huai River in the east and Dashan Pass in the west. The Southern Song Dynasty coexisted with Xixia, Jin Dynasty and Dali. The Southern Song Dynasty was located south of the Huaihe River. It was a dynasty in Chinese history with a developed feudal economy, ancient science and technology, and a high degree of openness to the outside world, but its military strength was relatively weak and it was politically incompetent.

In 1127, King Kang Zhaogou crossed south and settled in Lin'an, establishing the Southern Song Dynasty. In 1279, Lu Xiufu threw himself into the sea with Zhao on his back, and the Southern Song Dynasty perished. In the 152nd year of the existence of the Southern Song Dynasty, there were Gaozong, Xiaozong, Guangzong, Ningzong, Lizong, Duzong, Gongdi, Duanzong, Emperor and Nine Emperors.

Extended information

After the fall of the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhao Gou established the Song Dynasty again with its capital in Yingtianfu, Nanjing, and continued to use the country name "Song". Since the territory was located in the south compared to the Northern Song Dynasty, the history It is called the Southern Song Dynasty.

In 1138, the capital was moved to Lin'an Prefecture.

The Southern Song Dynasty was a period of strengthening centralization and "strengthening the branches and weakening the branches". The Southern Song Dynasty inherited the policy of "strong trunks and weak branches" from the Northern Song Dynasty, and took a series of measures to strengthen centralization of power in central and local power, bureaucracy, judiciary, military power, etc., providing a good domestic environment for maintaining the country's internal unity, social stability and economic development. .

From the perspective of the employment system, the Southern Song Dynasty was an era where the so-called "emperors and scholar-bureaucrats ruled the world together". During the Southern Song Dynasty, there were no restrictions on family origin in recruiting scholars. As long as they were not serious criminals, even those in industry, business, miscellaneous work, monks, farmers, and even butchers who killed pigs and cattle could be awarded officials by examination. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Most of those who passed the imperial examination were civilians.

In the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, Shangshu Zuo and Youpushe and Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi were the prime ministers and ministers. The deputy minister of Zhongshu was changed to deputy prime minister in charge of political affairs, and the left and right ministers of Shangshu were abolished.

Judging from the official title of the prime minister, the three provinces have been merged into one province.

During the reign of Emperor Xiaozong, the ministers Zuo and You Pushe and Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi were simply changed to Zuo and You prime ministers, but their participation in political affairs remained unchanged.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Southern Song Dynasty