Struggling for forty years (198-1949)
In April 198, the Qing government established Jingshi Water Supply Co., Ltd., and began to prepare for the first water plant in Beijing-Dongzhimen Water Plant. The water plant project was completed in January 191 and put into production in March of the same year, with a daily water supply capacity of 18,7 cubic meters and water supply pipelines. In the following 4 years, although it experienced the late Qing Dynasty, Beiyang, Japanese puppet rule, the national government and other periods, Beijing's water supply industry has been developing slowly. By the eve of the liberation of Beiping in 1949, Beijing's water supply facilities only had a water plant in Dongzhimen, 29 wells and 364 kilometers of water supply pipelines, with a daily water supply capacity of 5, cubic meters. The water supply scope was only in downtown areas, with a water consumption population of more than 6,, and the water supply penetration rate in urban areas was 29.5%.
The construction of the first waterworks took a lot of trouble.
The establishment of tap water industry was an unprecedented new thing. At that time, the Qing government was ignorant and backward, and everything had to be imported. Ruiji Foreign Firm, which was in charge of equipment supply, not only failed to supply the goods on time, but also often provided substandard equipment made in Germany. On November 3, 199, when Dongzhimen Waterworks was commissioned to deliver water to the water tower, the cast iron water pipe next to the water tower suddenly burst more than a foot as soon as it was started. It turned out that this water pipe was a cracked remnant. Such phenomena as replacing the rubber pad of the faucet with a paper pad and providing rusty water pipes are even more numerous. But at that time, China was unable to produce, and the supplier denied it unreasonably, so there was no way but to crustily skin of head and buy German-made water supply equipment, which not only brought difficulties to the construction, but also brought many troubles to the future operation.
Water supply pipeline laying also happens frequently. The installation of water pipes must be ditched. Because of the uncivilized atmosphere and the prevalence of feudal superstition, many people thought that ditching would destroy the geomantic omen of local host families and bring them ominous disasters, so they stopped it, especially for some powerful families. For example, when the water supply pipeline was installed in the north back wall of the Regent's Palace in Qing Dynasty (now the former residence of Soong Ching Ling), the family of the Palace came out to stop digging ditches. This was a hot giant at that time, so the workers had to stop working and report to their superiors. In a short time, the steward in charge rushed to the construction site in a carriage with an imperial edict in his hand, and shouted the imperial edict, only to see the family members who blocked the construction kneel on the ground. At this time, the steward read it again with an imperial edict in his hand, which roughly means that this project is constructed according to the imperial edict, which is beneficial to people's livelihood, and all officials in the place where it passes shall not stop it. Since then, the Wangfu family has stopped digging ditches and the project has been able to continue. There are many such things.
It was difficult to sell water in the early days
When the tap water company officially opened, it was suspected and opposed by some people, and even slandered, saying that tap water was "foreign pancreatic juice" and could not be used, which made it very difficult to sell tap water in the early days. In order to dispel many people's worries, Jingshi Water Supply Company took great pains to publish advertisements in Vernacular Newspaper in classical Chinese and vernacular Chinese respectively, stating in detail that the newspaper was invited to guide public opinion and enlighten the society, so that everyone knew the benefits of tap water. At the same time, it also enlightened the public and refuted those rumors in a scientific way. In the advertisement, it said, "... but there is one case that needs to be declared to everyone, that is, the water released by this faucet at first glance is a little white. Some people don't know, they think that the pipe can't be washed clean, and they say that it's the same as foreign pancreatic juice, but they don't know this truth. If you say it, you will understand it, and everyone will not misunderstand it. "
In order to attract more customers, the water company said in an advertisement that "... you can buy two tickets if you take a copper coin in the future, and you can take one ticket and carry water, which is really cheap. From the tenth day of February to the tenth and third months of May, our company even gives preferential treatment to the price, reducing the water price by half. With a copper coin, you can buy four tickets and carry four buckets of water ... "Despite vigorous publicity, the business situation is still not good. In 191, the average daily water supply was only 1613 cubic meters, relying on 42 market faucets to sell water and a very small amount of water for users.
In the past, drinking tap water was the patent of the rich. In the early 2th century, except for the water used in the imperial palace, the Imperial Tea House set up a waterwheel to take spring water from Yuquan Mountain, and the general residents mainly relied on simple shallow wells to get water for their daily use. Up to now, there are still many streets and lanes in the urban area named after the owner of the well, the water quality of the well, the location of the well or the number of wells. Such as Wangfujing, Yaojiajing, Datian Well, Xiaotian Well, Bitter Well, Eryan Well, Sanyanjing, Qijing Hutong and so on. According to records in 1945, there are 4,5 shallow wells in Beijing.
When Dongzhimen Waterworks was built, the main consideration was the giants, dignitaries and dignitaries in the Imperial Palace and the urban area. But at the beginning, they didn't drink tap water in the palace, but they drank the water from Yuquan Mountain. As for the tap water pipe, it was mainly for fire fighting, but at that time, only a section of DN2mm pipe was introduced from Donghuamen, and it stopped when it was installed in Wenchang Pavilion. The total length was only 3 meters, and several fire hydrants were installed on it, but it was purely symbolic. Not only the palace, but also many dignitaries did not drink tap water in the early days because they were afraid of being poisoned by foreign devils in the water. This phenomenon continued until the overthrow of the Manchu government and the founding of the Republic of China. Some dignitaries dared to drink tap water because of the gradual civilization of the atmosphere. Ordinary people simply can't afford to drink tap water because of their poverty. Although the water plant is close at hand, they can only "hope to quench their thirst". At that time, an old man said with emotion: I have watched this water tower for more than 4 years, and I didn't eat its water until today (after liberation).
It is difficult to build a new waterworks
In p>1942, the former Japanese puppet Water Supply Administration of Beijing Special Municipal Public Administration Bureau prepared to build Andingmen Waterworks in the south of Huangsi Barracks outside Andingmen in order to expand water sources, increase water supply capacity and reduce the load of Dongzhimen Waterworks. Due to the economic embarrassment, the construction of the water plant was slow. By the end of 1947, only 9 water source wells, 1 water distribution room, 1 transformer room, 1 water distribution pipeline and 1 suction well were completed, with a volume of 1 cubic meters. Due to the poor quality of the project, there were many problems in the trial operation at the end of 1948, and there was no water supply condition, so it still needed to be built, and the construction cost needed 1 billion yuan at that time. Because the Kuomintang government was in danger, the final construction went up in smoke.
after the peaceful liberation of Beiping, the first important thing for the water supply company was to quickly resume the construction of the second water plant (Andingmen Water Plant) to solve the water problem for 2 million people in Beijing. At that time, the water supply company appointed Tao Zhuo, Xu Cimin and Hu Xifeng as the commanders, and formed a construction team of more than 3 people, which comprehensively overhauled all the water supply facilities and equipment initially built, repaired the power lines of nine water source wells that were shelled, overhauled the pumps of water delivery and distribution machines, and washed the water transmission and distribution pipelines. It took only three months to complete all the construction projects. On May 1st, 1949, the water supply was put into operation, and a gift was given to the first May 1st Labor Day after the founding of New China.
the first water tower is the first tap water tower in Beijing, which was designed by a German designer and built in 191. The tower is 54m high and has a volume of 75m3. The water tower belongs to the steel structure water tower, and there is a very strong platform embedded with concrete and covered with pink granite under the tower body, and the edge is ground into a round leg; The tower is divided into six layers, each layer is hexagonal, and 12 decorative dragons are inlaid on six sides (2 on each side, meaning two dragons playing with beads); There are folding seats on the veranda platform on each floor, so you can take a nap when you climb the tower, not only enjoying the cool, but also enjoying the scenery. Each floor of the water tower is decorated with 12 bronze bells, and each tower corner is hung with 2 bells, the first to fifth floors are small bells, and the sixth floor is big bells. Every breeze blows, and the bells jingle, which is not only very beautiful, but also can alarm birds to make nests here, avoiding the disadvantages of bird droppings polluting the tower body, which is very thoughtful. The water storage part is about 14 meters in diameter and 5 meters in height, and it is supported by 8 pillars below. The weight of the tower body plus water is more than 1, tons, but there are only 64 Φ 1.5 "bolts at the support, so the whole tower body is fixed on the steel plate buried in the ground, standing still for more than 5 years, and its design and construction technology are amazing!
The water tower was stopped in 1942, but on the eve of the liberation of Peiping in 1948, the Beiping Aviation Command of the People's Liberation Army was stationed here for half a year, and the number of aerial bombs dropped by the Kuomintang was calculated by using the height observation of the water tower, which made a great contribution to the peaceful liberation of Peiping. In 23, an old comrade who had fought in Beiping Aviation Command made a special trip to the former site of the water tower, trying to recall the scene of the fighting in that year. Unfortunately, the water tower was demolished as early as 1957. Fortunately, in September, 23, the design drawings of the water tower were given to the Water Supply Group by the German Embassy, which finally made up for the shortcomings of the water tower being demolished.
After liberation, the relevant departments have organized many discussions on the removal of the water tower. There are three main opinions: First, if it is kept as a cultural relic, it will be repaired every 5-8 years because its steel structure building needs to be repaired, and it will cost 3, yuan to paint and whitewash it at that time. Is it worthwhile for a water tower that has been stopped for people to watch or make people think about the past? The second is whether the water tower itself can reach the level of cultural relics; Thirdly, the water tower should be kept as a cultural relic. Finally, due to the high maintenance cost and the shortage of steel supply in the country, the tower was demolished, and 229 tons of steel were removed as steel indicators to support the national economic construction.
Fifty years of rapid development (1949-1999)
Overview
Beijing's water supply industry has been wandering for forty years and has been waiting for forty years. With the trauma of war, Beijing's water supply industry has ushered in the dawn of the development of new China. On the May Day in 1949, Mayor Ye Jianying personally attended the May Day celebration meeting of North China Electric Power and Beijing Water Supply Company.
In the 5 years since the founding of New China, especially in the 2 years of reform and opening up, Beijing's water supply industry has advanced at an unprecedented speed, and its water supply capacity has increased 6 times in the past 5 years. The third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth water plants, Changxindian Water Plant, Chengzi Water Plant, Nankou Water Plant, Tiancunshan Water Purification Plant and Fengtai Water Plant have been built successively, especially the completion and commissioning of the ninth water plant, which indicates that the water supply in the capital has reached the international modernization level in many aspects such as technology, management and water quality testing. By August 1999, there were 14 water plants in Beijing, with a daily water supply capacity of 3 million cubic meters in urban areas, an annual water supply of more than 7 million cubic meters, a total length of water supply pipelines of 6,42 kilometers, a water supply service area of 54 square kilometers, a service population of more than 8 million, and the urban water market penetration rate of 1%.
Public water stations enter the courtyard
Old Beijing may still remember that in the early days of liberation, squeaky wheelbarrows were seen from time to time in Beijing's hutongs. The pusher has a rope trip on his shoulder, and two water tanks are placed on the left and right sides of the wheel, with two wooden water rafts on it. This is the scene of the "water car" delivering water. The water in the water truck is pumped up from the "well nest", which is a simple shallow earth well that uses a pressurized water machine to take water.
in p>1949, public water stations were installed in Longxugou area, Nancheng, Beijing, as the first batch of experimental areas, which started the popularization of water supply in the whole city. By 1967, 2,677 water stations, large and small, had been installed in the urban area of Beijing, and the urban water penetration rate reached 99.96%. When the water station is built, people still use their shoulders to carry water, and some even go to the street station 1 meters away to pick up water, which is more difficult in winter.
in p>1973, in order to improve the quality of life of residents, water supply companies successively modified and connected public water stations to various homes in stages. In 1984, all the public water stations within the Third Ring Road entered the hospital, and the people in Beijing could drink sweet tap water without leaving the hospital. Nowadays, tap water pipes have been connected to thousands of households, and residents can flow out tap water without leaving home. It is certainly hard for young people to imagine the difficult scene when using tap water.
There was a "water shortage" in the 198s
In the 197s and 198s, Beijing's water resources faced an extremely embarrassing situation, and citizens' water use was in crisis. Due to over-exploitation, the groundwater level has decreased year by year, shallow wells have dried up, the water output of deep wells has decreased, and untreated industrial and domestic sewage has been discharged, which makes many wells on the alluvial fan of Yongding River abandoned due to pollution. In 197s, a 1-square-kilometer funnel area was formed in the urban area. By the summer of 1981, the urban depressurized water supply area was as high as 212 square kilometers, accounting for 55.5% of the urban water supply area.
Although the city invested a lot of money to build the Eighth Water Plant with a daily water supply capacity of 5, cubic meters and the Tiancunshan Water Purification Plant with a daily water supply capacity of 17, cubic meters, it still failed to meet the demand, resulting in a serious "water shortage" in the urban area in the late 197s and early 198s. At that time, more than half of the urban areas were supplied with water at reduced pressure or in limited time, and 3% of the completed buildings could not be used because there was no water; Residents living in Qinghe, Banbidian, Shilibao, Longzhaoshu and other places get up in the middle of the night to receive water. The water crisis lasted until 199, when the first phase of the ninth water plant was flooded, the contradiction between supply and demand of tap water was alleviated, and the safe and stable water supply was guaranteed.
the ninth water plant, the largest surface water plant in Asia
In order to solve the problem of water shortage in Beijing, the Beijing Municipal Government decided to build the ninth water plant with a daily water supply capacity of one million cubic meters in 1984. In May 1986, the project officially started, with a total investment of about 6 billion yuan. The project was built in three phases, and the daily water supply capacity of each phase was 5, cubic meters. By June 1999, the third phase of the project was completed, with a daily water supply capacity of 1.5 million cubic meters, accounting for half of the water supply capacity in Beijing. Its completion and water supply have fundamentally alleviated the shortage of water in Beijing. At present, it has become one of the largest modern large-scale drinking water plants in Asia with the most advanced equipment and the best water quality, and plays an important role in the economic construction and urban development of the capital.
The ninth water plant takes Miyun Reservoir as its water source, and builds water intake plants in Miyun Reservoir and Huairou Reservoir respectively. The raw water is sent to the net water distribution plant of the ninth water plant by connecting a ductile iron pipe with DN26mm×33Km and three steel pipes with DN22mm×42Km. In the tap water treatment process, the Ninth Water Plant not only adopts the conventional water treatment process of dosing-coagulation-clarification-filtration, but also adopts the advanced purification process of activated carbon adsorption and chlorination disinfection to further remove astringency, smell, taste and various organic substances in the water, and finally sends the produced clean water that meets the national sanitary standard for drinking water to the urban water distribution network.
Tree-shaped pipe network becomes ring
Since the founding of New China, water supply companies have increased the water supply capacity in urban areas, and at the same time, they have also increased the laying of urban water supply pipelines and continuously increased the density of water supply pipe networks. From 364 kilometers on the eve of liberation, it rose rapidly to 642 kilometers in 1999, with an average annual growth of more than 11 kilometers, which is equivalent to 12 times the average annual laying in the first 4 years of the founding of New China. The scope of water supply was limited to the center of the city before the establishment of new China, and developed to more than 5 suburban areas.