The rural social endowment insurance system is the first social insurance system for farmers in China, which was gradually popularized and established in some places as early as the 199s. In the process of establishing and developing socialist market economy, China's original rural social security system based on planned economy has gradually become an important factor restricting the transformation of economic system and its own development. It has become people's awareness to rebuild China's rural social security system, especially the rural endowment insurance system. Only by establishing and perfecting the rural social security system, including the rural social endowment insurance system, can we completely solve the problem of farmers' aging and improve the level of rural old-age security.
1. The current mode of providing for the aged in rural areas of China
With the acceleration of China's aging process, the hidden problem of providing for the aged in rural areas has begun to appear obviously. Solving the problem of providing for the aged in rural areas will be an important task that the society has to face now. At present, in the vast rural areas, three modes of family pension, land pension and social insurance pension are the basic modes of old-age security, while the community pension mode is a new attempt, and the above four modes are isomorphic to form the rural pension system.
(1) Family support mode
Family support mode is the emphasis of "filial piety" in Shandong Confucian culture and a fine tradition of the Chinese nation that has lasted for thousands of years. The obligation to support the elderly has become the internal responsibility and independent consciousness of every Chinese son and daughter, and it is a part of their personality. This is no exception in the vast rural areas, and because of the low level of social and economic development in China's vast rural areas, the conditions for implementing other pension models are not quite available, and families are irreplaceable in providing life care and spiritual comfort. Therefore, at present, family pension is still the most important mode of rural pension in China. However, on the one hand, it does not meet the basic requirements of social insurance for the aged, and on the other hand, it does not meet the requirements of rural population policy, especially today, when the rural family planning policy has been implemented for nearly 2 years, the rural population structure has undergone great changes, and the old and few children have made the traditional "family pension" environment in rural areas no longer exist; At the same time, it is another unfair treatment to rural workers that "the rural old-age care is based on family security", which makes farmers not enjoy the basic national treatment and makes the government's responsibility in the rural old-age social insurance system not be properly reflected.
(II) Land-based pension mode
Land is the basis on which farmers live. For farmers, land is not only the means of production, but also the means of subsistence. Especially after the implementation of the household contract responsibility system, the rural elderly can rely on land income to solve part of their livelihood. Under the current level of productivity development, using land to maintain the most basic survival can be said that land is their most stable and last old-age security safety net. However, we should consider what the elderly can do, and what if they can't work, the disadvantages of this way of providing for the elderly will emerge.
(III) Social Insurance Mode
In p>1992, the Ministry of Civil Affairs issued the Basic Plan of Rural Social Endowment Insurance at County Level (Trial) (hereinafter referred to as the Plan), which was a precedent for rural social insurance. In the scheme, a new idea is put forward that individuals, collectives and the state should pay the same fee and the society should make overall plans to solve the problem of rural old-age care. In 1994, the program began to be piloted in some rural economically developed and relatively developed areas. Its main approach is to set up an endowment insurance fund based on the principle of farmers' voluntariness and the reality of rural areas and farmers under the guidance of government organizations. The insurance fund is mainly paid by individual farmers, supplemented by collective subsidies. The state gives policy support, implements the model of reserve accumulation, and receives pensions according to the total amount of accumulated funds and the expected average number of years of receiving.
(IV) Community pension mode
Community (including township) pension refers to the rural or township enterprises with relatively strong collective economic strength, which provide pensions to the rural elderly in imitation of the practices of urban enterprises and institutions. The implementation scope of community pension is relatively narrow, which is often restricted by the level of rural economic development in this area, so it is not easy to popularize.
second, the problems and causes of rural social endowment insurance system
the establishment and improvement of rural endowment insurance system is not only related to social stability and long-term stability of the country, but also the guarantee for China to achieve the goal of * * * with prosperity. However, it is undeniable that the rural social endowment insurance system based on the "Program" itself has many "congenital deficiencies", and there are also a lot of problems in the operation process, facing some unavoidable problems and dilemmas.
(I) Problems
Although the old-age insurance model determined in the Plan has a certain positive effect in increasing transparency, reducing the financial pressure of the government, promoting farmers' awareness of saving, changing farmers' family concept and fertility will, this essentially "completely accumulated and self-balanced" commercial savings insurance also has obvious defects.
1. Low legal level and lack of binding force
The rural social endowment insurance measures in various places are basically based on the "Program" formulated by the Ministry of Civil Affairs, and are formulated with slight modifications in combination with local actual conditions. Its laws and regulations are low in level and lack of binding force. In particular, there are no effective restrictions and penalties for the loss and misappropriation of insurance funds. According to statistics, by the end of 2, the national agricultural insurance fund accumulated a total of 19.858 billion yuan, of which 1.27 billion yuan was difficult to recover the principal and interest, accounting for .68% of the total fund. It can be seen that the irregularities in the management of rural social security funds are still quite serious. It is this unstable system and common violations that make farmers feel scared and have low enthusiasm, and it is difficult to carry out rural endowment insurance. Most places emphasize that farmers voluntarily participate in endowment insurance, which is contrary to the essence of social insurance and is not conducive to the establishment of rural endowment insurance system.
2. The state pays insufficient attention to it, and the old-age insurance lags behind
Due to the traditional dual economic structure of urban and rural areas in China, the security pattern of "urban and rural division" has been created. The state has invested a lot of material and financial resources in the construction of urban social security, and the urban social insurance work has also made some progress, while the state has paid little attention to the rural social endowment insurance work and invested little. The current rural social endowment insurance stipulates that the collection of insurance premiums is mainly paid by individuals, supplemented by collective assistance, and the state gives policy support. The individual accounts of farmers are completely paid by individuals, and the state has no responsibility. This shows that social security is still basically or mainly for urban workers.
3. The source of self-sufficiency is insufficient and the attraction is small
The current rural social endowment insurance is "mainly paid by individuals, supplemented by collective subsidies, and supported by policies of the state". The collective subsidy is not in place or the amount is too small, or it is only reflected in some places or some people; National policy support is limited to paying collective subsidies to township enterprises before tax, and there is no other support policy; Local finance, in addition to agency fees (which are not borne by local finance), has no other support policies. In the absence of compulsion, the above policies alone are too attractive to play an attractive role.
4. The growth rate of the fund is slow, and it can't make ends meet
The growth rate of the fund can't keep up with the growth rate of pension payment, resulting in negative growth. The main ways to increase the value of agricultural insurance funds are depositing in banks and purchasing government bonds. At the beginning of the establishment of the rural social endowment insurance system, the national bond interest rate and bank deposit interest rate were very high, so the insurance payment rate promised to farmers was as high as 12%. With the change of macroeconomic situation, the interest rates of bonds and bank deposits were lowered many times, resulting in slow fund appreciation. Coupled with the lack of stable investment channels, the agricultural insurance fund can not make ends meet, resulting in negative growth.
5, illegal deposit of agricultural insurance funds, resulting in huge losses
In some places, agricultural insurance funds were illegally deposited in local commercial banks, rural credit cooperatives or non-bank financial institutions. Some of these institutions went bankrupt due to poor management, resulting in the loss of the deposited agricultural insurance funds, resulting in a payment crisis, and petitions from insured farmers also occurred from time to time, and more and more people demanded to surrender, which became a social instability factor.
(II) Cause analysis
As a new thing, it is inevitable that the rural social endowment insurance will encounter difficulties and problems in the development process. To explore the reasons carefully is nothing more than the following aspects: First, the traditional concept remains unchanged, and the modern insurance consciousness has not yet formed. Family support for the aged has always been the preferred way for Chinese farmers to support the aged, which has been an integral part of the self-sufficient economy for thousands of years and is also the expression of traditional oriental ethics. However, the reform of rural social endowment insurance is in its infancy, and the farmers' awareness of self-protection is indifferent, and the modern insurance awareness has not really formed. Second, the collective economy is weak and farmers' income growth is slow. In some places, the development of collective economy lags behind, so it is difficult to provide subsidies for social endowment insurance. Where the collective economy is underdeveloped, the growth rate of farmers' income is bound to be slow. Even if they have money, farmers will spend most of it on the purchase of means of subsistence and means of production, but they are unable to participate in endowment insurance. Third, the management system has not been straightened out, undermining the integrity of the fund. Insurance funds are in a decentralized management state, so it is difficult for small-scale funds managed separately to make diversified investments, and it is difficult to achieve the purpose of maintaining and increasing the value of insurance funds; The fund management is also interfered by local administration, and misappropriation and embezzlement are common, which undermines the integrity of the fund. Fourth, the reform measures are not matched, which restricts the development of the old-age insurance system. Rural social endowment insurance is an organic part of rural social security system and even the whole social security system. Up to now, there are still tens of millions of people living below the poverty line in rural areas of China, and their minimum living security has not been solved. How can we solve the problem of providing for the aged? And providing for the aged itself is not only a matter of food and clothing, but also involves medical care and services. It can be seen that the incompatibility of other system reforms has also bound the hands and feet of the rural social endowment insurance system reform.
Third, the improvement and outlet of rural old-age insurance system
With the rapid aging in China in the next 2 years, rural old-age care will take on a new pattern: new family old-age care will take the dominant position, and social old-age insurance will be strengthened, thus establishing a more reliable barrier for farmers' old-age care together with other old-age security systems. We should look for the root of the problem from the existing system itself in order to take corresponding countermeasures.
(a) to speed up the construction of the legal system and truly reflect fairness and efficiency
The market economy itself is an economy ruled by law. The rural social endowment insurance system must be implemented in the form of law, not just in the form of social policy. We should learn from the experience and practices of western developed countries, according to China's actual situation, combined with the reform of fiscal, financial and tax systems, formulate and improve the laws and regulations on rural social endowment insurance that adapt to the socialist market economic system as soon as possible, and have clear legal provisions on the source of funds, application direction, value-added channels, even security standards, revenue and expenditure procedures, etc., standardize their operation behavior, and confirm this legal right of farmers in the form of legal system, so as to fundamentally solve the social endowment problem of farmers and promote economic and social development.
firstly, the legal status of rural social endowment insurance system should be established. It is clearly stipulated in the form of legislation that the rural social endowment insurance system is the social security implemented by the state for the rural elderly groups in order to ensure rural social stability, according to the needs of social and economic development, and in line with the principle of social equity. It is established as a means of regulating social distribution. Secondly, accelerate the pace of legislation of rural social old-age security, so that all measures of rural social old-age security have laws to follow, which is convenient for operation and improves the stability of the system. In China's social security legislation, rural social endowment insurance should be absorbed into comprehensive social security laws and regulations, and the construction of rural social endowment insurance and basic old-age insurance system should be promoted by the compulsion of laws. Thirdly, establish and improve the supervision mechanism of the old-age insurance law to ensure the standardization of the collection, payment and operation of the social old-age insurance fund, prevent the risks of the social insurance fund, and increase its value through reasonable operation to better meet the needs of the rural social old-age insurance system construction.
(II) Strengthening government responsibility and increasing support
The main body of socialized old-age care is society, which is realized by social operation. The leader who can represent and manage the society is the government. It is right to emphasize that individuals should bear obligations when implementing rural social endowment insurance, but this cannot be used as a reason to shirk the responsibilities that the government should bear. The investigation results show that the lack of government support is the fundamental reason for farmers' lack of enthusiasm for insurance. Therefore, in view of the current situation that collective subsidies are too small and state support is minimal, we should consider how to increase the proportion of collective subsidies and increase government support.
in view of the limited financial resources of the Chinese government and the large gap between urban and rural areas, we can design different social endowment insurance standards in urban and rural areas according to the principle of "low level and wide coverage" and the expenses necessary for local villagers to maintain their basic livelihood, and we can appropriately postpone the age of paying endowment insurance to 65. In 22, there were about 54 million elderly people over the age of 65 in China's rural areas. According to the annual subsidy for 3 yuan per person, the fund needed by * * * was 16.2 billion yuan, accounting for only .86% of the fiscal revenue (in 22, China's fiscal revenue was 1,891.4 billion yuan), so it should be no problem for the government to bear this expenditure. In 22, the central government spent 136.2 billion yuan on social security, an increase of 38.6% over the previous year. If 1% is added to the farmers' old-age insurance subsidies (that is, 13.6 billion yuan), the central government should be able to perform this responsibility. The insufficient part can be borne by local finance. Only in this way can rural social endowment insurance truly have the "sociality" and "welfare" that social insurance should have, and can arouse farmers' enthusiasm for insurance.
(3) Give full play to the advantages of family pension and rebuild the land security capacity.
the Chinese nation has a tradition of respecting, respecting and supporting the elderly, which has laid an ideological and cultural foundation for the implementation and consolidation of the family pension system. Although due to the arrival of the aging population, the implementation of the family planning policy, and the influx of rural surplus labor into cities, rural families tend to be miniaturized, and family pension is threatened to some extent; From a long-term point of view, with the progress of rural production mode, the way of providing for the aged will inevitably transition from family to society. However, at this stage, due to many reasons in China's economic and social development, it is impossible for farmers to rely entirely on society for providing for the aged, and family pension is still the main form of old-age security, so we must give full play to its advantages. The government can encourage rural families to support the elderly from the system construction, such as giving preferential tax policies and appropriate income subsidies.
Further reading: How to buy insurance, which is better, and teach you how to avoid these "pits" of insurance.