System construction should not only adapt to the development and changes of socialist market economy, but also protect farmers' basic living rights and interests in a timely and effective manner.
The urgent need is also an objective requirement to promote the stable development of rural social economy and do a good job in family planning. In recent years,
Many parts of the country have made some useful explorations in the construction of rural social security system.
The core of rural social security system construction is rural social security system. In the rural social security system, it is necessary
There are still many specific systems to be established. At present, the basic requirements and wishes of the broad masses of farmers are to realize "
Life (savings) depends on it, sickness has medical care, and old age has a sense of security. Therefore, rural minimum living security, rural endowment insurance and
The construction of three major systems of rural medical insurance is its focus. At the same time, in the construction of rural social security system, there are still some
Important relationships should be properly handled. This paper only studies and discusses these problems.
First, the rural minimum living security system construction
The rural minimum living security system is a rural poor population that it is difficult for the country and society to maintain the most basic life to ensure their income.
Population and the establishment of social relief system. The establishment of rural minimum living security system is not only to reform and improve rural society.
The relief system is an important measure and the key to establish the rural social security system as soon as possible. At present, most
In terms of social relief, all regions still follow the traditional practice of "non-standardization, disunity and arbitrary implementation"
Legally, there is no rural minimum living security system; In a few areas where this system has been established, its system is still not perfect.
Therefore, to do a good job in the construction of rural social security system, we must take the construction of rural minimum living security system as a breakthrough and accelerate it.
The pace of construction, and strive to establish a relatively perfect rural minimum living security system in 2000.
1. Scientifically determine the guarantee line standard. The basic requirements for determining the rural minimum living security line standard are: not only can guarantee
Obstruct the minimum living of the rural poor, but also prevent the tendency of raising lazy people because of the high security standards. Its main exam
These factors are: ① the material needs to maintain the most basic life of farmers. At present, the housing problem of farmers has been basically solved, and the key points are
It is the need to eat and dress. All localities should accurately calculate the annual per capita income of poor people on the basis of careful investigation and study.
Consumption level and per capita basic living expenses. ② The level of rural economic development. Mainly the local per capita GNP.
Value, per capita net income of farmers, etc. ③ The affordability of local finance and village collectives. ④ Inflation index. because
The factors in the world are constantly changing, and the standard of the security line should be adjusted with these factors (usually one year).
Adjust once). All localities should determine a scientific and feasible minimum living standard on the basis of comprehensive consideration of the above factors.
Reference coefficient of barrier standard. According to our investigation in Shandong, Yunnan, Hebei and Jiangsu provinces, farmers
The most basic living expenses such as food and clothing generally account for 25-35% of farmers' per capita net income. 1996 is determined by the state.
The national rural poverty line standard is that the basic living expenses account for 27.5% of the per capita net income of farmers. According to these data and
At present, the bearing capacity of local finance and village collective economy is relatively low, which is a scientific and feasible minimum living guarantee.
The threshold standard should be that the basic living expenses account for about 28% of the per capita income of farmers. Due to the different levels of economic development in different places
Different, the reference coefficient is different. In economically developed areas, farmers' income level is high and their basic living expenses are per capita.
The proportion of consumption expenditure is small, the Engel coefficient is low, and the reference coefficient can be lower, about 26%. Economic debt
The income level of farmers in developed areas is low and poverty is heavy, and the proportion of basic living expenses in per capita consumption expenditure.
Large, Engel coefficient is high, and the reference coefficient can be higher, preferably around 30%. In order to establish the rural minimum living standard as soon as possible
Living security system, its security line standard can be lower in the initial stage (but not lower than the national poverty line standard), in order to
Later, with the development of rural economy, the improvement of farmers' living standards and the change of price increase, it was gradually adjusted and improved.
Tall man. The standard of rural minimum living security line should be defined by county (city) as a unit.
2. Reasonably raise security funds. All along, people's basic livelihood has been guaranteed through the social relief system.
The responsibility of the government. Therefore, the source of security funds should mainly come from the government, and it is absolutely impossible to reach out to individual farmers. in practice
In the work, the security funds can be reasonably shared by provinces, cities, counties, township governments and village collectives, social donations and society.
Help each other and so on. As for the proportion of finance at all levels and village collectives, we should adjust measures to local conditions. generally speaking
It is said that good rural economic conditions are mainly borne by towns and villages; Poor rural economic conditions are mainly caused by provinces and regions.
The burden at the county and township levels can be 2: 4: 4; Rural economic conditions are generally mainly composed of counties, townships and villages.
The three-level burden can be 1/3 or 3: 3: 4 respectively. Governments at all levels should list rural minimum living security funds.
Included in the budget.
3. Define the protected object correctly. The objects of rural minimum living security generally include those caused by insufficient labor force and low income.
Families with difficulties in life; Families impoverished by disasters, diseases and disabilities; No ability to work, no economic source and uncertainty.
Old people, minors, disabled people, etc. According to the survey, the guaranteed dependent population generally accounts for the total rural population.
5 ~ 6%. Defining the minimum living security object in rural areas should be based on the premise that the minimum living security cannot be achieved with the greatest labor efforts.
The barrier line is the measure. It is necessary to fully grasp the membership structure, income level, living expenses and poverty level of poor families.
On the basis of the reasons, combined with the determination of the minimum living standard, the security object is formulated according to the classification and situation.
Conditions and scope, in strict accordance with the examination and approval procedures. In addition, it is necessary to establish a minimum living security object file.
We will keep abreast of the changes in the economic situation of the families covered, and make adjustments once a year.
4. Correct choice of fund management and guarantee methods. There are two ways to manage the minimum living security funds.
: First, the security fund will be centralized at the county level for unified management, special accounts will be implemented, and unified distribution will be achieved in towns and villages on time.
; Second, the financial burden of governments at all levels is centralized at the county level for unified management, and the funds borne by village collectives can be
The collective directly signs a contract or agreement with the security object and issues it on time. Comparatively speaking, the second way is more feasible.
. The minimum living security mode can be flexible and diverse. There are three main ways: one is to distribute disaster relief funds; The second is to send it to the Ministry.
Divide relief funds and some physical objects (such as food and fuel); The third is to formulate preferential policies, such as exempting "three suggestions and five unification"
, compulsory labor, tuition and miscellaneous fees, some medical expenses, etc.
Second, the rural social endowment insurance system construction
Since the early 1990s, rural social endowment insurance system has been implemented in China, which has opened the way for farmers to provide for the aged.
The change has begun. By the end of 1996, rural social endowment insurance had been extended to 1980 county (city) insured farmers.
72 million people, accounting for 14.5% of the school-age insured. As a new security system being explored, it still needs
It is necessary to further reform and improve. Strive to initially establish rural social endowment insurance in 2000 and basically establish it in 2005.
System.
1. The forms of endowment insurance should be flexible and diverse. Rural social endowment insurance has many specific forms, according to the insured's
Different situations can be summarized into two categories: one is universal insurance, that is, individuals directly invest in rural social endowment insurance institutions.
Insurance formed by insurance, the insurance premium is mainly paid by the insured or his relatives; One is occupational insurance, that is, with
Insurance related to certain occupations, such as endowment insurance for employees of township enterprises, endowment insurance for village cadres, and endowment insurance for rural conscripts.
Insurance, endowment insurance for private teachers, endowment insurance for sericulture farmers, etc. The insurance premium shall be shared by the insured and the relevant units.
Pay a certain percentage, and all others will be paid by the relevant units on behalf of the insured. These two kinds of endowment insurance have special forms.
It is the second kind of endowment insurance and should be strongly advocated.
2. Correctly determine the way to raise endowment insurance funds. Raising rural social endowment insurance fund at present.
The implementation of the "individual contributions as the mainstay, supplemented by collective subsidies and supported by the government" approach is in line with rural reality.
The key here is to grasp the degree of "main", "auxiliary" and "auxiliary" In view of the high proportion of collective subsidies at present
For small and small state support, we should appropriately increase the proportion of collective subsidies and increase government support. one
Generally speaking, in rural areas with strong collective economic strength, the proportion of collective subsidies should be 25% ~ 40%; Collective classics
20% ~ 35% is suitable for rural areas with average economic strength; Rural areas with weak collective economic strength should be 15% ~ 30%.
Suitable. For the government, in addition to continuing to give policy support, it can also give financial subsidies according to a certain proportion of collective subsidies.
Help! For individual farmers, we can mobilize farmers with richer families to improve the insurance level.
3. Strive to maintain and increase the value of the endowment insurance fund. At present, China's rural social endowment insurance fund has accumulated.
It has accumulated nearly10 billion yuan, and with the continuous development of rural social endowment insurance, the accumulation of endowment insurance funds will accelerate.
The problem of how to preserve and increase the value of the endowment insurance fund is becoming increasingly prominent. Therefore, it is necessary to seriously study the preservation and appreciation of pension funds.
The methods and measures to preserve the value will gradually make the fund operation market-oriented and realize the reasonable combination and maximum appreciation of the fund. gift
, in addition to pay attention to do a good job in cooperation with banks, improve the yield of savings and purchase of government bonds, but also according to the international
Successful experience, considering multi-channel investment under the principle of safety. In rural areas where social endowment insurance is developed,
We can try to establish an insurance fund investment franchise and operate insurance funds according to the principle of marketization. The state should make laws and regulations.
Policies to provide conditions for the preservation and appreciation of pension funds, such as financial issuance of particularly high interest rate bonds.
, specify special construction projects of insurance funds, etc. Management fees should be as low as possible, and old-age insurance should be
The quota contract system shall be implemented, and the expenses exceeding the quota shall be charged from the business funds of the civil affairs departments at the same level.
4. Strengthen the management of endowment insurance. In view of the current weak management and low management level,
We must strengthen and improve the management of rural social endowment insurance, and gradually implement standardized and institutionalized management. One must
Establish and improve business, finance, capital and file management rules and regulations suitable for local actual work needs, and implement posts.
Establish target management responsibility system, strengthen restraint mechanism and incentive mechanism; The second is strict supervision and inspection, and timely notification to all parties.
Publish relevant information to increase transparency; Third, it is necessary to improve the practice rules and vigorously promote and popularize standardized operations.
Gradually popularize and apply computer personal account management system to continuously improve work efficiency; Fourth, we should strengthen the construction of insurance cadres.
General staff training, strive to train the on-the-job personnel in rotation within 2-3 years, and strive to improve the cadres.
The management level and professional quality of ordinary employees.
Third, the construction of rural medical insurance system.
At present, China's rural medical insurance generally includes cooperative medical care, medical insurance, overall settlement of hospitalization expenses and advance payment.
Health care contracts and other forms, of which cooperative medical care is the most common form. The rural cooperative medical system is managed by the government.
Support, farmers and rural economic organizations * * * with financing, medical mutual assistance and medical insurance.
The rural medical security system of insurance nature. In the 1970s, it once covered more than 90% of rural areas, but in the 1980s,
Almost collapsed. Although there has been some recovery and development in recent years, the progress is slow. 1996 implements the cooperative medical system.
The number of treatment villages only accounts for 17.6% of the total number of villages in China, and the rural population coverage rate is only 10. 1%. Practice has proved that various shapes
The rural cooperative medical system is a good way for farmers to resist the risk of disease through mutual assistance, and it is also a kind of promotion.
The key to rural health development in China. Therefore, all localities should actively develop and improve rural cooperative medical care, and strive to
In 2000, the cooperative medical system was established in most rural areas of the country, and the degree of socialization was gradually improved; At the same time, there is another one.
Some parts of the country can gradually transition to social medical insurance, and by 20 10, perfect rural social medical insurance can be established nationwide.
System.
1. Choose the form of cooperative medical care correctly. At present, rural cooperative medical care mainly includes township management, village management and township management.
There are four forms of joint office and village management. These four forms have their rationality and suitability, and they are all carried out within the scope of villages and towns.
Mutual aid societies have stronger anti-risk ability, more effective supervision and management and gradually improved socialization.
Degree, so, it is better to do township management. From the cooperation content, the current rural cooperative medical care mainly includes taking medicine to support doctors.
There are three forms: combination of medicine and medicine, and combination of medicine and medicine. These forms can coexist and develop, but they should be combined with medicine.
Mainly medicine, because it can better meet the medical needs of farmers.
2. Establish a scientific and reasonable financing mechanism for cooperative medical care. If the cooperative medical system before the 1980s is mainly
"Successfully solved the problem of farmers' drug use and health protection", then, under the socialist market economy system,
Under the cooperative medical system, it is also necessary to solve the problem that "some farmers look down on illness because of poverty, and some farmers become poor and return to poverty because of illness".
Return to poverty. However, from the perspective of financing, the current rural cooperative medical system still raises too much money.
The problem of insufficient subsidies from the collective and the government cannot solve the problem of farmers becoming poor or returning to poverty due to illness.
Healthy. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a scientific and reasonable financing mechanism. The financing of cooperative medical care should be paid by individuals.
Government support as the main measure, supplemented by collective subsidies. Part of the collective subsidy should be based on the local collective economic situation.
Set, generally should account for 20% of the total amount of funds raised; Governments at all levels (mainly at the county and township levels) should also have appropriate finances.
Investment as the start-up and matching funds of cooperative medical care, especially for the establishment of cooperative medical care in poverty-stricken areas, should be earmarked for special purposes.
Other concerns. With the development of social economy, the proportion of investment between the collective and the government should increase. Individual payment of farmers
Whether the amount of funds for cooperative medical care is appropriate depends mainly on two basic factors: first, whether the annual per capita medical expenses are practical.
International expenditure; Second, farmers are willing to pay the amount of cooperative medical fund every year. According to a survey in seven provinces including Zhejiang and Henan
[1],1The per capita medical expenses of rural residents in 1993 were 97 yuan, accounting for 7.14% of the per capita net income of farmers in the previous year; agriculture
The amount people are willing to pay for cooperative medical care accounts for 1.7% of farmers' per capita net income. According to our investigation of Taian and Wei 'an in Shandong Province
According to the survey of the other party, Binzhou and other seven cities (prefectures), the per capita medical expenses of rural farmers in 1996 was 132 yuan, which was the previous year.
7.83% of farmers' per capita net income; The amount that farmers are willing to pay for cooperative medical care accounts for 1 of farmers' per capita net income.
52%。 According to these findings and the reality of rural areas in China, the possible subsidies and support departments of the collective and the government are appropriately deducted.
Points, if the proportion of reimbursement of medical expenses is controlled within the range of 30% ~ 80%, the cooperative medical care that individual farmers should pay.
About 2% of the per capita net income of farmers in the previous year is appropriate.
3. Reasonably determine the reimbursement ratio and gradually improve the level of protection. The proportion of reimbursement for medical expenses shall be borne by the local cooperative doctors.
Medical management institutions according to the amount of financing and the actual expenditure of medical expenses in the past, in accordance with the "fixed income, a slight savings.
"The principle of self-determination can generally be controlled within the range of 30% ~ 80%. In the initial stage of cooperative medical care,
The reimbursement rate can be lower, but not lower than 30% (because less than 30% will not achieve the purpose of medical insurance); along with
After that, it will gradually increase with the increase of farmers' individual contributions, collective and financial subsidies at all levels, but generally it should not exceed.
More than 80% (because more than 80%, there will be a phenomenon of "seeing a doctor regardless of illness, taking more medicine for serious illness", leading to
Waste of medical resources), about 70% is appropriate.
4. Strengthen management and supervision. First, we must establish and improve various management rules and regulations and strictly implement them. Local government or
The administrative department shall, in light of the local conditions, formulate the management measures and detailed rules for the implementation of rural cooperative medical care, and carry out cooperative medical care at all levels.
Medical management institutions should be on financing, reimbursement ratio and scope of assistance, financial management, referral, drug management,
Health services, audit supervision and other aspects to formulate and implement the corresponding cooperative medical management rules and regulations. Take care of it.
Make good use of cooperative medical care funds, implement special management, store them in special accounts and use them for special purposes. Second, we should strengthen audit supervision.
. It is necessary to set up a supervision organization with the participation of relevant departments and farmers' representatives to regularly supervise the implementation of cooperative medical care.
Supervision and inspection, especially the collection, management and use of medical funds, should be strictly audited and reported to farmers.
The list was published. Cooperative medical management organizations at all levels should regularly report their work to the people's government at the same level and accept the supervision of the people's representatives at the same level.
Supervision by the General Assembly.
Four, several relations that should be handled in the construction of rural social security system
1. The relationship between universal safeguard and classified implementation. Universal security refers to the scope of rural social security, including
Including all members of rural society and all aspects of social security they need. The scientific mechanism of social security is great.
Most people share the risks of a few. The greater the coverage, the smaller the probability that each security object will encounter risks.
The more stable the compensation is. This "law of large numbers" also requires the universality of rural social security. Classified implementation refers to rural cooperatives.
The main body, items, fund raising, management methods and treatment standards of social security should be tailored to local conditions and according to our abilities.
Line, in different regions, different periods of emphasis and difference. China has a vast rural area with social and economic development.
It is very unbalanced, and farmers have different requirements for social security. We must proceed from the reality in rural areas and do not engage in "one"
Knife cutting. "In economically developed areas, the conditions for comprehensively promoting the construction of rural social security system are basically mature and should be adopted.
Take measures to comprehensively establish various systems and service networks of rural social security, and gradually improve and improve them; Hair in the middle
In order to reach the region, the conditions for comprehensively promoting the construction of rural social security system are not yet fully mature. First of all, we should focus on subsistence allowances.
With the development of society, economy and industry in the future, the construction of life security system, old-age insurance system and medical insurance system.
In-depth, and then fully open; In economically underdeveloped areas, it can be implemented step by step in a planned and focused manner.
The key point is to do a good job in the establishment of the rural minimum living security system and social mutual assistance and special care, and to do a good job in the old-age insurance system and
The pilot project of medical insurance system construction will be carried out gradually with the development of social economy and the deepening of work.
Push it all out.
2. The internal and external relations of rural social security system. The rural social security system consists of several system groups.
Into a complete system, each system has different functions and is indispensable. At the same time, various systems are interrelated,
The relationship of mutual restriction and promotion. If the old-age insurance and medical insurance are well done, the pension can be lifted for the insured.
Worry at home, good health and high income will reduce the number of people below the poverty line and promote social relief.
Development; If social relief is done well, it can help the poor solve their basic living problems, thus promoting their production and operation.
With the increase of income, more people participate in endowment insurance and medical insurance, thus promoting endowment insurance and medical insurance.
Development. On the contrary, the relationship between rural endowment insurance, medical insurance and social relief is not handled well and it is difficult to develop.
Therefore, the planning and design of rural social security system must be considered comprehensively and carried out in a unified way.
Rural social security service network is the carrier and support of implementing rural social security system. Therefore, the establishment and completion
To improve the rural social security system, we must also establish and improve the rural social security service network. It should be established as soon as possible at present.
Disaster relief, poverty alleviation, medical prevention and health care are county-oriented, with villages as the main body to provide services and villages as the foundation.
6. Security service network, including special care and placement, security for the elderly, security for the disabled and reform of weddings and funerals. Mobilize society
Strength, broaden financing channels, develop and build a number of new social security service entities and facilities, and make full use of them.
On the basis of existing service facilities, the project, content, standard and management are guaranteed through tapping potential, updating and transformation.
Further improve and improve the level of popular science, and gradually realize the socialization and materialization of rural social security service network.
, standardization and institutionalization, so that it can really play the role of ensuring services.
Due to the uneven development of rural economy in different parts of China, the income gap between farmers is very large, and different farmers have great influence on society.
The different requirements of security items and standards determine the multi-level nature of rural security in China: the first level is the social foundation.
This guarantee; The second layer is collective or enterprise supplementary security; The third layer is family (personal) security. These three levels are
Can play a role in protecting farmers' lives, but also complement each other, so they should all be done well, only in different social and economic articles
The next item should be the focus. In economically developed rural areas, priority should be given to basic social security; In moderately developed rural areas,
It should be a combination of the three; In economically underdeveloped areas, family security is still the main body. Among the moderately developed and underdeveloped farmers
With the development of economy, rural areas will gradually turn to basic social security. At present, China's rural and urban society
Insurance is carried out separately, and this situation will exist for a long time, but in the end it is necessary to realize the integration of the two. at present
In order to reduce the pressure of rural social security, the scope of urban social security should be extended to migrant workers working in cities. protect
Insurance companies offering rural endowment insurance and medical insurance can also play the role of insurance and can enter social insurance.
Areas that are difficult to be covered by insurance have become a useful supplement to social insurance. However, because commercial insurance is purely commercial.
(for profit), it is difficult to play the role of social security, and sometimes it will compete with social insurance for the insurance market.
The contradiction between the market and the insurance market has caused confusion. Therefore, insurance companies can be allowed to provide pension and medical insurance in rural areas.
, but its behavior must be standardized. In practical work, we should pay attention to coordinating the relationship between social insurance and commercial insurance and avoid it.
Avoid conflicts. In addition, when planning, designing and implementing rural social security, we should also pay attention to the relationship with other societies.
Interrelation and coordination of economic policies.
3. The relationship between unification and separation of social security management system. At present, the social security management system in both rural and urban areas.
There is a problem that there are many political departments, and there is no distinction between political departments. To solve this problem, we must deal with the relationship between unity and separation.
Establish a social security management system that combines unification and separation. The so-called "unification" means the establishment of a unified national social security system.
Management organization, rural social security can be used as a branch; The so-called "division of labor" refers to the unified management
The division of labor means separating the administrative, executive and supervisory organs, making them relatively independent, interrelated and mutually restrictive.
About. To this end, the following institutions must be established: First, the administrative organization-the Social Security Management Committee. The mechanism
It mainly performs the government's social security function and is responsible for formulating social security development plans including rural areas.
Policies and relevant laws and regulations, and provide necessary guidance and supervision to social security institutions. The second is the execution machine.
Social security management center. The agency is responsible for the operation of social security, including the implementation of social security.
The rules, policies and systems formulated by the CMC are responsible for daily business management, fund raising, payment and operation.
In the future, with the development of social security, the collection, payment and operation of funds should be independent, and special
The operating organization of the door, in order to better realize the preservation and appreciation of the fund. The third is the supervisory body-the Social Security Supervision Committee.
Yes The function of this institution is to supervise the implementation of relevant laws, regulations, policies and systems of the social security management center.
Supervise and inspect the income and expenditure and operation of the fund. In order to ensure the effectiveness of supervision, the Social Security Supervision Committee
It should be an institution parallel to the Social Security Management Committee and subordinate to the government or the National People's Congress.
4. The relationship between government organizations and farmers' wishes. The construction of rural social security system is a comprehensive political project.
It is not enough to rely on a certain department for the work with strong policy and great difficulty. Only the party committee and government attach great importance to it and it is feasible.
Strengthening leadership and taking organizing, guiding and supporting rural social security work as government actions can ensure rural society.
Ensure the smooth development of the cause. Therefore, governments at all levels and relevant departments should attach importance to the stability and development of rural social economy.
Bureau, put the rural social security work on the important agenda, into the national economic and social development planning,
Seriously study the policies and measures to accelerate the construction of rural social security system, and strive to do this work well. Rural society
The funds needed for the construction of the security system, especially the rural social endowment insurance and medical insurance system, are mainly farmers.
People-oriented, but at present most farmers have low income and low awareness of social security. If administrative measures are taken,
The method of ordering will cause farmers' dissatisfaction, not only failing to do a good job in social security, but also affecting society.
Stable. Therefore, when organizing rural social security work, the government must adhere to the principle of guiding the situation and volunteering.
. In practical work, we should strengthen publicity and education, and let farmers recharge their batteries through flexible and diverse forms of publicity and education.
Recognize the importance of rural social security system construction, and through the corresponding legal education, let the majority of farmers
I realize that it is my duty to pay the social security fund according to law in order to enhance the social security of farmers.
Obstacle consciousness, improve the enthusiasm and consciousness of farmers to participate in social security.
Precautions:
[1] Ye et al.: Basic Model of Cooperative Medical System Reform in Seven Provinces 14 Project Counties, Rural Health in China.
Business administration, 1996, 12.
Editor Yi Ding
refer to
1. Wei Xinghua et al.: Research on Social Security System in China, Renmin University of China Press.
2. Guo: Overview of China's social security system, China Democracy and Legal Publishing House.
3. Xu: Accelerating the Construction of Rural Social Security System, China Civil Affairs, No.8, 1997.
4. Xue et al. : "Empirical analysis and policy suggestions on rural social endowment insurance system", "China's view on rural areas"
Cha, No.2, 1997.
5. Statistical bulletins and related documents issued by the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Civil Affairs.
Further reading: How to buy insurance, which is good, and teach you how to avoid these "pits" of insurance.