History of automobile development - early years
(1): History of automobile development
The golden age of early steam vehicles (1)
At the end of the 18th century, there was an upsurge in researching and manufacturing steam automobiles in European and American countries, and various types of steam automobiles came out one after another. Car bodies and other mechanisms are also improving rapidly. By the 19th century, there was a heyday of steam automobiles.
In 1801, Richard Trevitic built Britain's earliest steam car. Two years later, modern times made a steam car that was shaped like a coach. This bus can seat 8 people and has set a world record of 9.6km/h on flat roads and 6.4km/h on slopes.
(2): The golden age of early steam cars (1)
In 1828, Hangeke built a steam train with better performance than the car in Gannet. , and began the entrepreneurialization of public transportation. His car can carry 22 passengers and has a speed of 32km/h. It is very popular after operation. In 1834, the "Scottish Steam Motor Company", the world's earliest public automobile transport company, was developed and established.
(3): History of automobile development
The golden age of early steam vehicles (2)
In 1805, American Ivins built a steam engine for the first time amphibious vehicle. This kind of amphibious vehicle was commissioned by the Philadelphia Port Authority to dredge the Philadelphia Port. It was originally intended to be a dredger. Unexpectedly, after the ship was completed, the dredging operation site was not on the coast, so it had to be considered. A steamship transports it to a place with a port. Ivens installed four wheels on the bottom of the ship, which were driven by the ship's steam engine. In this way, the ship was transported to the port. So the dredger became an amphibious vehicle. It also became the originator of modern amphibious vehicles.
(4): History of automobile development
The decline of early steam vehicles
In the initial development period of steam vehicles, their designs were very simple, just A steam engine was fitted with chassis and wheels. In order to achieve a certain output power, it is necessary to have a boiler as large as possible; in order to achieve a certain stroke, sufficient water and coal must be prepared; if the vehicle body is heavy, a strong chassis and strong wheels are required. In this way, it is a vicious circle, the car becomes heavier and heavier, and the control becomes more and more difficult.
Therefore, these large steam cars are only suitable for scheduled round-trip travel, with fixed routes and coal and water supplies along the way. Even so, there are still many unavoidable flaws, such as difficulty in braking, the car is too heavy, narrow wheels, large inertia, and insensitive steering. Sometimes you know you need to slow down and turn, but you can't slow down or turn. You can only watch the car hit an obstacle, or the brakes are too hard and the axle breaks. What's even more frightening is that the furnace pressure is too high and difficult to control for a while, and boiler explosions often occur.
(5): History of automobile development
The resurgence and final decline of early steam vehicles
At the end of the 19th century, with the development of capitalist industry and commerce, Europe and the United States Governments of various countries felt that horse-drawn carriages were far from meeting the needs of the times, so they began to vigorously advocate powered locomotives. Under this call, the steam industry in various countries developed rapidly again, like dew after a long drought.
The Frenchman Amédé Péreux Paire built a four-wheeled steam long-distance bus in 1872. This car was equipped with two V-shaped steam engines. Approximately similar to a modern car's transmission and steering wheel.
In 1883, Frenchman Thion Pudong formed an automobile company to manufacture three-wheeled steam vehicles. From then on, the steam locomotive entered the industrial production stage from a single trial production.
At the same time as passenger cars developed, freight steam cars also developed. Trucks require large traction and the ability to climb hills. The typical style of early steam wagons was with the engine in the front, rear-wheel drive, and a spacious trough.
(6): Four milestones in the history of automobile development
The first gasoline engine car
In 1885, German engineer Karl Benz developed a A three-wheeler with a 0.85 horsepower gasoline engine. Another German engineer, Godlib Daimler, also developed a four-wheel car powered by a 1.1-horsepower gasoline engine.
The first mass-produced car
In 1908, the Ford Model T, the first four-wheeled vehicle in automobile history that was mass assembled on a production line, was born in the United States. The Ford Model T changed the shape of the previous automobile and horse-drawn vehicles, coupled with innovations and improvements in functional configurations, making it the best personal transportation vehicle in the city at that time. 19,000 units were sold in the first year of its launch. When the Model T rolled off the assembly line in 1920, 15 million had been produced.
The first epoch-making car
The success of the Volkswagen Beetle is well known: it broke the production record of Ford's Model T car. Currently, Volkswagen has launched the new Beetle, which has aroused great interest. Its advantages are that it is durable, not luxurious, and its price is affordable.
The first minicar
(7): The development history of several major automobile companies
Ford Motor Company
Ford Motor Company It is one of the world's top ten automotive industry companies. It is a comprehensive transnational monopoly industrial group mainly engaged in the production of automobiles, with its business scope covering electronics, aviation, steel and military industries. It was founded in Detroit, USA in 1901. The company is currently headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, USA, with a total of 370,000 employees. The engineering research department under the company?熘? Mu Zhi wash lick health ⒘ Zhi milling sheath diarrhea L false 猓? 肂lax fashionable paper weft lazy ⑴艹 ⒋ popping island transparent 鍍Tu ǔ lazy?
The founder of the company, Ford I, was a farmer. Son, he is known as the founder of modern cars. He designed the Ford Model T and assembled it on the assembly line. One car could be produced every 10 seconds, which greatly reduced production costs. He created a production record of 15 million vehicles in 20 years, and at the same time made Ford famous. From 1911 to 1927, it once became the world's number one automobile company and the production history of the Ford Model T is known as a great and epoch-making initiative in the history of the world's automobile industry.
The old Ford founded two car companies, both of which failed. The third time he hired experts to predict the market and come up with ideas for cheap cars, and established a widely distributed sales system. A designer known as a "mechanization genius" designed a production line for him. The completion of these tasks allowed his Model T cars to be continuously integrated into the market. When he achieved decisive success and ascended to the throne of "Car King", he dismissed these heroes and began personal dictatorship and family monopoly. At that time, none of the more than 500 senior employees in the company had received higher education. The finances are in disarray to the extent that they continue to pay salaries to dead employees. The result allowed General Motors to come from behind. When the company was in crisis, Ford II, who was highly educated, took office and brought with him a group of think tanks. The company's operating conditions are gradually improving. But the family's bad habits led Ford II to repeat his mistakes. He was self-willed and categorically fired Jacocca, an automotive genius who had created hundreds of millions of dollars in profits for him, shocking both the government and the opposition.
In just two years from 1980 to 1982, the company's losses reached US$3 billion. On the verge of bankruptcy. At the time of another crisis, Ford II retired gloriously with 40% of the company's shares. Decades of history have proven that property ownership and management rights should be separated under certain conditions. After the new leader took office, he reformed the management system, mobilized the enthusiasm of workers to participate in management, and took a series of measures for the revitalization of the company. In 1989, the turnover reached US$96.9 billion.
Firmly occupying the second position in the U.S. automobile industry
(8): General Motors
The automobile company logo, "GM" in the picture is General Motors.
The abbreviation of (GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION), taken from the first letters of the first two words.
General Motors is the world's largest automobile company, with an annual industrial output value of more than 100 billion US dollars. Its logo GM is taken from the first letter of the English word General Motors. It was developed by William Durant on the basis of Buick Motor Company in September 1908 and was founded in Detroit, the automobile city of the United States. The current headquarters remains in Detroit. In addition to producing and selling cars, it is also involved in aerospace, electronic communications, industrial automation and finance. From the automotive industry, it is about 0%.
General Motors ranks first among the 500 largest companies in the United States and second among the world's largest industrial companies. It employs 80 people in the United States and around the world in 0 countries and regions. The total annual automobile production of the GM family reaches 9 million vehicles.
General Motors has six car divisions in the United States, including Buick, Oldsmobile, Cadillac, Chevrolet, Pontiac and GMC department, in addition, there are many branches around the world, of which General Motors Europe is the largest. The annual output of Opel and Vauxhall has exceeded one million. Not long ago, General Motors acquired the British Lotus Automobile Engineering Company, the world's most advanced sports car research and production department, adding strength to the General Motors family.
General Motors is one of the earliest large-scale enterprises in the United States to implement joint-stock systems and expert group management. The cars produced by General Motors typically display the characteristics of American cars such as luxury, spaciousness, comfortable interior, fast speed, and large power reserve. And General Motors pays special attention to quality and the adoption of new technologies. Therefore, General Motors' products have always enjoyed a high reputation in the minds of users.
(9): Mercedes-Benz Car Company
Mercedes-Benz
The three-pointed star symbolizes the desire to conquer land, sea and air. This logo was created after the merger of Daimler and Mercedes-Benz. Daimler's original trademark was a three-pointed star, while Mercedes-Benz's trademark was a double circle with the word "BENZ" in it. After the merger, the Daimler-Benz trademark was a single circle. Three-pointed star.
Mercedes-Benz is the oldest manufacturer in the world and is famous for its production of high-quality, high-performance luxury cars. It is also one of the top ten automobile companies in the world. Germany is the largest automobile company by sales and second by sales volume. It was founded in 1926 by Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler, who are known as the "Fathers of the Automobile".
The predecessor of Mercedes-Benz Car Company is the Mercedes-Benz Car Factory and Daimler Car Factory established in 1886. In 1926, the two factories merged into Daimler-Benz Cars. The Mercedes-Benz Cars Company was initially divided into the so-called Mannheim version and the Stuttgart version. In 1936, the products were unified named Mercedes-Benz cars. In 1945, Mercedes-Benz began producing trucks, and resumed car production in 1946, gradually restoring its status as the world's major high-end car manufacturer. In 1989, in order to facilitate management, the company was reorganized into Daimler-Benz Industrial Group, and its automotive department was renamed Mercedes-Benz Cars.
Benz is headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany, with a total of 185,000 employees. Annual output of 600,000 cars. The business style of Mercedes-Benz Cars has always been consistent. It does not pursue the expansion of automobile production, but only pursues the production of high-quality, high-performance and high-level automobile products. Among the world's top ten automobile companies, Mercedes-Benz has the smallest output, less than 1 million vehicles, but its profits and sales rank among the top five. Mercedes-Benz's lowest-level cars are priced at more than 15,000 US dollars, while luxury cars are more than 100,000 US dollars, and intermediate models are also around 40,000 US dollars.
In addition to high-end luxury cars, Mercedes-Benz is also the world's most famous manufacturer of buses and heavy-duty trucks. Mercedes-Benz has a wide range of trucks, special-purpose vehicles and buses. There are more than 10 basic types of trucks alone. Mercedes-Benz is also the world's largest heavy-duty vehicle manufacturer. Its all-wheel drive 3850AS truck has a maximum power of 368 kilowatts and a towing capacity of 220 tons. In 1984, the new 6.5-ton to 11-ton trucks launched by Mercedes-Benz on the market adopted new technologies such as air brakes, servo steering and electronic anti-brake devices, which shocked major truck companies