In our ordinary student life, when it comes to knowledge points, do we all habitually pay attention to them? Knowledge points are some content that is frequently tested, or areas where questions are frequently asked in exams. What are the knowledge points we really need? The following is a summary of high school political life and consumption knowledge points that I compiled. I hope it can help everyone.

1. Currency

1. Commodity

⑴Meaning: labor products used for exchange

(2) Basic attributes: use Value (the attribute of a commodity that can satisfy certain needs of people)

Value (the undifferentiated human labor condensed in the commodity)

2. The meaning and essence of money

　⑴Meaning: Commodities that are separated from commodities and serve as general equivalents (currency is the product of the development of commodity exchange to a certain stage)

　⑵Essence: general equivalents

　3. Functions of money

　⑴Basic functions

①Value scale: Meaning: Money has the function of expressing and measuring the value of all other commodities

Form: Conceptual Currency

② Means of circulation: Meaning: The function of currency as a medium of commodity exchange

Form: real currency

Commodity circulation: commodity exchange using currency as a medium , the formula is commodity-currency-commodity

③Other functions: means of storage, means of payment, world currency

4. Currency circulation law - the actual amount of currency required in circulation is affected by Governed by the laws of currency circulation

⑴Content: The amount of currency required in circulation is directly proportional to the total price of commodities and inversely proportional to the number of currency circulations. Total commodity price = quantity of commodities for sale × commodity price level

　⑵Formula: The amount of currency required in circulation = total commodity price ÷number of currency circulation

　5. Paper money

　⑴Meaning: determined by the country (or certain regions) ) issued and compulsorily used value symbol (the state can determine the issuance volume and face value of banknotes, but cannot determine the purchasing power of banknotes or the value represented by banknotes)

⑵ Advantages: low production cost, easy to store , carry and transport, avoid wear and tear and reduce the invisible loss of precious metals

⑶ Limit: The amount of circulation should be limited to the amount of money actually needed in circulation. Too much can easily lead to inflation, and too little can easily lead to deflation

6. Electronic money: currency that uses computers to store, transfer, purchase, and pay

7. The development of currency : Metal currency (gold and silver bars - coins) - paper money - electronic money

2. Credit instruments and foreign exchange

1. Settlement method

⑴Cash settlement : Use banknotes to complete the collection and payment of economic transactions

⑵ Transfer settlement: Complete the collection and payment of economic transactions through bank transfers

2. Commonly used credit tools - credit cards, Check

⑴Credit card: ①Meaning: An electronic payment card with some or all functions such as consumption, transfer settlement, cash deposit and withdrawal, credit loan, etc. A bank credit card is a credit certificate issued by a commercial bank to customers with good credit status.

②Advantages: multiple functions, convenience, savings, safety, etc.

⑵Check: ①Meaning: It is a payment voucher for demand deposits, and it is a financial institution such as a bank entrusted by the drawer to see the check A bill that unconditionally pays a certain amount to the payee or holder.

② Category: transfer check and cash check

3. The meaning of foreign exchange: a payment method used for international settlement expressed in foreign currency

4. Exchange rate: Also known as the exchange rate, it refers to the exchange ratio between two currencies (if 100 units of foreign currency can be exchanged for more RMB, it means that the exchange rate of the foreign currency has increased and the foreign currency has appreciated; otherwise, it means that the exchange rate of the foreign currency has fallen and the foreign currency has depreciated) RMB Appreciation is good for imports but not good for exports. On the contrary, the opposite.

5. Keep the value of the RMB currency stable

⑴Meaning: To keep the overall price level stable internally, and to maintain the stability of the RMB exchange rate externally

⑵Meaning: To stabilize people’s lives The sustained, rapid and healthy development of the national economy is of great significance to the stability of world finance and economic development.

3. Factors affecting prices

1. The impact of supply and demand on commodity prices

⑴ Supply exceeds demand and prices rise - a seller’s market (sellers dominate

⑵ Oversupply, lower prices - buyer’s market (buyer plays a leading role, in a favorable position)

2. Value determines price

⑴The relationship between value and price: value is the basis of price, and price is the monetary expression of value (generally, the value of a commodity is directly proportional to the price)

⑵The value of a commodity is determined by the socially necessary labor time to produce the commodity Decide. For commodity producers, if individual labor time is higher than socially necessary labor time, they are in a disadvantageous position; if individual labor time is lower than socially necessary labor time, they are in an advantageous position.

⑶ Socially necessary labor time refers to the labor time required to manufacture a certain commodity under the existing normal social production conditions and the average social labor proficiency and labor intensity.

⑷The value of commodities is inversely proportional to social labor productivity.

3. The law of value

⑴Basic content: The value of a commodity is determined by the socially necessary labor time to produce the commodity. Commodity exchange is based on the value of equal exchange.

⑵ Expression form: Commodity prices are affected by supply and demand and fluctuate around the value.

4. Impact of price changes

1. Impact on people’s lives

⑴ Generally speaking, when prices rise, purchases decrease; when prices fall, purchases increase .

⑵ Price changes have a relatively small impact on the demand for daily necessities, but a relatively large impact on the demand for high-end durable consumer goods.

⑶ Among substitutes, when the price of one commodity rises, consumers will reduce their purchases of that commodity and switch to consuming another commodity, resulting in an increase in the demand for another commodity; conversely, when a commodity When the price of one commodity falls, consumers will increase their purchases of that commodity, resulting in a reduction in demand for the other commodity (that is, the price change of the substitute has a reverse impact on both parties)

⑷ In complementarity Among commodities, an increase in the price of one commodity will not only reduce the demand for that commodity, but also reduce the demand for another commodity; conversely, a decrease in the price of one commodity and an increase in demand will cause another The demand for goods increases accordingly (that is, the price changes of complementary goods affect both parties in the same direction)

2. Impact on production and operation:

⑴ Adjust production

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⑵ Increase labor productivity (individual labor productivity)

⑶ Produce marketable high-quality products

5. Consumption and its types

1. There are many factors that affect consumption, the main ones being residents’ income and price levels. Other factors include product performance, quality, appearance, packaging, advertising, purchasing methods, service attitude, family size, economic development level, etc.

2. The impact of income on consumption: Income is the premise and basis of consumption

⑴ Generally speaking, residents’ disposable income is directly proportional to residents’ consumption - to develop the economy, Increase residents' income

⑵ Residents' consumption level not only depends on current income, but also is affected by future income expectations - improve income expectations ⑶ The overall consumption level of society is closely related to the size of people's income gap ( Generally speaking, the two are inversely proportional) - narrowing the income gap

3. Generally speaking, the price level is inversely proportional to people's consumption level - stabilizing prices

4. Consumption Type:

⑴ According to the product type, it can be divided into tangible goods consumption and labor service consumption

⑵ According to the transaction method, it can be divided into money and goods consumption, loan consumption and leasing Consumption

⑶ According to the purpose of consumption, it can be divided into consumption of survival materials (the most basic consumption), consumption of development materials and consumption of enjoyment materials

5. Consumption structure reflects the various types of people The proportion of consumer spending in total consumer spending. It will continue to change with economic development and changes in income.

6. Engel’s coefficient refers to the proportion of food expenditures in total household expenditures. The Engel coefficient decreases, indicating that people's living standards have improved and the consumption structure has improved.

6. Establish a correct concept of consumption

1. Consumer psychology: Often, a consumption behavior will be caused by a variety of consumer psychology

⑴Herd mentality Consumption - specific analysis is required, and blind following is not advisable

⑵ Consumption caused by the psychology of seeking differences - has both positive and negative effects

⑶ Consumption caused by the psychology of comparison - It is unhealthy

⑷Consumption caused by a realistic mentality - it is a kind of rational consumption

2. Be a rational consumer (establish a correct concept of consumption)

　⑴ Live within your means and consume moderately (too frugal is not advisable)

　⑵ Avoid blind obedience and consume rationally (avoid following the trend, avoid emotional consumption, and avoid focusing on material consumption over spiritual consumption)

⑶ Protect the environment and green consumption (the meaning of green consumption: a general term for various consumption behaviors that are aimed at protecting consumer health and saving resources and comply with human health and environmental protection standards; its core is sustainable consumption; Can be summarized as "5R")

⑷ Diligence, thrift and hard work