Surprisingly, Zhengjiawazi is located in Yuhong New Town (formerly Tiexi District) in the southwest of Shenyang, on the south side of the Gongtie Tunnel Bridge in Baogong South Street, five kilometers east of Shenyang Station and three kilometers south of Hunhe River. It turned out to be a low-lying moor, hence the name "Zhengjiawazi". The whole site is distributed on the ridge beside the swamp, which is about one kilometer long from north to south. * * * Found 4 sites with a total area of 70,000 square meters. 1958, 27 bronzes and 1 pottery pots, such as machetes and daggers, were found below the surface 1 meter when the brick factory took soil from the first place in the north. 1962, a bronze dagger with a curved blade was unearthed at the second site about 500 meters south of the first site. During the period of 1963, the Northeast Team of the Institute of Archaeology of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences conducted an investigation in Zhao Gong Street and Zhengjiawazi, and conducted a small-scale excavation from May 28th to June 7th in 1965, and found two earthen pit tombs in the Bronze Age and an urn coffin tomb in the Han Dynasty. This excavation confirmed from the stratum that the Zhengjiawazi area was inhabited by people in the Bronze Age first, and then by people in the Han and Jin Dynasties.
Tomb 65 12 of Zhengjiawazi
In August of the same year, archaeologists from Liaoning Province and Shenyang City excavated fourteen tombs in the third place. 14 tombs are divided into north and south areas, 12 small pit tombs are densely arranged in the north area, and two large pit tombs are buried separately in the south area, 80 meters apart, numbered 65 12 and 659 respectively. Among them is Guo Mu Tombno. 65 12 is the largest tomb with the richest funerary objects found in this culture at present. Its tomb pit is dug in raw loess, which is an irregular rectangle, 5 meters long, 3 meters wide and 280 degrees in direction. The mouth of the tomb is slightly larger than the bottom of the tomb. There is a tomb coffin and a wooden coffin at the bottom of the tomb, which have decayed to ashes. Judging from the traces of ashes, it may be arranged in square wood. Between the tomb and the tomb wall, rammed earth is filled. The wooden coffin was placed in the north of the coffin, and the bottom of the coffin was 2 meters long and 0.7 meters wide. There are 42 kinds of 797 bronzes, pottery, stone tools and bones. There is a human bone buried in the coffin, belonging to an elderly man with his head facing west, his feet facing east and his back stretched straight. The tomb owner has a large bronze mirror-shaped ornament on his head and feet, and four smaller bronze mirror-shaped ornaments are placed on his body at equal distances. There are traces of linen wrapping on the ornaments. Wear small beads on your head and big beads around your neck to your chest. Beads are blue-green Tianhe stones. There is a copper machete dagger on the right side of the waist, and a copper dart is covered with a wooden sheath. There is a bell piercing head and seven copper rings on the copper dart. The sword body is badly worn due to long-term use, and the hilt is cemented with mixed materials such as iron and stone powder instead of wooden hilt. There is a knife bag and an axe bag beside the right knee. The knife bag is decorated with an arc triangle, and a copper knife and a copper cone with an arc back of the bone handle are inserted in the bag. A shield decorated with moire patterns is attached to the axe bag, and a copper axe and chisel are placed next to the axe bag. Rows of copper bubbles are arranged around the calves and feet. The copper bubbles around the leg bones are larger, with 124 pieces, while the copper bubbles on the foot bones are smaller, with 56 pieces. A layer of black organic humus is attached to the bone, indicating that these copper bubbles are bronze ornaments covered with nails on a pair of leather boots worn by the tomb owner.
There is also a string of arrows on the left side of the foot bone, 98 of which are * * *, and the arrows are two wings with rhombic cross sections.
Bronzes unearthed from Zhengjiawazi Tomb
There are also objects on all sides between coffins. There is a sword, two curved-edged bronze daggers with wooden sheaths on the upper part of the coffin, decorated with a geometric triangular hook double-buckled bronze mirror and a pair of copper pins; On the left side of the owner of the coffin north tomb is the place where bows and arrows are placed. There are rows of bow sacs decorated with copper bubbles and two bows. The bow is made of bone, and the arrow is seventy-one. The brass cymbals are triangular and sharper than the double-winged cymbals that the owner carries with him.
On the south side of the coffin, that is, on the right side of the tomb owner, there is a large space for placing harness, with four horsehead ornaments of four horses, such as four pairs of bronze horse bits, eight bronze and eight bone legs, horns with unknown preservation and use, and paired round ornaments. Among them, the bronze guards are made into the shape of snakes, which is both economical and shrimp-shaped, vivid and interesting. Pottery is placed at the foot of the southern end of the coffin, and there are three pieces, all of which are mud-gray pottery pots, which are trimmed and polished with pottery wheels, with regular shapes and high temperatures. One of them is decorated with rope.
In addition, there are cattle bones on the east side of the tomb as sacrificial meat.
Bronze dagger unearthed from Zhengjiawazi and its restoration map
The burial custom of Zhengjiawazi tomb, the owner of the tomb, is basically the same as that of the tomb, but the scale and funerary objects are quite different. There are no wooden funerary objects in the small tomb, and there are few funerary objects. Generally, there are only pottery pots, spinning wheels and stone beads. Martyrdom has also been found in a few tombs.
This should be a true reflection of the deep differentiation of social relations, indicating that classes have been formed. The scale of the tomb, the coffin system and the richness of funerary objects in Zhengjiawa 65 12 indicate that the owner of the tomb is a prominent class and leader of this culture. However, judging from its costumes and funerary objects, it also reflects the image of a warrior and the style of a hunter. The costumes such as large and small hexagonal ornaments placed from head to toe seem to have the identity of a witch. Explain that in that era, these identities may all be in the leader. Weapons and harness account for a considerable number of funerary objects, which shows that this tribe is good at riding and shooting. Four horses or four horse-drawn cars, but there is no trace of the car.
Bronze model unearthed from Zhengjiawazi
A large number of nets, spinning wheels and stone tools have been unearthed from Zhengjiawazi site. It is speculated that this tribe is dominated by animal husbandry, supplemented by fishing and hunting, and its handicraft industry is relatively developed. Most of the funerary objects unearthed are bronzes, which shows that the production of bronzes has developed greatly compared with the period of Taishan culture and Xinle upper culture. The casting level is high, and the method of casting and welding separately and the technology of printing patterns by die are adopted. Save money on the shapes of shrimp and snakes. Most other utensils are triangular geometric patterns, all of which are very beautiful. The surfaces of some rustless bronze mirrors and mirror-shaped ornaments are still bright. Sharp blade, as sharp as new. The spectral analysis and chemical analysis of four bronzes, such as sword, bubble, arrow and dart, show that the bronze smelting and casting technology at that time has become more and more skilled, no matter from the aspects of object modeling, alloy proportion control and lead mixing. Axes, cones and hooks were collected in the ruins, which proved that these bronzes were all locally cast. The bone products unearthed in the tomb reflect the development of handicraft industry at that time, such as the bone handle of copper knife, which consists of three bone plates with mortises and mortises; The perforation of bone needle and stone bead can only accommodate thread, which shows its high technological level.
The hilt of the sword unearthed in Zhengjiawazi is said to be
The curved-edged bronze daggers unearthed in Zhengjiawazi are all short-handled, wooden-handled, T-handled with "miscellaneous materials" and T-handled with copper. These are the same as those unearthed from the upper culture of Xiajiadian in western Liaoning. However, Zhengjiawazi no longer uses the sarcophagus that is common in the bronze dagger culture in Qubian, western Liaoning and southern Liaoning, but uses pits and big wooden coffins. Clay gray pottery has been used to make pottery. All these reflect the influence of Yan culture, and at the same time show that it is later than the bronze dagger tomb of Twelve Taiyingzi in western Liaoning. The three-winged bronze cymbals unearthed in Zhengjiawazi have the characteristics of the early Warring States period, so it can be inferred that the age is around the early Warring States period. In addition, judging from a short bronze dagger with broken blade and curved handle unearthed from the South Tower of Shenyang and a T-shaped bronze handle animal breast-shaped weight unearthed from Shangzhi Reservoir in Faku County, it is later than Zhengjiawazi. It can be seen that the lower limit of the cultural type of Zhengjiawazi may be in the middle and late Warring States period, that is, before Qin Kai, the general of Yan State, came to Liaodong.
1979 The same tomb as Zhengjiawazi was also found in Ma Bei Bao Village, Pan Da Township, Hongqu District. Eighteen unearthed cultural relics. There is a bronze dagger, a copper sword dart, a copper axe, a copper chisel, eleven cross-shaped buttons, a large bronze ornament, a millstone and a pillow.
The bones of the two tombs in Zhengjiawazi are old people in their fifties and sixties. Judging from the large transverse diameter of the skull and the short and extremely high head shape, they all have the morphological characteristics of the combination of Siberian and Mongolian races in the Far East.